EXPERIMENT NO: 06

AUTO CAD

Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs. The drawing of machine parts, isometric
views and assembly drawings are possible in AutoCAD. The package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings.

CAD SOFTWARES

The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type of application or job related to CAD.
The following software‟s are available for drafting.

1. AUTOCAD
2. Pro – E
3. CATIA
4. MS OFFICE
5. PAINT
6. ANSYS
7. MSc.NASTRAN
8. IDEAS
9. SOLID WORKS
10. HYPERMESH
11. FLUENT – GAMBIT

Advantages of CAD:
1. Reduction of drafting labor.
2. Direct cost savings.
3. High accuracy (up to one millionth of a unit)
4. Improvement in the general flow of information through the company.
5. Evaluation of alternative designs.
6. Use of common parts in multiple products.

AutoCAD screen layout is divided into six major parts:

1. Title bar
2. Menu bar
3. Toolbars
4. Document window or drawing area
5. Command window
6. Status bar
‘Units’
Units command can be used to control the accuracy of drawing. There are several formats that available for determination of
spacing and measurement style.

Command: Units <enter>

Measurement unit system
1. Scientific 1.55E + 01
2. Decimal 15.50
3. Engineering 1‟ – 3.50”
4. Architectural 1 – ¾”
5. Fractional 15 ½

‘Limits’
The Drawing Limits command is used to define the extent of the drawing and the grid display. The command is also used to turn
Limits mode on or off. A limit is turned off by default which means that there is no restriction as to where points can be picked
and objects drawn. When Limits is on, AutoCAD will not allow points to be picked or coordinates entered at the command line
which falls outside of the specified drawing limits. Usually the scale of 1:1 (full scale) is used to represent the actual drawing size.

Example:
Command: limits <enter>
Reset model space limits.
ON/OFF/ lower left corner <0.0000,0.0000> : <enter>
Upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000> : 420,300<enter>

‘Grid’
The Grid command can be used to turn Grid mode on or off and to set the grid spacing (in drawing units). When Grid mode is on,
AutoCAD displays a regular pattern of dots on the screen as a visual aid; it is equivalent to having a sheet of graph paper behind
your drawing on a drawing board. If the size of a drawing is A3 size, the suitable grid spacing is about 10 units.

Example:
The grid command will produce;
Command: Grid <enter>
Grid spacing <x> or ON/OFF/Aspect/ <0.000>: 10 <enter>

‘Snap’
Snap command allows picking points which lie on a regular grid. When Snap mode is turned, the crosshairs will jump from one
grid point to another as you move across the screen. This makes it very easy to draw objects which have a regular shape. The Snap
command is used to set the snap spacing and to toggle Snap mode. Snap command can be used to turn Snap mode on and off, but
it is much more efficient to use the F9 function key on the keyboard or to double-click "SNAP" on the status bar. Snap style can
be set to either Isometric or Standard (the default) using the "Style" option. The Standard style is used for almost all drawing
situations including detail drawings in Orthographic Projection. The Isometric style is specifically to aid the creation of drawings
in Isometric Projection.

Command: snap <enter>

Snap spacing or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style: 10 <enter>
Snap spacing – default value for snap spacing in x and y direction are 1 unit. However it can be changed to any number by setting
the snap spacing.

‘OBJECT SNAP (OSNAP)‟

OSNAP tools include CENter, ENDpoint, INSertion, INTersection, MIDpoint, NEArest, NODe, PERpendicular, QUAdrant and
TANgent. These options can be used for drawing lines that connect at certain points to existing lines, circles, arcs, or ellipses.
Notice that as options were listed, the first three letters of some of the options were written in capitol letters. Typing these letters
at the prompt for start point or endpoint will activate the desired object snap option.
a) CENter - allows object to be drawn based on the center of a circle. A line
or arc often needs to be drawn from the center of an existing
circle, or several circles may need to be drawn around one
center point.
b) ENDpoint - allows an arc, line, or circle to be drawn to or from endpoint of a
previous line or arc by snapping to the desired endpoint.
c) INSert - snap to the insertion point of Shape, Text, Attribute, or Block.
d) INTersection - allows a line or arc to be extended to or from the intersection of
any lines, arcs or circles.
e) MIDpoint - allows the selection of a line or arc at its midpoint by picking the
Midpoint icon.
f) NEArest - to snap to the circle, line, or arc that is nearest to the crosshairs.
g) NODe - to snap to a point.
h) PERpendicular- allows line to be drawn perpendicular to an existing line.
i) QUAdrant - allows a line or arc to be snapped to the 0-, 90-, 180- and 270-
degree positions of a circle or arc.
j) TANgent - allows a line to be snapped tangent to a circle or an arc.

