y pass Conts( ut Combritin Tribxction- A proumor Ror te perfor~ differant pes of operations, which ‘ different pes of uniiuctiom cto eweciete . Element, of ap Trauction” , |, £ Opensction code »-(Ptoda) specter operations te he fextomd Source operand _ 2,402 SuB . : ee operands thet ane unputs for 3. Repult operand Refersrin:~ shecifien ofP openondy, UF Next Trsbruretion Reference Shecifier too there irsbauction cto be c a oe © be fetched often executing Cersunts FiPaction Repreventation Exch imbaclion dy cceprerenlid J Aeqpuenu of bity » Rrown oy Trpbacction esde tb ka Cb Chit : et [PRET Tom | = ———— "Ta bit Buatef As as Put gh. kl, "tater. Repunttin Typey of operatic te operation . Lo! Date Proce tion eg (axtthmabc f Lope ) . iy openstion “af 346, Abe | 2 Pa Ss frye pee (eg; mamovy Tastauctioe ge! = Ss 8. Date movant grr, & T/0 operston ) Carar-MOV A,B 4. Conte ey Tet wd bark xa SNE 20004 POD PP LLL LLAMA DADE DEL OD: OOO OOO O-e-8+No- Ne. OF- Addverres of addres contitred tn each tra bruce bon wan me offi ihe aukitectne . ae ey = Paces procersor— Mest insiuction four ge, on , be dc Hyer oparand addrenny iw Adres Dsbection = shecities toe operand Pocsfion ond a suerult focation “Each addrew Sfreld Specify eithe~ a procnor dezisten oy. emery ohenasad Thre addres ane boernt th the order dentinstton pounce > SOULLL, eg: y=(4-8) TCCtxKE) bh evaluates by . Trex adder end tinction Compitir 0 yllowr Tasbwnckon ae SubY,A, 8 ae AULT, DE teers Aw Te re Pee DEY 4, 4,7 {=f ST (Aru A OSTo adders Tue trons Bath allreny Leif can shecity either «¢ prourror vad HEN o efi MLM: ° a > a > operand va aatie ang awarped in Orde > destination , SOUNK. oe oherstion > Ome addres mut do tivo gy work. , oD an ofersrnd ond a yoru. = aT ‘| y aa eg: Evaeatiy 7 ekprewin Y= (qa) = C+ OXE aT hee SEF dbo instnctn, ce a Erste tion, ae = : Mo _ “YA Yer ~ 5 ~ ae ve Te ens Tro Teo MUST, € Te Tee AOR Ee Te rye ars i aeyer : Hat One addrens insbaction one of han operand vis implicit, wad Stor 4 Accom cote = p tres the serult of © prstin GJ. =G-8) + (CAPE) Can be evaleated urig one ~ addevy EV bor Tubucction Combat 4°AD Dd Acad MuL € ALC& AcCKE ADO « Ace Ae te SRE Y YeAc AceaA ACE wre ACB Roeacty Year= : ta x Sheceaf Zeno ~ addron Dutacton ox applicable. Trine orponiatin Called a Stack ae Te evabuste anithmatic exprerston pay Conuuct- addrey (rdtuction » CL ; tatoos exprevsion unt yuuup polish = 7 . ey, T= (Aka) ~ (C+oxE) ; Faure policr whtion —-Y: Abe C DEKH * : deen Thay exprersirn Car be evaluitid warty gro insbucton is af ofalloun PUSH A Tos BAUY, 2Add™, tld dee Titrpretatton of Dubuction Pee = No of AY [ay mboléc Refrenntad Triterpre tae oy 3 oP A,B e A&b ope 7 OP AD AeA ofB x ‘ oP A Ace A OPA 2 ° BF PeCT-t) OPT ™ Pw FED Aecumulator 4 T= TOS, Braye menor of Reg Pe Tle contint of ond GOs cain 2 ~~ Tren of opersndyp 2 Agdsemes mods) »> teal 2) Ee es bik ed 7 oy Gs Date (Rest den Fics & rok ae a ect Py Bubscton Fomat — } ¢ PE = Tatton apecty both aw OCherstion te be canned ] }° ut bi a Py & frocarsor and i oleae Cherandy (or data) te be nd th cerahon. " 7 Fowmst deftiek” tarot sf comli: ctor 3 Paes on Tsbuctow |. Format st Xs ban eee mast inchede. : 5) Explicit er imblicete > Bae Whicét Spenand - Oferand in efersnud unry one of addseryiry mode OL Combitin, Roy 3S DPrbuction Format, ~ Memory