Social science homework

Q.1 I
LUV
Luv is the child of of Lord Ram and his wife Sita. After Sita was banished
from the kingdom of Ayodhya, she took shelter in the ashram of
Valmiki, which was based in a forest on the banks of the Tamsa river.luv
was born in this ashram of rishi Valmiki. They were educated and
trained by rishi Valmiki. One variation of the legend interpreted the
origin of Lava’s twin brother Kush.

Once, Sita was going for a bath to the nearby river (tamsa), and while
she was going for bath she requested muni Valmiki to take care of her
son Lava, and muni nodded his head as he was busy writing. After going
some steps she observed that muni was continuously immersed in
writing, so she took Lava with herself.

After some time when Muni looked for the child who was supposed to
be with him, he could not find Luv. Muni was not aware of the fact that
Sita herself had taken Luv with her. Muni was concerned what he would
say when Sita wil return and ask for her kid.Valmiki basically started
education Lava and Kush when they were around 5 years of age. He
trained them in archery and they were able to launch arrows at the
speed of sound.

He also trained them about divine & celestial warfare. He made them
masters in archery so that nobody on this planet could conquer them in
war. He established a connection between his mind and Lava and Kush’s
mind and directly transmitted all his knowledge to them.
II.
Kush
Kush is the child of Lord Ram and his wife Sita. After Sita was banished
from the kingdom of Ayodhya, she took shelter in the ashram of
Valmiki, which was based in a forest on the banks of the Tamsa
river.born in this ashram of rishi Valmiki. They were educated and
trained by rishi Valmiki. One variation of the legend interpreted the
origin of Lava’s twin brother Kush.Kush were born in Maharshi Valmiki’s
ashram. Before their birth Sita had requested Valmiki to accept her kids
as his disciple. Valmiki basically started education Lava and Kush when
they were around 5 years of age. He trained them in archery and they
were able to launch arrows at the speed of sound.During an Ashvamegh
Yagya held by Rama, Sage Valmiki along with Lava and Kusha, attended
with Sita in disguISE.

III.
PRATAP

Maharana Pratap was born to Udai Singh II of Mewar and Jaiwanta Bai
in 1540, the year in which Udai Singh ascended to the throne after
defeating Vanvir Singh.His younger brothers were Shakti Singh, Vikram
Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had 2 stepsisters: Chand Kanwar
and Man Kanwar. He was married to Maharani Ajabde Punwar of Bijolia.
He belonged to the Royal Family of Mewar.After the death of Udai Singh
in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai wanted her son Jagmal to succeed him but
senior courtiers preferred Pratap, as the eldest son, to be their king. The
desire of the nobles prevailed and Pratap ascended the throne as
Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of Mewar in the line of the Sisodia
Rajputs. Jagmal swore revenge and left for Ajmer, to join the armies of
Akbar, and obtained the town of Jahazpur as a Jagir as a gift in return
for his help.In stark contrast to other Rajput rulers who accommodated
and formed alliances with the various Muslim dynasties in the
subcontinent, by the time Pratap ascended to the throne, Mewar was
going through a long standing conflict with the Mughals which started
with the defeat of his grandfather Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa in
1527 and continued with the defeat of his father Udai Singh II in Siege
of Chittorgarh in 1568. Pratap Singh, gained distinction for his refusal to
form any political alliance with the Mughal Empire and his resistance to
Muslim domination. The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led
to the Battle of Haldighati.