‘LINE’
Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line command, a line can be drawn between any two points
picked within the drawing area. When you pick the first point and move the cross-hairs to the location of the second point you will
see a rubber band line which shows where the line will be drawn when the second point is picked. Line objects have two ends (the
first point and the last point). You can continue picking points and AutoCAD will draw a straight line between each picked point
and the previous point. Each line segment drawn is a separate object and can be moved or erased as required.
U – Line Undo – An alternative to erase. UNDO will remove the last line drawn or command that was executed, and allow
continuing from the previous line.
C – Line closure – if a sequence of line will form a closed polygon, the last line can be drawn without providing endpoints or
coordinates for the termination point, by typing C at the “To point:” will close the polygon precisely.

‘ERASING OF OBJECT’
The object can be removed or erased by use of erase command
ERASE
This removes object from drawing
At the command prompt, enter erase
Select objects: use an object selection method.

‘Zoom’ (Z)
Zooming the drawing area and its contents to different sizes is a very important part of the construction of drawings. This ability
provides a close-up view for better accuracy and detail or a distant view to get the whole picture.
a. „Zoom‟  All (A) – zoom the drawing so that it is at its full extent, with its edges touching the edges of the drawing area.
b. „Zoom‟  Center (C) – select a new view by specifying its center point and the magnification value or height of the view in
current units.
c. „Zoom‟  Dynamic (D) – provides a quick and easy method to move to another view of drawing. With Zoom Dynamic, you
can see the entire drawing and then simply select the location and size of the next view by means of cursor manipulations.
d. „Zoom‟  Extend (E) – lets you see the entire drawing on screen. Unlike the All option, the Extents Option uses only the
drawing extents and not the drawing limits.
e. „Zoom‟  Left (L) – display drawing on the bottom left of graphic screen and the object zooming size is similar to „Zoom‟ -
Center.
f. „Zoom‟  Previous (P) – displays the last displayed view.
g. „Zoom‟  Window (W) – specify a smaller area of the part of the drawing being currently displayed and have that portion fill
the drawing area.
h. „Zoom‟  Scale (X/XP) – display drawing on graphic layout base on scale or magnification factor.

COORDINATE SYSTEMS
(1) Absolute Coordinates
The Absolute coordinate method is based on specifying the location of a point by providing its distances from two intersecting
perpendicular axes in a 2D plane or from three intersecting perpendicular planes for 3D space. Points are located by absolute
coordinates in relation to the origin. In AutoCAD, by default the origin (0,0) is located at the lower left corner of the drawing.

(2) Relative Coordinates

In the relative coordinate method of construction each of the coordinates are entered relative to the last set – i.e. including the
distance from the last set. To differentiate between absolute and relative entry, @ is entered before the figures of the coordinate
point relative to the last point. Example: @4,2
(i) Absolute Coordinates
Command: Line<Enter>
Specify first point: 0,0<Enter>
Specify next point or [Undo]: -3,4<Enter> (Point A)
Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,2<Enter> (Point B)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,0
(ii) Relative Coordinates
Command: Line<Enter>
Specify first point: 0,0 <Enter>
Specify next point or [Undo]: @-3,4<Enter> (Point A)
Specify next point or [Undo]: @7,-2<Enter> (Point B)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,0

(3) Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to describe the position of a point. The angle 0 is always pointing to the right on
your screen (east).
 EXPERIMENT NO: 07
DRAW COMMAND & EDITING/ MODIFY COMMAND

THE FUNCTION KEYS

Many of the modes in AutoCAD can be controlled quickly using the keyboard function keys. In most cases this is quicker than
using a pull-down or the command line.
FI (dos) / F2 (windows) – Graphic screen or text screen
This key clears half of the screen and displays the HELP menu. Pressing F2 in the middle of a drawing will remove the drawing
from the screen and display a written list of the command that were used to generate the drawing.
F6 – Coordinate mode
The coordinate display can be seen on the status of the line. Key F6 will switch the coordinated display on or off.
F7 – Grid mode
The F7 key is used to toggle grid mode on and off. When grid mode is on a grid of dots is shown on the screen as a drawing aid.
F8 – Ortho mode
The F8 key on the keyboard can be used to toggle Ortho (orthogonal) mode on and off. When Ortho mode is on AutoCAD will
only allow to draw either vertical or horizontal lines.
F9 – Snap mode
The F9 key can be used to toggle Snap mode on and off. Snap makes the crosshairs jump to points on a defined grid.