Rasterane Tnsth ; a, RF) Dsl? CO Tabet ~ outbut Ts” . DBerijin Torusy Tryoludd in Tut? fomat = D Fripucction j WO Allocation of BEA = d constthuda+ pox Fotlowiy an athe of Addvemity bity @ Nos of Aidrersiy mode © Rey. V/A Rmery (D Neo - of operand @® We of hy. Bebe ' CO Hdd” Rone WUUOucedc coe? ecides Row ty gkloadli the bit in € of an Tih fomat > tub: Fee. ofnda: Factiva whi determine ee Rishon VULb rtesees J bh 9 ford The . wy Tat” fo OO Lente of hance computer 16 bet 16 be ; bi at) of howe Comite. hor 3 Field : 1S yee iS Mode | opcode Joy eOrond Rides) ()_ Mods Fee d+ M55 (bet 15) of 16 bile gut. DPis= 0 € Dink Addversiy Dirst (Thdirect Addremily moder ww OP Code Fel Defimy fot oferotion te I, performed re. LTO RIM « Contains 3 bits (kit 1y ~2) GY OF erend (Addrem) Fle = Contain (2 bp (bitty tro) ond (Aldres) Fel ity + PPPPPPODPDRB@AaarRATNE YS > Bore computer a 3 5 Tit? code: Formats > The of Doth uv vacognized 4 Comput Cconbas/ Bow twit? Format e » “> 7 From y hit pasdlions 12. Grnoup hs 1m of the iit . ee) . Lhe of Tsth Pomaty arc Fol. | opal. | operand Addr @ CH Memory Refewnee Inst” S22 aa ° 9 WW Register. Referrer Tot” She > (8) Tpit output Beth got , tee bo, oe > oy hay ° ie Cy eT] ee de | @© imag vrcformentiot nage is Bene [it [eee : @ Reg Referanee Dol ° i Sei 1 tty | Llo OPenstion © =Z-o Duttr~ s é é é é € @ Ce €IR € M[AR], PC € PC +1 1€ IR{I5), Decode (Dp....D;) € IR[12-14] AR € IR[0-11] Mem. Ref. Instr. Execute Mem. Ref. Instruction @ 1 Fetch Phase Execute Phase 1 decode phase [JJ conditions: ca Fotructon Tey Accordiy te opesttion Se ane dented its 5 Type: AS Pronafen , Artthndic desteal” pe J T1O ihe yr A, brgpran cote on D SER ares Dist Tare int? carne drausee of data ~fom ene Locatior ‘Ce cvcerreve : cece Vr oweeeuoeeee’ . de another wo c ng Lhe txfowna ttn content 3 SE Shera et = pose : Stare | Benwhe word fon, dou & Dobe | Promsfey Pom " ow Reocasor Ry. ts Meno: Swap content, = Cina Coe | toad/ Copy datx its q Rag. Coby acta byte. from a Henory docctin wate ay | e - 1 tron Reg. ots memo Pocatiin Copy date byte its Ac from menoy Pocation | specthiel by le- ket add . « ubyBom Ac th memoy och ected by [6 bt add® 9 + | T eer ee SS See ee eeeArcthmeti. Thats ‘ § ‘ i ; $ + Folleviy ore Arithmet, ust? of Sos sur 6 Byth Deporipkion ‘ ADDR Md contr of RE, contaty of Ac AOL Shit A DO 8 bit Fdat. up context, of Ac . Sua R Subtiet contrt of Rep. from contents of A ae = Bb date Prom +e a . ee | ck enol lye ADD M TAU comtarcta of Mino loon oe Contenty of thy - SUB M Sxbbrack u ipsa Contict of A : lo gees E Shite Tiyth Perform binary Operations 6m prouf of bila er ardivdeal bet os th prourror Ray Nowe | Mantmoni Loy: Ket Lopish Bhft Lett Arithate shift Rye Artthmbe Britt heft Sa roe AND Logis OR oR Ex curiveok xoh Chean-akry CLR C Set Cow SETC CombOmnteay CONC Coble Txtivuff: E co Dirable Tron OCShept Trsbudton = Oberatesn un whe bil of a word we moved tte Left or Ryybh . Rotete Tryth ~ Produ, a oyclec vhchta » Bey shifted ot at one, end of word ane corurleted back ots obhy sas Url owen) sheet Format of cof Logeeal pitt th. b, SHREK Ay curl Loyd Lett o WAY (XXII, PU EYEE eee d © Leaytal Ryle LSI R hy toot CPS ® hoyad Late ditt fond Lange, Ry, oe ccs } eS es ian be Ped WW COCOEE LW NN, OANA, © Arthmetie. Rel shy i a & Rylt shite A SAFER Re count —T i a Arithmdye ret at he ASAE L RY, Coup r - VV AL) 2 - oA © kejbt fotate. 