IV.
JAIMAL
Jaimal Rathore (1507–1568) was the Rathore ruler of Merta. He was
cousin of the Hindu saint Mirabai and became the ruler of Merta after
the death of his father, Rao Veeram Dev. His father was perceived as the
strongest king of the east in his time.The Amar Kavya records that Udai
Singh II granted Badnor along with 210 villages to Rao Jaimal. In 1553,
Jaimal resisted falling under the chakri (service relationship) of Maldeo
of Marwar.In 1567, when Akbar encamped outside Chittorgarh, in
hopes of conquering the fortress, the ruler of Mewar, Udai Singh II, fled
to the Aravali hills alongside his family, and left the fortress in charge of
8,000 soldiers and 1,000 musketeers, who were in command of Jaimal
and Patta. Jaimal martyred in Chittorgarh on 22 February 1568 by a
musket shot fired by Akbar himself.This turned the tide of battle in the
Siege of Chittorgarh and the Rajputs' morale decreased.Jaimal's name is
commonly mentioned with his partner leader of chittor, Patta. These
two were given the command of the army when Udai Singh, along with
the royal family, had to leave the fort and go to the hills. Their attempts
to repulse the Mughal Emperor himself was such that Akbar himself
ordered the construction of their statues outside his fort in Agra to
honour their courage.

V.
BADAL
Badal was legendary Rajput warrior , whose story appears in the
medieval Indian texts Padmavat(1540 CE), Gora Badal Padmini Chaupai
(1589 CE), and their later adaptions. They served the king of Chittor,
Ratan Singh (identified with Ratna Singh, also called Ratan Singh in later
legends). Alauddin Khalj of Delhi attacked Chittor to obtain Ratan Singh
wife Padmavati and captured the king. Gora, Badal, and their soldiers
entered Delhi disguised as Padmini and her companions and rescued
the king. Badal escorted the king to Chittor. badal were serving Rawal
Ratan Singh and Rani Padmini when Alauddin Khilji had done siege
around chittorgarh fort to marry Rani Padmini when Alauddin Khilji had
kidnapped Rawal Ratan Singh Rani Padmini had sent message to
Alauddin Khilji to allow Rani Padmini to meet Rawal Ratan Singh so Rani
Padmini had went to meet Rawal Ratan Singh with 700 soldiers lifting
palki of Rani Padmini 700 soldiers had attacked on soldiers of Alauddin
Khilji under leadership of gora singh and badal so Rani Padmini could
reach chittorgarh fort with Rawal Ratan Singh safely so Alauddin Khilji
had laid down siege around chittorgarh fort Rawal Ratan Singh had
decided to perform saka on the battlefield while Rani Padmini had
performed jauhar in chittorgarh fort when Alauddin Khilji had entered
in chittorgarh fort he got ashes of Rani Padmini and Rawal Ratan Singh
guhila dynasty of Mewar had ended with death of Rawal Ratan Singh
and Rani Padmini.

VI.
HAMIR
Maharana Hammir Singh (1314–1364), or Hammir (not to be confused
with Hammir Singh of Ranthambore), was a 14th-century Hindu Rajput
ruler of Mewar in present-day Rajasthan,
India.Hammir Singh, was a scion of the cadet branch Rana of the Guhila
dynasty, who regained control of the region, re-established the dynasty
after defeating the Tughlaq dynasty, and captured present-day
Rajasthan from Muslim forces of Delhi and became the first of the
'Rana' branch to become the King of Mewar with title of Maharana.
Hammir also became the progenitor of the Sisodia clan, a branch of the
Guhila dynasty, to which every succeeding Maharana of Mewar has
belonged. Mewar during Rana Hammir's reign, was one of the few
ethnic Indian states that had withstood the Turkic invasions. According
to John Darwin "Only in Mewar and in Vijaynagar had Hindu states
withstood the deluge".
Mahavir Prasad Prashasti identify to Hammmir as Vanquisher of
Turushkas.After regaining Chittor, he built the Annapoorna Mata temple
in Chittor Fort dedicated to Aai Birwadi. He also built the old temple of
Roopnarayan Ji in Sewantri.
Khaljis allocated administration of Chittorgarh to Sonagara Maldev, ruler
of the nearby state of Jalore. After becoming the Rana of Sisoda,
Hammir pursued an aggressive scheme of recovering Mewar.
He made several attempts at capturing Chittor, but failed, due to which
his resources dwindled and many of his followers left. Hammir, wishing
to give rest to his men and regroup, ceased the attacks and started on a
pilgrimage to Dwarka with his remaining men. On the way, he camped
at the Khod village in Gujarat, where lived a known mystic lady Aai
Birwadi who was considered an incarnation of Hinglaj. Hammir paid
homage and recounted his setbacks, at which he was advised to return
to Mewar and make preparations for another attack. Hammir
responded that he no longer has the manpower and capacity to launch
another attack. The mystic Birwadi assured him that her son Baruji will
join him in Mewar.
In a few days, Baruji, a rich dealer in horses, arrived with[ a large caravan
of 500 horses at Kherwara, where Hammir had camped. In a
requirement to settle his rule, Maldev arranged for the marriage of his
daughter Songari with Rana Hammir. Khiljis didn't like this matrimonial
alliance and they took back Chittorgarh from Maldev and gave him
Merta. This prompted Hammir to strive for expelling the Khilji's army
from Mewar. Hammir and his Charan allies led by Baruji Sauda mounted
an attack and succeeded to gain Chittorgarh after Muhammad bin
Tughluq came to the throne.