DRAW COMMAND

CIRCLE
The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of ways to define the circle:
- Center and Radius or Diameter – The default method of drawing a circle is to enter the center point and radius or diameter.
- Two point Circles – Drawing a two-point circle can be useful if the diameter is known, but the center point is not.
- Three – Point Circles – If certain points of circle are known by entering any three points.
- Tangent, Tangent, and Radius – A circle may be drawn tangent to existing features by selecting two features that the circle will
be tangent to, and then specifying a radius.

ARC
The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are numerous ways to define an arc; the default method uses three
pick points, a start point, a second point and an end point.
- „3-point‟.
- „Start, Cen, End, or „Cen, Start, End‟ (Start, Center, End)
- „Start, Cen, Angle‟ or „Cen, Start, Angle‟ (Start, Center, Angle)
- „Start, Cen, Length‟ or „Cen, Start, Length‟ (Start, Center, Length)
- „Start, End, Angle‟ (Start, End, Angle)
- „Start, End, Radius‟ (Start, End, Radius)
- „Start, End, Dir‟ (Start, End, Direction)

POINT
This particular command allows for creating point with different style and size. Determination of style and size are provided on
pull-down menu „Settings  Point Style….‟

POLYLINE - PL
The polyline refers to a single object with multiple connected straight-line and/or arc segments.

DONUT
This command draws a solid donut shape. AutoCAD asks you to define the inside diameter i.e. the diameter of the hole and then
the outside diameter of the donut.

RECTANGLE
The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are vertical and horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle
are defined by picking two diagonal corners.

POLYGON
AutoCAD allows you to draw 2D polygons with POLYGON command. The number of sides can be anywhere from 3 to 1024.
There are several options to draw the polygon:-
(i) Edge Option (E) – draws a polygon by specifying the endpoints of the first edge.
(ii) Inscribed Option (I) – draws the polygon of equal length for all sides inscribe inside an imaginary circle having the same
diameter as the distance across apposite polygon corners (for an even number of sides).
(iii) Circumscribed Option (C) – draws a polygon circumscribed around the outside of an imaginary circle having the same
diameter as the distance across the opposite polygon sides (for an even number of sides).
ELLIPSE
The Ellipse command gives you a number of different creation options:-
1) Axis, Eccentricity – The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis and then a third point to define the eccentricity
of the ellipse.
2) Center, Axis, Axis – draw an ellipse by defining the center point and axis endpoints.

AutoCAD also allows drawing an ellipse by specifying a rotation angle after defining two endpoints of one of the two axes. The
rotation defines the major – axis – to – minor – axis ratio of the ellipse by rotating a circle about the first axis. The greater the
rotation angle value, the greater the ratio of major to minor axes. AutoCAD draws a circle if you set the rotation angle to 0
degrees.

HATCH
Hatch patterns are repetitive patterns of lines, dots, and other symbols used to represent a surface or specific material. Hatch
patterns are used on sections and details, although to shows the plan views and elevations.

EDITING/ MODIFY COMMAND

1. „ERASE‟ (E)
The Erase command is one of the simplest AutoCAD commands and is one of the most used. The command erases (deletes) any
selected object(s) from the drawing.

2. „UNDO‟ (U)
The Undo command takes back the last drawing or modification command that was executed.

3. „MOVE‟ (M)
The Move command works in a similar way to the Copy command except that no copy is made, the selected object(s) is simply
moved from one location to another.

4. „COPY‟ (CP)
The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing object or objects which have previously created.
To copy more than one object, type M for „Multiple‟ after selecting the object.

5. „MIRROR‟
The mirror command will create a mirror image of any selected drawing elements along any line of symmetry specified by the
user. You‟ll given the option of keeping or discarding the original object prior to making the MIRROR permanent. If the object is
being completed by MIRROR, don‟t delete the old object.

6. „ROTATE‟
The rotate command rotates any selected objects about a defined point by the angle specified. By default AutoCAD will rotate
objects anticlockwise when an angle is entered.

7. „OFFSET‟
Offset will make a copy of a line or series of selected lines by a specified distance in the direction specified.

8. „EXTEND‟
The extend command is similar to the trim command in how it functions, except it extends a selected line to a point of intersection
of another selected object.

9. „TRIM‟
The TRIM command is an extremely useful tool which will erase all parts of an object beyond or within its intersection with
another object. The command allows you to edit Lines, Arcs, Circles, or Polylines using a cutting edge.

10. „BREAK‟
The break command is identical to the above break at point command, except the break line isn't as neat as when using the above
command i.e the break point leaves a significant gap between what is now two separate objects:

11 „FILLET‟
The fillet command is very similar to the chamfer command above, except instead of creating a straight line chamfer, AutoCAD
creates a radius between the two points.

