BIOS 255 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2

1. Prophase
Answer: Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindleforms

2. Metaphase
Answer: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

3. Anaphase
Answer: Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

4. Telophase
Answer: Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei areformed.

5. What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

6. What are the properties of epithelial tissue?

Answer:
-Cells sit on basement mem-brane
-Has apical surface and basal surface
-Avascular
-Polarity
-Innervated

7. What occurs when the apical surface of epithelial cells separate from thebasement layer?
Answer: Cell regeneration is triggered.

8. Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

Answer: heart, blood vessels,kidneys, lungs

9. Where can you find transitional epithelium?

Answer: urinary bladder

10. Where can columnar epithelium be found?

Answer: passages of the respiratorysystem
various tubes of the reproductive systems

11. What function does cilia have?

Answer: Helps move things along (moves mucous andforeign particles away)

12. merocrine glands

Answer: Secrete their products by exocytosis
-Salivary glands
-Sweat glands
-Pancreatic glands

13. apocrine glands

Answer: **Mammary glands
-accumulates products within but only the apex ruptures

14. holocrine glands

Answer: **Sebaceous glands
-accumulate their products within them until they rupture

15. What are some examples of connective tissue?

Answer:
-Loose connective tissue
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Blood

16. What are the three main elements of connective tissue?

Answer:
-Cells
-Fibers
-Ground substance

17. What are the different types of connective tissue fibers?

Answer:
-Reticular
-Elastic
-Collagen

18. What is the integumentary system?

Answer: Skin, hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
19. What is the most superficial layer of skin called?
Answer: Epidermis

20. What is the innermost layer of skin called?

Answer: Hypodermis

21. What is homeostasis?

Answer: maintenance of a stable internal environment with the contribution of all organ
systems
22. What are the components of a homeostatic mechanism?
Answer:
-Stimulus
-Receptors
-Control center
-Effector
-Response

23. What is a negative feedback mechanism?

Answer: Body REVERSES, or goes against,an original stimulus to return to homeostasis
Example: Blood glucose regulation after eating.

24. What is a positive feedback mechanism?

Answer: Amplifies the change from thenormal level. (Agrees with the change)
Example: Childbirth, blood clotting

25. What feedback mechanism is most common?

Answer: negative

26. Inferior
Answer: Below; at a lower level

27. Superior
Answer: Above; higher level

28. Lateral
Answer: Side; Away from the midline of the body

29. Proximal
Answer: Closer to the point of attachment

30. Distal
Answer: Father away from the point of attachment
31. Medial
Answer: Toward the midline of the body

32. Sagittal
Answer: divides body into left and right

33. Transverse
Answer: Divides body into upper and lower parts

34. Anterior
Answer: toward the front of the body
35. Posterior
Answer: toward the back of the body

36. Frontal plane

Answer: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

37. Which part of the atom is involved in chemical reactions?

Answer: Electrons

38. Which part of the atom makes up the atomic number?

Answer: Protons

39. pH scale
Answer: Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration
- pH < 7: Acidic
-pH > 7: Alkaline (basic)
-pH = 7: neutral

40. What is the main function on rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer: Protein syn-thesis

41. What kind of cell division results in a diploid, increasing the number ofcells?
Answer: Mitosis

42. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer: 23 pairs

43. What kind of cell division results in a haploid?

Answer: Meiosis
44. Meiosis I
Answer: Splits genetic material in half, producing a diploid

45. Meiosis II
Answer: Separates sister chromatids
-four haploid daughter cells
-develop into egg or sperm

46. What is the middle layer of skin called?

Answer: dermis

47. What kind of tissue is the epidermis made up of?

Answer: keratinized stratifiedsquamous epithelium
48. What structures are present in the dermis?
Answer:
-blood vessels
-hair follicles
-sweat and oil glands
-Meissner corpuscle
-Arrector pili muscle

49. What are the functions of the skin?

Answer:
-Protection
-Thermoregulation
-Sensation
-Excretion/absorption
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Blood reservoir

50. What 4 types of cells are found in the epidermis?

Answer:
-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Macrophages (Langerhans cells)
-Tactile cells (Merkel cells)

51. What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

Answer: Keratinocytes

52. What is the function of keratinocytes?

Answer: Secrete keratin to protect from infections and replace water.
53. What is melanin responsible for?
Answer: Skin's pigmentation
-Protection from UV radiation