VIII.
KUMBHA
Kumbhakarna Singh (r. 1433–1468 CE), popularly known as Maharana
Kumbha, was the Maharana of the Kingdom of Mewar in India.He
belonged to the Sisodia clan of Rajputs. Rana Kumbha is known for his
illustrious military career against various sultanates and patronization of
art and music and architecture.Rana Kumbha was born at Madariya, in
a Hindu Rajput family of Sisodia clan.Kumbha was a son of Rana Mokal
Singh of Mewar by his wife, Sobhagya Devi, a daughter of Jaitmal
Sankhla, the Paramara fief-holder of Runkot in the state of Marwar. He
was the 48th Rana of Mewar and succeeded
[
Rana Mokal Singh in the
year 1433 CE as the ruler of Mewar. Rana Hammira's great grandson,
Maharana Mokal was assassinated by two brothers (Chacha and Mera)
in 1433. Lack of support, however, caused Chacha and Mera to flee and
Rana Kumbha ascended the throne of Mewar. Initially, Rana Kumbha
was ably assisted by Ranmal (Ranamalla) Rathore of Mandore, together
they attacked Malwa and captured the Sultan. However Rana Kumbha
had Ranmal assassinated because of his growing power, leading to an
enmity between the Sisodia and Rathore clans, which would last for
decades. In November 1442, Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of Malwa,
commenced a series of attacks on Mewar. In 1442 the Sultan destroyed
the Bana mata temple and started for Chittor, however, he was
intercepted by the Rana and a battle was fought at Mandalgarh. The
first day was a stalemate, however, the next day the Rana made another
attack in which the Sultan was defeated and forced to retreat. The
Sultan prepared another army and in 1446 he invaded Mewar again,
Rana Kumbha attacked the Sultan's army while they were crossing the
Banas river and once again defeated the Malwa army.