12. „CHAMFER‟
The chamfer command will chamfer the intersection of two lines to a specified distance.
13 „STRETCH‟
The STRETCH command allows you to elongate or shrink drawing entities. Thos can be especially helpful when editing the shape
and size of a floor plan to meet the changing needs. Drawings made with Lines, Arcs, Traces, Solids, and Polylines can all be
stretched.

14. „ARRAY‟
The Array command will allow for multiple copies of an object or group of objects in rectangular or circular (polar) patterns.

15. „SCALE‟
The SCALE command will allow changing the size of an existing object or an entire drawing base on scale factor.

TEXT
Text is used to label the various components of the drawing and to create the necessary shop or field notes needed for fabrication
and construction of the design. AutoCAD includes a large number of text fonts. Text can be stretched, compressed, obliqued,
mirrored, or drawn in a vertical column by applying a style. Each text string can be sized, rotated, and justified to meet drawing
needs. The Justify option allows placing text in one of the 14 available justification points. AutoCAD prompts
The Style option of the TEXT commands are allows determining how text characters and symbols appear, other than adjusting the
usual height, slant, and angle of rotation. To specify a text style from the Style option of the TEXT commands, it must have been
defined by using the STYLE command. In other words, the style command creates a new style or modifies an existing style.
AutoCAD displays the Text Style dialog box.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 8

DIMENSIONING

Dimensioning Commands –
In earlier releases of AutoCAD, dimensioning was accomplished by first using the Dim command to put the command
line in dimensioning mode (Dim: mode), then issuing a dimensioning subcommand.

Types of Dimensions:
(1) Linear Dimension
(2) Angular Dimension
(3) Diametric Dimension
(4) Radial Dimension

Components of Dimension Labels-

Variables for Controlling Dimensions-

1. DimAsz/Asz – Sets the size of dimension arrow9arrow size). if set to 0, a tick is Drawn in place of an arrow.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.18> 1.8 to 2.4 (For A4 Size)

2. DimTsz/Tsz – Sets the size of tick marks drawn in place of the Standard AutoCAD arrow (tick size). When set to 0, the
Standard arrow is drawn, when greater than 0, tick marks are drawn.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.18>: 1.8 to 2.4 (For A4 Size)

3. DimExe/Exe - Sets the distance the extension lines are drawn past the dimension lines (Extension line extension). The default
value‟s 0.18 units.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.18>: 1.8 to 2.4

4. DimExe/Exo – Sets the distance between the beginning of the extension line and the actual point selected at the “Extension
line Origin”. The default value is 0.0625
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.0625>: 1.8 to 2.4

5. DimGap/Gap – Sets the distance or gap between the text and dimension line and lets you enclosed text within a box by
assigning negative value. The default value is 0.09.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.09>: 1

6. DimTad/Tad – When set to ON, dimension text is linear dimension line (text above dimension line) when off, the dimension
line will be split in two and text will be place in line with the dimension line. The default value is off.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<1>: type 0 to turn off.

7. DimTxt/Txt –Sets the height of dimension text when the current text style height is set to 0.
Enter New Value for dimension variable<0.18>: 1.8 to 2.4

8. DimScale/Scale – Sets the scale factor for dimension variables that control dimension lines & arrow and text size. If you
drawing are not full scale, you should set this variable to reflect the drawing scale.
9. DimCen- Sets the size if Center marks used during the Center, dia & radius dimensions subcommands.

10. DimClrd/Clrd – Lets you specify color for dimension line, arrow heads & dimension leader lines.

11. DimClrd/Clrd – Sets color for dimension extension lines.

12. DimClrt/Clrt – Sets color for the dimension text.

13. DimTih/Tih – Control the position of dimension text inside & outside the extension line.

14. DimAtfit/Atfit – Controls how text fits within the extension lines. If atfit=0 to 2 then, text fix inside the circle otherwise
outside the circle.

15. DimAdec/Adec – Controls number of fractional places for angular dimensioning.Enter 0-8 indicates the number of decimal
places to display in angular dimensions.
16. DimDec/Dec – Sets the number of decimal places displayed for the primary units of a dimension. The precision is based on
the units or angle format you have selected.

17. DimDsep/Dsep – Controls the decimal separator in your drawing like comma, dot or any other key value.
DIMDSEP variableis used instead of the default decimal point. if DIMDSEP is set to NULL (default value, reset by entering a
period), AutoCAD uses the decimal point as the dimension separator.

Dimensioning Subcommands – Which is work on Dim Prompt?

1. Dim: Save/Sa – Saves the current dimension variable setting as a dimension style that can later e restored using the Dim :
Restore subcommand. You can save multiple dimensioning styles.