54. Merkel cells

Answer: touch receptors in the skin

55. Langerhans cells

Answer: epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system

56. Sebaceous glands

Answer: Secrete oil (sebum)
-Connected to hair follicles
57. eccrine sweat glands
Answer:
Most numerous
Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Function in thermoregulation

58. apocrine sweat glands

Answer: Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; Secreteproducts into hair follicles;
Produce sticky, cloudy secretions; Break down and causeodors;

59. ceruminous glands

Answer: modified sweat glands in ear canal
-Secrete ear wax (cerumen)

60. What is the ABCDE rule?

Answer: **Related to skin cancerAsymmetry
Border Color DiameterElevation

61. Partial-thickness burn

Answer: ** 1st degree and 2nd degree burns
-Epidermis is burned through and dermis is damaged.
- Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering, and a mottled appearance.

62. Full-thickness burn

Answer: **3rd degree burnsAll skin layers are damaged

63. What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer:
-Protection
-Movement and support
-Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
-Mineral homeostasis

64. Osteoprogenitor Cells

Answer: bone stem cells (able to differentiate into the othertypes of cells)

65. Osteoblasts
Answer: bone forming cells

66. Osteoclasts
Answer: Bone-destroying cells (remodel bones and cause them to releasecalcium)

67. Osteocytes
Answer: mature bone cells

68. Intramembranous ossification

Answer:
-occurs in flat bones when a connective tissuemembrane is replaced by bone
-Compact and spongy bone develop from mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue
**flat bones of face, cranial cones, clavicles

69. Endochondral ossification

Answer: Replaces cartilage with bone in the developingembryo and fetus
**bones at base of skull, long bones

70. axial skeleton

Answer: Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage,and vertebral column

71. Appendicular skeleton

Answer: bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lowerlimbs

72. What 3 bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Answer: ilium, ischium, pubis

73. What does the ilium articulate with?

Answer: sacrum

74. What is a hole in the bone called?

Answer: foramen
75. What is a condyle of a bone?
Answer: rounded articular projection

76. What is the hard palate made of?

Answer: Maxillary bone and palatine bone

77. What is the zygomatic arch made of?

Answer: Temporal bone and zygomatic bone

78. What is a joint?

Answer: Place where two bones meet

79. Fibrous joints

Answer: Suture (ex: coronal suture)Syndesmosis (ex: distal tibiofibular joint) Gomphosis

80. Cartilaginous joints

Answer: Synchondrosis ( ex: manubrium to first rib)Symphysis (pubic symphysis)
Epiphyseal plate
81. Synovial joints
Answer:
-Freely movable joint
-Covered by articular cartilage & held together by ligaments
**Knee, phalanges, shoulder

82. Flexion
Answer: Decreases the angle of a joint

83. Hyperextension
Answer: extension beyond anatomical position

84. Adduction
Answer: Movement toward the midline of the body

85. Abduction
Answer: Movement away from the midline of the body

86. Rotation: Circular movement around an axisex

Answer: nodding head no

87. Inversion
Answer: turning inward
88. Eversion
Answer: turning outward

89. Plantar flexion

Answer: pointing toes

90. Dorsiflexion
Answer: bending of the foot or the toes upward

91. Plane joint: allows only gliding movementexample

Answer: tarsals and carpals

92. Hinge joint

Answer: Permits motion in only one planeExample: elbow, knee

93. Pivot joint

Answer: Allows for rotation around the length of a boneExample: Radius

94. Condyloid joint

Answer: movement in all directions
95. Saddle joint: allows grasping and rotationexample
Answer: Thumb

96. ball and socket joint

Answer: large range of movementExample: shoulder, hip

97. What are the four characteristics of muscles?

Answer: contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

98. Excited
Answer: Ability to receive and respond to stimuli

99. Contractility
Answer: ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

100. Extensibility
Answer: the ability to be stretched or extended

101. Elasticity
Answer: Ability to recoil
102. Skeletal muscle
Answer: striated, voluntary, multinucleated

103. cardiac muscle

Answer: Involuntary, striated muscle tissue found only in the heart.