2 (TT TLE: a - | 2 TOS C) : ©) Melt bette py suatt dfetteol®Fellewiy one Lopial f shot oath of gor sue rls! a Tat ee ae ee ANA RIM Hepa, AND the contenta off oeag. [me | of Ac. 1 ANE 8~bep Loyal AND the FL date with contr ofA, ory with Contre | ORA RIM Logealiy OR contndy of oy [Hora wth Cont of pc | ATS -pee Loyically OR the Bb date both corbrt of AG | MARR | Erebnioe OR the conta of vag: fimoy with Conterbypt Ae. = “AER bet | Beane ~OR the Bhi dati with contart offic CrIA Com bemud @sNor) the accumulator. Rie Rotate each bk th ke oe Saft Prition RAL ee mat un Ac ancdbadig. Comey bs RRe Rotecke euch Be un AC te ought ponifion RAR Rotate each beh uk Ac tea diy, Cory db ght poathon Q. contest of Rag. Ri = S6H and | C=| Rexhom Lakai L sk) L Rien. whet uy Content if ee al DD ANON oD od od aha hehegn ah waocmmge et al . “ana of Kade. oftz Core catty k 9 HY Cony Flow * ae SC fe foet_ tie 7 Jeno e Firat site <(@Here tes, 2M AEE — eS |) (0701 200 _| eos, j —_ sn ec FeO = 59Ha a oO Fomd a aah Rey count: A Qn - x —> kT camp Flo Sr = 5th Cee We A SLPCR By ip oe ; Ide 6 R x ' Wu (2 7bM. Gaunt 2 i (a 1 o5/ ee eiua a op EAL Ie “5 baleen . Patabfe he (cn 6 i: Jo oJ ond ay fee + ane CIRC Ot au” cs Ry = Sh Ct 2) Aatthme n° & eet Shat Guth nn” jf shee 4 , Ry» Combe z, athe tee —— oO a a: CHa eI mS Q. R= 50m senha oe cc a @< fad 3 9 toro [lee : Ofo[ [000 A z eal sh ye \ : cil 5eH 2 15 jo 2554 2 a A shift RB, Res count Pa ee . e . ’ Ry > SGH tee 2D [ or Te fs sCeos ibtalytt ooj6 teil 0 2” sh ode olol \ (54 easeo Rotate Lryth ae OD Rotate Left wfo comy : f fomat Rofute L Rai coud — Q. Ry= 5GH foro 1Loo pede eo » RotPe L Ry ; counti , @ Robte Raybt- wla comy a I \ > = Q. R= 564 Cott goTare Ay Ri HI — Cle Gece ooo solt ee oi R,=2B4 t=oa < J-—— }® Robt, Left with comy : i fort! Robeta Le R, Court k 7. Ve oC Ty Q. ae Rotate Le R, 4 | aT — ——— — (lore llo] ae A Ba e256"ee ei # # wif ge we i ff i nd fag ddd ddd fi/ Vuuccedocede — ws Veo Rebete Role with oy es © format — Rotate RoR FE | Ria sew Cz 20 2, sug x,¥ Bronch 203 aed : : | eon oar BR2OL 2ur i «= 2 225 BRE Ry mee] condi tfemtB ranch 5 4 235 . : Fig Branch Tt? Shih TrantreelOn' oil hg HL condition | with mart Bye Mt met mromnt=and ~ shep- cf pb the Tat Cryth Kay 20 Gocabin 211 detion) Bran uncon’ ~ Zero 4 4 a 0-0-0 OO ELEY RES Ff corditen hin nas ne book% Brstiqction yee Tre bane fn performed by promor tr execctyan of q Propo hee. cominth of & ret of trsbeucton tired th memory. Snyt Frocniny, comuty of dio atefy _ 3 1 Proasor aady (Fetched) rst from amory one _lp at tii Myo 7) Execectin cack tnith as ee veegpuree For an ewe cation eh ao virghe ~ iniber Bon oy called — instieetion Cycle ae Tt convisty of Leo atef Fete Keyele 4 Ove uiti ele Ret beeh Se] [ Feteh Next = STA, * Exe uct (END eS aT Fh Bare Tats gels Te Procemr fetthey an inst® trom ad whose addrem in th Pe 2) After fetcha thir out? ) proumor nowt the -& » oo wl dy Loadal its Sup ~ ty known 2 Procomor wnlexpret the. ust! ¢ foram cb, The operstion tat —froumor For te perform alll ints 4 Categorie Lp Premera mumoy i) Froumor Tho tak. (PRE Frocanning — BLY atom’) UY Conta Cercannot bro operat? trath OF Trtinbt) State rs. . ‘a Ae Tne eae, ol clr Derk Flows Date Flow dunt ee ites er a” Dust curd, dy vuad fron pare Follow vy operation dake place dunry thixey le % a Re oon oes sho be fetthed from memory > in PC. AR = P¢ Yo @4) ou GUrGr the Continl 2§ te wad Hy contr, of moron | Mma focaktin one plored Tse On date buy and copied AG OR. DRe Bus me Data wi DR oy mod te rR Re DA / Pl? Now pe vy, tncnunuche.