2. Dim: Restore/Res – Makes an existing dimension style the current default style.
? / Enter dimension style Name:

3. Dim: Horizontal/Hor – Allow you to specify a horizontal dimension at “the Dimension line location (Mtext. Text/Angle)”:
Prompt, or enter an option. You may also do this dynamically. If you drag your cursor up or down the screen, the horizontal
dimension will appear.

(i) 1st extension line Origin or press enter to select:

(ii) 2nd extension line Origin:
(iii) Dimension line location (Mtext/Tex/Angle):
(iv) Dimension Text < >:

4. Dim: Vertical/Ver – Allow you to specify a Vertical dimension. Rest of the option is same as HOR sub command.

5. Dim: Aligned/Al – Aligns a dimension with two points or an object. The dimension text appear in the current style.
(i) 1st extension line Origin or press enter to select:
(ii) 2nd extension line Origin:
(iii) Dimension line location (Mtext/Tex/Angle):
(iv) Dimension Text < ABC >:

6. Dim: Angular/an – Creates a dimension label showing the angle described by an arc, circle or two lines or by a set of 3-
points.
(i) Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>:
(ii) Select second line:
(iii) Specify dimension arc line location or Mtext/Text/Angle):

7. Dim: Diameter/Di – Draws different types of diameter dimensions depending upon the size of the arc or circle and upon the
dimension settings created in dim prompt.
(i) Select arc or circle:
(ii) Enter dimension text:
(iii) Specify dimension line location (Mtext/Taxt? Angle):

8. Dim: Radius/Ra – Adds a radius dimension to arc and circles in essentially the same way that Dim-Diameter dimensions.
(i) Select arc or circle:
(ii) Enter dimension text:
(iii) Specify dimension line location (Mtext/Text? Angle):

9. Dim: Continue/Co – Draws a series or chain of related dimensions by using the second extension line of the most recently
inserted dimensions as the 1st extension line. You are prompted only for the 2 nd extension line origin.
(i) Specify a second extension line origin or [Select] <select>:

10. Dim: Leader/L – Leader adds laddered dimensions to drawing based on the current dimension style. You can replace the
default dimension text with a single line of text.
(i) Leader start:
(ii) To point:
(iii) Dimension text < >:

11. Dim: Tedit/TE – Modifies the placement, justification and rotation angle of a single dimension text object.
(i) Select dimension: pick a single dimension.
(ii) Enter text location or [Left/Right/Home/Angle]: Enter an option or pick a new location for the dimension text.

Options:-
Left – Justifies text to the left within the extension lines on linear, radius & diameter dimensions.
Right – Justifies text to the right within the extension lines on linear, radius and diameter dimensions.
Home – Places text in its default position.
Angle – Changes the angle for text. At the prompt „Text angle.”, enter an angle value or indicate an angle by picking two
points.

12. Dim: Edit – Allows you to change and manipulate selected text and extension lines. Dim edit can be used to change the same
elements on several dimension ob jests at once. Using this command, you can rotate text; shaft at back to its original
“home” position; and edit dimension text. The oblique option allows you toskew existing dimension extension lines to an
angle to the dimension line.
(i) Dimension Edit or [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] : Select an option or press enter.
(ii) Select object: Select dimension & dimension text to edit.

Options:-
Home – Repositions all selected dimension text objects in there default positions.

New – Opens the multiple text editors, allowing you to replace „associative
Dimension text on several dimensions at once. Replace the angle brackets
With new dimension text, then pick Ok.

Rotate – Allow you to rotate dimension text to a specified angle.

Oblique – Allow you to change all selected extension lines to a specified angle.
At the prompt “Enter oblique angle”: Enter the required angle.

13. Dim: Center/Cen- Places across at the center point of a selected arc or circle. To choose center lines instead of Center marks,
and to change the size of the center mark, use the DimCen dimension variable or reset them in the Geometry dialog box of the dim
command.
(i) Select arc or circle:

14. Dim: Oblique/Ob – Skew existing dimension lines to an angle other than 90 degree to the dimension line.
(i) Select object: pick the dimension to be edited.
(ii) Enter oblique angle (press Enter for none): Enter the desired angle for extension lines.

Dim: Redraw/Red: Behaves like a transparent command and allow you to refresh the screen in the current viewport.
Dim: Status/Sta: Status displays the current dimension variable settings and descriptions.

Dim: Style/Sty: Specifies a text style for the dimension text. Once the text style is changed, any subsequent dimensions will
contain text is not affected.
(i) New text style <Current Style Name>:

Dim: Undo/U: Rescinds a dimension you decide you do not want, as long as you are still in the dimension mode.

Dim: Update/UP: Update changes old dimensions to new dimension variable settings.
(i) Select objects: Pick dimension string to update.