VII.
Sangram Singh I, popularly known as Rana Sanga or Maharana Sanga,
was an Indian ruler from the Sisodia dynasty. He ruled Mewar, the
traditional territory of the Guhilas in present-day north-western India.
However, through his capable rule his kingdom turned into one of the
greatest powers of Northern India in the early 16th century. He
controlled parts of present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh with the capital being Chittor.His reign was admired by
several of his contemporaries, including Babur, who described him as
the "greatest Indian King" of that time along with Krishnadevaraya of
South India. The Mughal historian Al-Badayuni called Sanga the bravest
of all Rajputs along with Prithviraj Chauhan. Rana Sanga was the last
independent Hindu king of Northern India to control a significant
territory before the Mughal Era. In some contemporary texts, he is
described as the Hindu Emperor (Hindupati) of Northern India. In his
long military career, Sanga achieved a series of unbroken successes
against several n s, Sanga suffered a major defeat at Khanwa through
the Timurid's use of gunpowder, which was unknown in North India at
the time. He was later poisoned by his own nobles. His defeat at
Khanwa is seen as a landmark event in the Mughal conquest of
Northern India. Sanga was born to the Sisodia King Rana Raimal and
Queen Ratan Kunwar a (Chahamana (Chauhan) princess). Although
contemporary texts of Sisodias does not mention the year of his birth,
but provides some of the astrological planetary positions at the time of
his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions, assuming
certain other planetary positions and on basis of Kumbhalgarh
inscription Historian G.H Ojha calculated Sanga's birth year as 1482 CE.
Sanga was youngest of the four sons of Raimal, However, due to the
circumstances and after a fierce struggle with his
brothers Prithviraj and Jagmal, in which he lost one of his eye, he finally
succeeded throne of Mewar in 1508.
IX.
ASHOKA
Ashok was one of the two great emperors of India. He reigned for
about 40 years after he became ruler of Magadh in 272 B.C.
He was the first king to educate his men and lead them to the
path of truth. He was the only military man who gave up warfare.
Ashok was the grandson of Chandra Gupta who founded the
Maurya Empire. The name of his father was Bindusar.
Ashok was brought up in ‘Patliputra, the capital of Magadh. In the
name of education he was taught things that would supply
learning, culture and wealth.
It is said that as a child he was very furious. But after he had
acceeded throne, there was a complete change in his nature.
About the year 262 B.C. he decided to make an attack on the
kingdom of Kalinga now called Orissa. He fought a bloody war
after a great slaughter of men, women and children, he
conquered Kalinga and added it to his empire.
But he had not the cruel heart of a conqueror. The sight of terrible
ruin filled his mind with horror.
The sufferings and bloodshed in the war had a great effect on his
mind. At that time, he met a great Budh preacher named Upagupt.
The teachings of Upagupt brought about a complete change in his
life and character. He made Buddhism the state religion. He made
up his mind to establish an empire on love, order and peace.
Buddhism made him a lover of all forms of life.

X.
PADMINI
Rani Padmini or Padmavati was a legendary 13th-14th century Indian
queen, who has inspired numerous tales of love and honor since the
first reference to her story was made by Indian poet Malik Muhammad
Jayasi in his Awadhi language epic poem ‘Padmavat’ in the 16th
century. The original fantasy tale depicts how Ratan Sen, the ruler of
Chittor, married Padmavati following an epic quest, and how their union
was challenged when Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi, also
fascinated by the tales of her beauty, invaded Chittor. Ratan Sen was
killed in a combat by another admirer of Padmini, Devpal, the king of
Kumbhalner; but before Khalji could breach the fort’s defenses, Padmini
and the rest of the Rajput women committed jauhar (self-immolation)
to protect their honor. While the historical authenticity of the legend
has not been proved, many later poets and writers have contributed
considerably in spreading the tale. The legend has been adapted into
many movies, including the silent film ‘Kamonar Agun’, the Tamil film
‘Chittoor Rani Padmini’, the Hindi film ‘Maharani Padmini’ and the
upcoming movie ‘Padmavati’. The earliest literary work to mention Rani
Padmini by name is ‘Padmavat’, an epic poem written by Indian poet
Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. According to this version of the
story, Padmavati was the daughter of Gandharv Sen, the king of the
Singhal kingdom (Sri Lanka).
She owned a talking parrot named Hiraman, but her father, who disliked
her obsession with the bird, had ordered it to be killed. While the bird
was able to fly away and save its life, it later fell into the hands of a bird
catcher who sold it to a Brahmin.
Once the Brahmin brought the bird to Chittor, impressed by its ability to
talk, the local king Ratan Sen purchased it from him. The parrot
incessantly praised Padmavati’s heavenly beauty, which enamored the
king who decided to embark on a quest to marry the princess.
The bird guided Ratan Sen and his 16,000 followers to Singhal, which
they reached after crossing the seven seas. The king began ‘Tapasya’ in
a temple which Padmavati visited after being informed by the parrot,
but she left the temple without visiting him and regretted her decision
once back in the palace.