104. Smooth muscle

Answer: involuntary muscle found in internal organs

105. What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer: -Acetylcholine (ACh)

106. Sodium-potassium channel

Answer: A transport protein in the plasma membrane ofanimal cells that actively transports
sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
**Ligand-gated

107. Crest
Answer: prominent ridge or elongated projection of bone

108. Trachanter
Answer: very large, irregular shaped bone projection
109. Head
Answer: End of bone rounded and expanded

110. Condyle
Answer: smooth rounded portion at end of bone

111. Neck
Answer: narrowing of long bone

112. Sarcomere
Answer: contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two Zbands

113. Sarcomere reticulum

Answer: storage cite of calcium

114. Isometric contraction

Answer: Muscle contracts but there is no movement, musclestays the same length

115. Isotonic contraction

Answer: muscle contracts, but there is no movement
116. What muscles make up the quadriceps?
Answer: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

117. Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer: consists of the brain and spinal cord

118. What muscles make up the hamstrings?

Answer: biceps femoris, semitendinosus,semimembranosus

119. peripheral nervous system

Answer: cranial and spinal nerves; divided into sensory(afferent) and motor (efferent)
divisions

120. motor nervous system (efferent)

Answer: Broken down into the somatic nervoussystem and the autonomic nervous system.
Somatic: voluntary movements
Autonomic: Involuntary functions such as cardiac function

121. autonomic nervous system

Answer: Broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Sympathetic: fight or flight division

Parasympathetic: Rest and digest

122. Astrocytes
Answer: Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

123. Microglial cells

Answer: type of neuroglial cell that phagocytizes bacterial cells anddebris

124. Oligodendricytes
Answer: wrap around neurons in CNS

125. Ependymal cells

Answer: produce cerebrospinal fluid

126. satellite cells

Answer: surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

127. Action potential

Answer: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels downan axon
128. graded potential
Answer: shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary, local)

129. Frontal lobe

Answer: movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

130. parietal lobe

Answer: receives sensory input for touch and body position

131. occipital lobe

Answer: vision

132. temporal lobe

Answer: A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing andlanguage.

133. Olfactory nerve (I)

Answer: smell

134. Optic nerve (II)

Answer: vision

135. Oculomotor (III)

Answer: eye movement

136. Trochlear (IV)

Answer: Superior Oblique Muscle (Somatic Motor), Turns eye downwardand laterally

137. Trigeminal (V)

Answer: chewing, face and mouth touch and pain

138. Abducens (VI)

Answer: lateral eye movement

139. Facial Nerve (VII)

Answer: Movement of facial expression muscles, Secretion of tearsand saliva, taste

140. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Answer: hearing and balance

141. Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Answer: taste, senses carotid blood pressure
142. Vagus (X)
Answer:
-senses aortic blood pressure
-slows heart rate
-stimulates digestive organs
-taste

143. Spinal Accessory (XI)

Answer:
-controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid
-controls swallowing movements

144. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

Answer: Controls muscles of tongue

145. Cornea
Answer: the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

146. Pupil
Answer: opening in the center of the iris

147. Iris
Answer: a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around thepupil and
controls the size of the pupil opening

148. Lens
Answer: Changes shape, focuses light onto retina

149. Retina
Answer: Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones
150. Rods
Answer: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

151. Cones
Answer: color vision

152. Auricle
Answer: external portion of the ear

153. Three ear bones

Answer: malleus, incus, stapes
154. Cochlea
Answer: contains sound receptors, round, coiled shape

155. anterior pituitary gland

Answer: the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrinegland whose secretions are
controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

156. anterior pituitary hormones

Answer: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH

157. Oxytocin
Answer: A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterinecontractions
during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

158. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer: Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cellsin the hypothalamus that stimulates
water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells intothe blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

159. Adrenal glands

Answer: a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys andsecrete hormones

160. Adrenal cortex

Answer: outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

161. Adrenal medulla

Answer: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

162. pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Answer: contain endocrine cells
• Alpha () cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemichormone)
• Beta () cells produce insulin (hypoglycemichormone)

163. P wave
Answer: atrial depolarization
164. QRS complex
Answer: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

165. T wave
Answer: ventricular repolarization

166. Cardiac Output

Answer: heart rate x stroke volume
167. Stroke Volume (SV)
Answer: The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction.

EDV-ESV

168. What three variables determine blood pressure?

Answer: cardiac output, bloodvolume, resistance to flow

169. vascular resistance

Answer: the opposition to blood flow due to friction between bloodand the walls of blood
vessels

170. What three things influence vascular resistance?

Answer:
-Size of blood vessellumen
-Blood viscosity
-Total vessel length

171. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer: (SBP + 2DBP)/3