Table – The dim Subcommands and the Dimensioning commands:-

Dim Subcommand Dimensioning Commands

Dim: Aligned/AL DIMALIGNED
Dim: Angular/AN DIMANGULAR
Dim: Center/CE DIMCENTER
Dim: Continue/CO DIMCONTINUE
Dim: Diameter/DIA DIMDIAMETER
Dim: Horizontal/HOR DIMLINER- Horizontal
Dim: Vertical/VER DIMLINEAR- Vertical
Dim: Leader/L LEADER
Dim: New text/N DIMEDIT- New
Dim: Oblique/OB DIMEDIT- Oblique
Dim: Radios/Ra DIMRADOUS
Dim: Restore/RES DIMSTYLE- Restore
Dim: Rotate/Ro LINEAR- Rotated
Dim: Save/SA DIMSTYLE- Save
Dim: Status/STA DIMSTULE- Status
Dim: Tedit/TE DIMTEDIT
Dim: Exit/E - Exit Dim mode and returns to Command mode.
Dim: Redraw/RED - Redraws the display.
Dim: Style/STY - Switches to new text style.
Dim: Undo/U -erases the most recent dimension objects.
Dim: Update/UPD - Redraws dimensions to match the current settings.
 EXPERIMENT NO-09
BLOCK & LAYER COMMAND

LAYER (LA)

Layers are a way of managing, tidying and also controlling the visual layout of a drawing. A whole section of a drawing can be
turned on or off, or simply one aspect can be controlled - text for example.
Layers are controlled by the layer properties manager dialog box. Enter the LAYER command:-
1. From „Pull – down Menu‟  Format - Layer
(„Layer Properties Manager‟ dialog box appears on screen)
Or
2. At the command Prompt,
Command: Layer <Enter>
(„Layer Properties Manager‟ dialog box appears on screen)

BLOCK/B:
Block groups a set of drawing objects together to act as a single object. You can then insert, copy, mirror, move, rotate, scale or
save the lock as an external file. The dialog box equivalent is B-make.

(i) Block Name: The block name and definition are saved in the current drawing.
(The name can have up to 255 characters and can include letters, numbers, blank spaces, and any special character not
ued by Microsoft Windows)
(ii) Base point: Specifies a base point for the block. The default value is 0, 0 ,0.
OR, Pick Insertion Base Point: Temporarily closes the dialog box so that you can specify an insertion base point in the
current draw it.
(iii) Objects: Specifies the objects to include in the new block and whether to retain or delete the selected objects or convert
them to b block instance after you create the block.
(iv) Preview Icon: Determines whether to save a preview icon with the block definition and specifies the source of the icon.
(v) Description: Specifies the text description associated with the block definition.

Wblock:
Wblock lets you create a new file from a portion of the current file or Saves objects or converts a block to a file.

Options –
(i) Source - Selects blocks and objects, writes them out as a file, and specifies insertion points.
Block - Specifies a block to save as a file. Select a name from the list.
Entire Drawing - Selects current drawing as a block. Equivalent to entering –
Wblock/* on the command line.
Objects - Specifies objects to be saved as a file.

Base Point - Specifies a base point for the block. The default value is 0, 0 ,0.
X - Specifies the X coordinate value.
Y - Specifies the Y coordinate value.
Z - Specifies the Z coordinate value.
OR, Pick Insertion Base Point - Temporarily closes the dialog box so that you can specify an insertion base point in the current
drawing.

Objects - Retains, Converts to a block, or deletes the selected objects in the current drawing.

Retain - Retains the selected objects in the current drawing after saving them as a file.
Convert to Block - Converts the selected object or objects to a block in the current drawing after saving them as a file. The block
is given the name in File name.
Delete from Drawing - Deletes the selected objects from the current drawing after saving them as a file.

Select Objects Button - Temporarily closes the dialog box so that you can select one or more graphical objects in the current
drawing to save to the file.

Quick Select Button - Opens the Quick Select dialog box, which you can use to apply a filter to your selection set.

Objects Selected - Indicates the number of objects selected.

(ii) Destination – Specifies the name, location, and units of the file.
File Name - Specifies a file name for the block or objects.
Location - Specifies a path.
Browse for Folder - Displays the Bowes for Folder dialog box.
Insert Units - Specifies units to be used when the new file is inserted as a block.0 (zero) is the Unit less setting. See INSUNITS.