{ by 1 for boirstiy nuaat date I~ Addren Buy ; is = Dek by - — Contfiol Ruy | ~ p» . im 5 : Devode cycle Boy ‘dood "oe the ritiuclion ° uy. content ( bpeode) 5 deteide by ipl decoder , Tul" Decoder (dentition the Cferation te be fersformed and infoms the contol unit About the dewde dop’ Klow contol unit eguwate( Tere sbiniy 4 Conks| Wy fy Qeecution off last |Tid VD DMM DD MOM OHO OA Oil 4ov — ul Sn ot operand - Ses cube eyedes his ye Da actual ehenatirn 9 herchrmed gle unvolin transfering data among vegiins Mead of Unie from Tmameny £Jo or ony) avuthadi & legion ofe- ;Micro ~ Oferstoon —— r Aasties M™OS ohenstion Gy an cclapetiay operation performed L ue date stored ah Se yones of mie ~ Opersttion » ae Tronsfen, ALopensiting L Pearsfer, binary infoomoctin ri mr ety TB anothir . . atthmetic Lechersition = fertorm anithmalre —cpersitiom Numeric dot stared uh ougirtns - Loge Ur operstion + Perfor bit maniputotion opensction OY jon- numeric dotk stored un SAIC mniixo operation = 25” perform ahi opeton om date 5tomd uh vuprting .Que 3.8. | Describe micro-operation and enlist its types. Answer 1. A micro-operation is a simple operation that can be performed during one clock period. 2 Theresult of this operation may replace the previous binary information of register or the result may be transferred to another register. 3. Examples of micro-operations are shift, move, count, add and load ete. 4, The micro-operations most often encountered in digital computers are classified into four categories : i. Register transfer micro-operations information from one register to another. ii, Arithmetic micro-operations It perform arithmetic operation on numeric data stored in registers. Logic micro-operations :It perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers. iv. Shift micro-operations :t perform shift operations on data stored| inregisters. Que 3.9. | Write ashort note on register transfer micro-operation. Answer 1. _ Register transfer is defined as information transfer from one register to another and is designated in symbolic form by means of a replacement | operator. t transfer binary EIS as €ontrol Unit 2. The statement denotes a transfer of the content of register R1 into register R2. R2CR1 3. It designates a replacement of the content of R2 by the content of R1. By definition, the content of the source register R1 does not change after the transfer. 4, Every statement written in a register transfer notation implies a hardware construction for implementing the transfer. 5. Fig. 3.9.1 shows the block diagram that depicts the transfer from R1 to R2. The n outputs of register R1 are connected to the n inputs of register R2. Pu Control cireuit F> M84 a <}_ clock fn RI Fig. 3.9.1. Block diagram. 6. The letter n will be used to indicate any number of bits for the register. It will be replaced by an actual number when the length of the register is known. 7. Register R2 has a load input that is activated by the control variable P. 8. The basic symbols of the register transfer notations are listed in Table 3.9.1. ‘Table 3.9.1. Basic symbols for register transfers. [S.No] Symbol Description Examples Letters Denotes a register MAR, R2 (and numerals) 2, | Parentheses ()|Denotesa part ofaregister | R2(0-7), R2L) Arrow & Denotes transfer of information| R2<—R1 4. | Comma, Separates two micro-operations | R2-R1, Rl < RYQue 3.10. | Write short note on arithmetic micro-operation. Answer The basic arithmetic micro-operations are addition, subtraction, increment and decrement. The arithmetic micro-operation defined by the statement, R3 << R1+R2 which specifies an addition micro-operation. 2. It states that the contents of register R1 are added to the contents of| register R2 and the sumis transferred to register R3. Subtraction is implemented through complementation and addition, which is specified in following statement : Computer, Organizat 3211 B (CS/T-Sem-3) R38 R1+R241 R2 is the symbol for the 1’s complement of R2. Adding 1 to the 1's complement produce the 2's complement. ‘Adding the contents of R1 to the 2's complement of R2is equivalent to R1~ R2. The other basic arithmetic micro-operations are listed in ‘Table 3.10.1. ‘Table 3.10.1 : Arithmetic micro-operations. S.No.] Symbolic Description designation T_[R3 > > > eS) = > 5 3 > > > . ’ coribnt Sfp. Add ry Memory fe Give Be ve coetant ee, ETT [te Titowal hoa nor. oe ? we: Surge Ber organisation of We dete full. irri a frown Te consiaty of. > 9 few: and all Lorman bay cake h 4 intrng 42 © The dete an RS Lines of ONL, Connected OE inborconnected Ova Sing Procenon - exlenay Memory — furs thy enilernrel Amery bury Ua “thy "mony hel O° (MOR) and MAR, i DP, Ue, Mpg hoy de unfelr ant 2. °/t,. Det *nmy be loaded ob op Cithen hon emo ee Siero unlirres frocwsor fuss Thy dala Atore J én NOR my be faced on ek lhen, buy Re rye of MTN am conned as wnlirmep — bus and & op is connected ~, the klar Bar,neritic SL oe seaparmnrrae oe = Tee, D The Taath decodn $+ Conbal Joga bilod vin 2 Serponsiht for’ wescuiry the Sip thet conbist te The chenstion Gnside. the proomer + TEE The. cont deus of dhe menory buy cenrected vB de the unit - f a = Regitins (RomRa-) ured which my cE vary fiom one prownor je anothex - — oy be und Oo gel purpose op SE special purfore sap auth os SP or Tidy hy By Pred Temp om und om Teforay vy 4 D> Be mux? aelects ther dhe OP of HY 7 4 era confoxt yelur Th provid, % Ut A& a ALY. > The ones » acu ¢ Trl sxconrec bet buy are Colle chin wef oy datapath - oe ¥E7 Te eeenction ‘of @ combluty Tutrulion — £ Soy Ban eee en Now bat tepethen, the seyun en eee Mayund te exeecte one. tnibaction, on tents of : Tebmctton Ada Cy, R, bah Sass f Rey R C JMmony decation pointed by H to contin of Ry R, Bnd Dod cthe Gurl otek)” - Loon “fol oui, To exeuti He nifiuction 5 proumer per s&h, = : an 6 Fath the insth J content of Meany Coles) 2. Fetl~ the fist opersind ble ee Grey ee Es 4. Lond the yenult inte Ry, Te sinyle Buy anthittecture , the neyunu of Conta” ntbr veyured te perfor thay cherstrons ane . . . w Steft PCout MAR, | Read , select) eee The int? Seth chenchim gn antleatel by leading Corn FPO ck,” iy MAR and vending a Bead He pere ts tinny . - Selecl sly un wet oe Selecta) whech cams the Mux ob relat. constant gf. Ther valu added ots operat a ep 5, which Wy contipts of Po ands sernutt Gn +» lave d cn Rap = - MAR eps, Yer, ALY CYHY), Stp2 Zo4 > Pom, Yen, WMC Updated vale on 4 moutd from uag. Z back dubs the PO Rela wrsctting for Zine Pet, men ke seaspond «Fe r!® Zo Sftep3a ~ MRout | TR, I : - Kowd fethd from mmo Gd Wy fouded nt IR Muoyh MOA. tro pethad TA : Fetch Completeda] Pas 4. st = a ee = “4 oh = < fat 1 afer) ; 9 Sty CkInup , MARin , RERd frasford tebe Te contint of |X toca peyton ao treated ON ARE contard OF A eis SEES Riast, Yn » 0M fond “te content of weg Ry seat lait > rer — eaddétion operoten * gee pes cae) earies SEOB-C~ MOhar , SelecEY, Aly Zen . kihen Read operation is Completed , memory Cpersnd * we avatlatle in Rey -MOR and addition u perdomed © eee ae da tet) Add © USE 4 OR Chante UA 4). > Seppe LE RE hy hier © 1ARD Se © e! ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ¢ « 4 & © « Conlrl of Rag. 2 ay rorntirnd tnt Te fd Sy. Cound 4 Nese inst LEE! 6 cle ts bein thre slep x : 5 SyEe ee i ae eH Trtawal froarwnor jadFlynn's Clamsification - Flynnty Clarsdicaton Gs the most Taxonomy of computer architecture .- TED pmpord by Michael F Fyn bared Or amber of tribution and date, Tt sy bored on the notion of a Stream of information . Teo Tybes of. trformatin Flos thto a proasor Tnstrecton and dake D The Grstruction Steam in defirad as the Meniidoess at saat emeeaTiad «by Ase Proceaning unit - (Puy > The Dats Streom dy defined ay the Seyparce of dst ncheding JIB partied ov. temporary reuath Ue d ? Y A - by the inst? stream . __ Ur of Flynn's Taxonomy a 2 f yo io “ecia o Date u Slgn ; eee mule pIe SIMD . > bs > SESD Computers = cs yy An Stso competi Dyhlin i Q UncproUMor Mmachine which J cohuble of exeartoy a rine inst, ; open ting. on a Hitg le docbe., aon : 9 Single. Trg = only ore ing? — Stream ur besre acted on the CPU during onl, ere clock ole. 3 Sing Date’ only ore dota xbream as beung UWred input during Ory one Clock cle 3D — Conucntoorn Soy Qe. ~ proceomor Von Neumann compubiny are claydied of SP Sn gs ws - 2)» Ft wy a Aerial (Non - Pans!) Comp tea. > Trst? ane execectad req tick | but may be ourrlapped tr thedr exe cutin astaze CRepelineg ) Ist Stop unt procernor 4p boy ang ppcltred - a, ca Ny SUE 0 compubins me Fanctionad unity , all of CU, » Exas most pos, 8 MU Comprteres . zs 10, Cf workstaleor> , te = PT CY € conbol unct 5 Pope ins unit , MM 2 Phony DS© Date stream , 5 TA Ma ken > Tyth shew .Sah computer Dust? Sika Dat STSD“OY Te PM oy Con bral arey SIMD computers’ — a & SIMD systom dr copahh of execuctiy the a ist on all athe CPUs but opening oa al dike stream . > Single Tasth ost : ~All Procersing units ereade He Aone at Ory Guten chock ale - 9 Maltiple gaty - Eek Proceso units con Operate on. 2 dfherant date Clement. EMD comutin hos sy CU whi tAsiey Ore world CE tee ht ut te mecltiDe Ary « Urbs 4, eat By, ( > Or frccantny demeltereonsly : acl date, eee ae ee ) ecto. Py tig . =e ey Prounor rand yector i : 2 : «Brey foumen “ILitAc - , ue xt? blinn : pests Ge pels 47 e353? wtICU) =A RL) CQ) = AG bE) Stor (2) “Store C0) Pract’ Det MESD combate ( Prete 2} Tr ATS multiple Doth perot Sipe ” 1 Mal S Openate_ en a dete Strom . Ars "ESD Compucking dyson +> capable of execett if-fert Caspr or diffourt PUs bet all af There operatiy ON Nome date Sek - Malhple Guta Each, proce unit mo be Pxecncbing a defforint Grey Stream | Sig le Bate Taeny procemmirg, unit can ofersele ON he son, date lomo 7 Machine fuill ww in MESO tel ao Prrcticaldy not ureful th most of * the — abblication Q Far makin are beat hiW bt? pone of ae OnadtrtlabQe — commercial trample Syrto lees A Rey Mule PO Trt? » Sty Dek (HESS y load AC ee CO> AUT Sere CI) Soreey Pnext Gas —-—a o — Fons Qs Wve) MEAD. Compuberion. 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No pipelined o- uns th fipelinid - Pelee g -pifelinul . Rheline indefaalf Sy “eaky 2 —f9_€rse an, ao RISC one nexherriug . LhACLE hd comp, ond easie —& de disn em “ : Li. Couple _ Leemp Qe Tixtel ond AMD orikte ARN MIPS Posse PE tuned (mn Po La Htep Orchitectune ( } Se WAad fhe Deklop comp vhs mobte. -fabDeteli nm Parallelism Feclang babes Beings ake smaller sequetel singe, with cack tgs tcecting peal wi ter stapes Allows divest pars of cng inerction tobe proceed simultaneously at diferent apes eg:Think of an assembly line in a factory where cach worker performs a specific task. While one worker is finishing their task, the next worker can start on the next item. Parallelism involves performing maltiple tasks or instructions simultaneously. It can ‘occur at different levels, uch as instruction- level parallelism, data parallelism, or tase parallelism. Imagine multiple workers in a factory, each building an entire product independently of the others. Focuses on improving the throughput ofa single task by breaking it down into stages ‘and processing multiple tasks in different stages simultaneously It is sequential within a single pipeline, but ‘multiple instructions can bein different stages atthe same time. ‘Executes multiple independent tasks or instructions simultaneously, improving overall system performance. jfferent processors or cores may work on different tasks or parts of the same task at the same time, ‘Common in CPU insiruction processing (struction Pipelining). ach instruction passes through stages like fetch, decode, execute, and write-back ina pipelined manner. Data Parallelism: The same operation is performed on different pieces of distributed data simultancously ‘Task Parallelism: Different tasks are performed in parallel, often on separate processing units. Instraction-Level Parallelism (ILP): instructions are exccuted simultaneously by breaking dependencies between them. ‘Used in CPUs to increase instruction throughput, enabling faster processing by reducing the instruction cycle time. Found in graphics processing and network data transmission ‘Used in multi-core processors, GPUs, distributed computing, and high- performance computing environments, Applied in tasks like parallel algorithms, simulations, and large-scale data processing Tnereases throughput without needing, multiple processing units. Efficiently uilizes CPU cycles, reducing idle time. Significantly reduces execution time by handling multiple tasks at one. ‘Can handle larger, more complex problems by dividing the workload. Comparison between pinclining and paraliclism ‘Increases the throughput of = single process, improving overall efficiency but within the context of a single task stream. © Tnereases the speed of ‘executing multiple tasks or ‘operations, potentially offering greater performance boosts, especially for large- scale problems,