Insert:
Insert places a name block or drawing within the current file, or specifies the block to insert and defines the position for the
inserted block... The equivalent dialog box command is Dd-insert.
Options –
Name - Specifies the name of a block to insert or the name of a file to insert as a block
Insertion Point - Specifies the insertion point of the block using the pointing device.
Scale - Specifies the scale for the inserted block. Specifying negative values for the X,Y, and Z scale factors inserts a mirror
image of a block.
Or
Uniform Scale - Specifies a single scale value for X, Y, and Z coordinates. A value specified for X is also reflected in the Y and Z
values.
Rotation - Specifies the rotation angle for the inserted block.
Explode - Explodes the block and inserts the individual parts of the block. When you select Explode, you specify only an X scale
factor.
Explode: It reduces a block, polyline, associative dimension, multilane, groups or 3D solid to its component object.
(i) Select objects: Use an object selection method and press ENTER when you finish selecting objects
Results differ depending on the type of compound object you‟re exploding. See the following list of objects that can be exploded
and the results rot each.
*Explode: Controls exploding of non-uniformly scaled blocks. If value is 0. Do not explode and 1, explode.

Layer/la:
It must be used at the command line to create a new layer, assign colors and line types to layers, set the current layer, repress
editing of layers, and allow you to control which layers and displayed, the dialog box equivalents are Layer and Ddl modes.
(i) Enter an option
[? /Make/Set/New/ON/OFF/Color/Ltype/Freeze/Thaw/Lock/Unlock]:
Options –
? – Displays the list of existing layers. Wildcard are also accepted.

Make – Creates a new layer and makes it current.

New – Creates a new layer.

ON – Turns on layer.

OFF – Turns off layer.

Color – Sets color of a layer.

Lint Type - Sets line type of a layer.

Freeze – Freezes one or more layers bt you cant freeze the current layer.

Thaw – Unfreezes one or mort layers.

Lock – Releases locked layer to allow editing.

Pedit/pe:
Changes the location of individual vertices in a polyline and converts a non polyline object into a polyline. The editing options
available depend on the type of object you select.
(i) Select Polyline:
(ii) Do you want to turn it into one? <Y>:
(iii) Enter an option [Close/Open/Join/Width/Edit
Vertex/Fit/Spline /Undo/ Decurve]:
Options –
Close – Joins the endpoint of a polyline. If the selected polyline is already close, the option is replaced open in the prompt.
Open – Deletes the last line segment in a closed polyline.
Join – Joins polyline, lines, and arcs. The objects to be joined must meet exactly end to end.
Width – Sets the width of the entire polyline.
Spline – Changes a polyline made up to straight line segments into a Spline fit curve.
Fit - Creates a smooth curve consisting of pairs of arcs joining each pair of vertices. The curve passes through all vertices of the
polyline and uses any tangent direction you specify.
Edit Vertex – Performs various edits on polyline vertices like relocates, removes, moves or insert vertices in a polyline.

Decurve - Removes extra vertices inserted by a fit or Spline curve and straightens all segments of the polyline. Retains tangent
information assigned to the polyline vertices for use in subsequent fit curve requests.

Ltype Gen - Generates the line type in a continuous pattern through the vertices of the polyline. When turned off, this option
generates the line type starting and ending with a dash at each vertex. Ltype Gen does not apply to polyline with tapered segments.
(a) Enter polyline line type generation option [ON/OFF] <current>: Enter on or off, or press ENTER

Color/col:
Sets the color of object being drawn. Once you select a color, all objects will be given the selected color regardless of their layers,
unless you specify by layer of by block as the color. Objects you drew using the color command are not affected. The dialog box
equivalent is Dd-color
(i) New object color <by layer> Enter color name or number.
 EXPERIMENT - 10

3D-SOLID

Box:
The box creates a 3D-sikud box. Once you create a box, you cannot stretch it or change its size. However, you can extrude the
faces of a box with SOLIDEDIT.
(i) Specify corner of box or [CEnter] 0, 0>: Specify a point (1) or press ENTER for corner of box, or enter c for center.
(ii) Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: enter L for length of box.
(iii) Specify length: Specify a distance
(iv) Specify width: Specify a distance
(v) Specify height: Specify a distance

Wedge/We:
The wedge creates a 3D-solid- wedge. Once you create a box, you cannot stretch it or change its size. However, you can extrude
the faces of a wedge with SOLIDEDIT.
(i) Specify corner of wedge or [CEnter] 0, 0>: Specify a point (1) or press ENTER for corner of wedge, or enter c for center.
(ii) Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: enter L for length of box.
(iii) Specify length: Specify a distance
(iv) Specify width: Specify a distance
(v) Specify height: Specify a distance
CONE:
Cone offers several methods for drawing a 3d-solid cone. The default is to choose a center point pick or enter the diameter/radius
and apes.
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]: pick a center point or enter „E‟
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: Provides a dia, or radius.
Specify height or [Apex]: Provide on apex or height be dynamically picking the points or entering value.
Options:-
Center - Allow you to create a cone with a circular base.
Elliptical - Allow you to create a bone with an elliptical base.
Apex - Allow you to specify the apex of the cone.
Height - Allow you to specify the height of the cone solid.

CYLINDER:
Cylinder offers several methods for drawing a 3D solid cylinder. The default is to choose a center point, the pick or center the dia.
/radius and apex.

Specify Center point of [Elliptical]: pick a center point to „E‟

Specify Radius or [Diameter]: Put the radius or enter „D‟ for diameter.
Specify height or [Center of other End]: provide the height of the cylinder of put „C‟ for center of other end.

SPHERE:
Create a 3D-Solid sphere whit its central axis parallel to the 2-axis of the current UCS. The overall dimension of the sphere ca be
specified using either the radius or the diameter.
Specify corner of wedge or [Center]:
Specify other point or [Cube/length]: If you enter L‟
Specify length: Specify a distance
Specify width: Specify a distance
Specify height: Specify a distance

TORUS:
Creates a 3D donut-shaped solid. The torus is defined be specifying two radius (or diameter) Value, one from the center of the
torus to the center of the tube, and one for the actual rube. You can create a torus with no center hole by specifying the radius of
the tube greater than the radius of the torus.
(i) Center of torus or [Diameter]: pick a center point.
(ii) Specify Radius of tours of [Diameter]
SUBTRACT/SU:
Allow you to remove the common area shared by two sets of solids (or regions) and create a new composite region or solid. You
must first select the object from to subtract and then the object that are to be subtracted.
(i) Select solids and regions to subtract from: Click on the overlapping solids that wolfram, thebasisof then object.
(ii) Select solids and regions to subtract: Click on the objects you wish to subtract.

UNION/UNI:
Creates composite objects by combining the total area or volume of two or more regions or solids.
(i) Select objects: Click on the overlapping solids that you want to combine.

INTERSECT:
Allow you to create a composite solid or region that contains only the common volume of two or more overlapping object or
regions.
(i) Select objects: Use an object selection method

EXTRUDE/EXT:
You can extrude closed objects such as cycles, ellipse, closed splines and polyline, polygons, rectangle. Creates unique solid
primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects. With EXTRUDE, you can create solids by extruding (adding thickness
to) selected objects. You can extrude an object along a path, or you can specify a height value and a tapered angle.
(i) Select object:
(ii) Specify Height of extrusion or [Path]: Specify the height or enter „P‟ and pick an object that descries the path.
(iii) Extrusion taper angle <0>: Enter a value for tapering the extruded objects, if required or press enter.
 Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: Specify an angle between –90 and +90 degrees or press ENTER

REVOLVE/REV:
Works with the same kind of objects as extrude. You can revolve closed objects such as circles, ellipse, Spline & polyline,
polygons, rectangles, donut but not 3D objects, within a block and polyline that self-cross or intersect or are not close.

(i) Select objects: Select the object to revolve.

(ii) Specify start point for Axis of revolution or define axis by [Objects/X (axis)/Y (axis)]:

RENDER: -
It will show you final solid Rendered view with attaching predefined materials. The following options available on the Render
toolbar.

(i) Hide: Initiate a hide for a 3D Model with hidden lines.

(ii) Shade: Displays a flat-shaded image of the drawing in the current viewport.
(iii) Scene: Brings up a scenes dialog box that lets you set up a scene you can later recall.
(iv) Light: Bring up the lights dialog box that lets you adjust, delete or create a light source. You can set the intensity of the
Ambient light and set the lighting droop-off ti be unversed linear or square.
(v) RMat: Brings up a dialog box that lets you create a new finish, import, delete, export of modify an existing finis. A
preview sphere gives you a sample view of what your finish looks like.

(vi) MAtlib: Brings up a dialog box that show a list of all the materials finishes available. You may select materials subsets &
store them as name material library (.MLI) files.
(vii) Fog: Displays the for/depth dialog box to emulate distances for objects with white forge), black (for traditional depth
cueing) or blends of color combinations.
SLICE/SL:
Allow you to create a new solid or set of solids by slicing an existing solid with a plane and removing a selected side. You may
choose to keep only one or both sides of the solids.
(i) Select objects: Pick the required object.
(ii) Slicing Plane by object/Z-axis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/<3-point>: Specify a point or enter an option.
(iii) Specify additional points at the 2nd point on plane: and 3rd point on plane.
(iv) Both Sides/<Point on desired side of the planed>: Press enter to select side to keep, or enter „B‟ to return both.

VPORTS:
VPORTS or view ports display multiple views or tiled viewports of you‟re drawing at on time. This command is displayed when
the tile-mode system variable is set to zero.
(i) Save/ Restore/ Delete/ join / Single/ < >: