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Ali Hasan
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INVESTMENT PATTERN OF
INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN GOVERNMENT SECTOR ANDPRIV…
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SHREE L R TIWARI DEGREE COLLEGE- MIRA ROAD

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INVESTMENT PATTERN OF

INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN GOVERNMENT SECTOR AND
PRIVATE SECTOR

A Project submitted to university of Mumbai for partial completion of the degree of bachelor of
Commerce in accounting and finance (BAF)
Under the faculty of commerce
By

SAYED ALI HASAN ZAMEER HASAN NAQVI

ROLL NO. 8088260

Under the guidance of

ASST.PROFESSOR SUMAN
GUPTA

SHREE LR TIWARI DEGREE COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE

Shree L.R.Tiwari Educational campus, Kanakia Park, Mira road Thane, Maharashtra-
401107
FEBUARY 2025

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Sayed Ali Hasan has worked and duly completed his
Project work for the degree of Bachelor’s in Commerce (Accounting and Finance) under
The Faculty of commerce in the subject of Accounting and finance and his project is
Entitled.
‘’ACOMPARARIVE STUDY ON THE INVESTMENT PATTERN OF INDIVIDUAL
WORKING IN GOVERNMENT SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR.” Under my supervision.
I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my guidance and
That no part of it has been submitted previously for any Degree or Diploma of the any
University.

It is his own work and fact reported by his personal findings and investigation.

Dr.SANJAY MISHRA NAME AND SIGNATURE

of guiding teacher

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE OF SUBMISSION

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DECLARATION

I the undersigned Mr. Sayed Ali Hasan here by, declare that the work embodied
In this project work titled. ”A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INVESTMENT
IN WORKING IN GOVERNMENT SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR".
Forms my own contribution to the research work carried out und the guidance of
Asst. Prof SUMAN GUPTA is result of my own research 4/89 work and has not been
Previously submitted to any other University for any other Degree/Diploma to this
Or any other University.
Wherever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly
Indicated as such and included in the bibliography,

I hereby further declare that all information of this document has been obtained and
Presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

SAYED ALI HASAN

Name and signature of learner

Certified by

Asst.Prof Suman Gupta

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to thank all the people who have helped me directly or indirectly in

Completion of this project work. I take this humble opportunity to express my gratitude to
All of them.

I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh
Dimensions in the completion of this project.

I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai for giving me chance to do
This project
I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Sanjay Mishra for providing the necessary
Facilities required for completion of this project. I take this opportunity to thank our
Coordinator Asst. Prof. Suman Gupta for his moral support the guidance.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my Project Guide Asst.Prof.
Suman Gupta whose guidance and cure made the project successful.
I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books
And magazines related to my project.
Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me
In the completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me

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ABSTRACT

The objective of the research study “A Comparative Study on the Investment Pattern

of Individual Working in Government Sector and Private Sector” is to determine

the significant difference between investment preference of government sector employees and
private sector employees. As well as the study is also undertaken to identify the most preferable
investment in case of safety of investment and return on investment. The data was collected
through structured questionnaire (Google form). Secondary data is used to study past research
papers and different books related to the topic to enhance clear knowledge about the topic. The
analysis of the primary data has been done percentage method and chi square test. It was found
from the analysis that government employees prefer traditional investment options while
private employees prefer modern investment options. As well as the research also help to
provide a wider scope to understand various issues related to investment and the factors that
one should consider before investing their valuable money in any investment avenue.

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Index
s.no Particulars Page No.
A Certificate 2
B Declaration 3
C Acknowledgement 4
D Abstract 5
E List of tables 6-7
Chapters 8
1 Introduction 9
1.1 About the topic 10
1.2 Significance of the topic 12
2 Literature review 15
3 Objectives of Research 17
3.1 Objectives of the research study 18
4 Research methodology 19
4.1 What is research Methodology 20
4.1.1 Types of research 20
4.1.2 Hypothesis 21
4.1.3 Research design 23
4.1.4 Sample design 24
4.1.5 Sample variables 25
4.1.6 Sample size and units 26
4.1.7 Source of data collection 26
4.2 Research Methodology of our study 28
4.3 Problem faced while data collection 31
5 Analysis and Interpretation 32
5.1 Hypothesis testing 33
5.2 Analysis and interpretation of the questions 43
6 Finding and Conclusion 69
6.1 Findings 70
6.2 Suggestions 71
6.3 Conclusion 72
7.1 Limitations of the research study 74
7.2 Scope of the research study 74
Bibliography 75
Appendix 75
Analysis Table 76

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LIST OF TABLES
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
5.2.1 Table showing age of the respondents 44
5.2.2 Table showing gender of the respondents 45
5.2.3 Table showing occupation of the respondents 46
5.2.4 Table showing number of government sector employees 47
5.2.5 Table showing investment preference of government sector 48
employees

5.2.6 Table show number of private sector employees 49

5.2.7 Table showing investment preference of private sector 50
employees

5.2.8 Table showing preference for the factors considered 51

5.2.9 Table showing expected rate of return 52
5.2.10 Table showing satisfaction for rate of return on investment 53

5.2.11 Table showing level of satisfaction rating for return on 54

investment

5.2.12 Table showing preferable investment option for safety of 55

investment

5.2.13 Table showing level of risk involved in investment options 56

5.2.14 Table showing preferable period for investment 57
5.2.15 Table showing percentage of income invested 58
5.2.16 Table showing impact of level of saving on investment 59
preference

5.2.17 Table showing purpose behind investment 60

5.2.18 Table showing source of investment 61
5.2.19 Table showing opinions of the respondents 62
5.2.20 Table showing level of proper knowledge about investment 63
policies

5.2.21 Table showing most liquid investment option 64

5.2.22 Table showing least liquid investment option 65
5.2.23 Table showing opinion of the respondents 66
5.2.24 Table showing how often investors observe their 67
investment

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CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

Meaning of Research

1 Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the
stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this
stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm
the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new
theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the
validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior
projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to
applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development
(R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to
research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between
humanities and sciences.

Definitions of research

1. BY Frascati Manual
10 “Research comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the
stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this
stock of knowledge to devise new applications.”

2. By J. Scott Armstrong and Tad Sperry

1 “Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data, a harnessing of curiosity. This
research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and
the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is
funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including
many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications
according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used
criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, such as business schools, but
some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of
research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate
totally).”

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3. By MartynShuttleworth

“In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data,

information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.”

4. Y Creswell, J. W.
7 Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states that – “Research is a process
of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or
issue”. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and
present an answer to the question.

Features of research

1. It should be undertaken in a scientific manner, biases and subjectivity should be

avoided;
2. The process should follow valid and verifiable tools, techniques and procedures;
3. The process follows the logical and sequential procedures that are established by the
academic discipline in which you are conducting research.
1.1 ABOUT THE TOPIC
To invest is to allocate money in the expectation of some benefit in the future.

Savings and investments form an integral part of one’s life. Investments refer to the

Employment of funds with an objective of earning an expected return on it. In other words,
it is a process, where money is being utilized with a hope of making more money.
Investments are important because in today’s world, just earning money is not enough.
People work hard to earn money. But that may not be adequate for them to lead a
comfortable lifestyle or fulfil their dreams and future goals. To do that, they need to make
their money work hard for them as well. This is why people invest. Money lying idle in
your bank account is an opportunity lost. People should invest that money smartly to
get good returns out of it.
Every investment avenues have distinct characteristics, which makes the investment
decision complex. Thus it is necessary to carefully analyze and build a basket of assets

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That suits the risk profile of the investor and complies with his objectives and goals.
Hence, investment decision making is a fascinating task to the investor.

Following are some of the factors which influence the investment decision of a person:

1. Safety of investment;
2. Risk of return on investment;
3. Income and net worth;
4. Liquidity of fund required;
5. Time horizon;
6. Tax saving
7. Investment knowledge;
8. Inflationary/deflationary condition of the economy; etc.

On the basis of these factors a person decides his investment preference. There are different

investment avenues according to need of a person.

Following are different types of investment avenues:

 TRADITIONAL
a) FIXED DEPOSITS: FD is a financial instrument provided by bank or NBFCs,
which help to fulfil the requirement of stability, higher rate of return as
compared to regular saving accounts and long term investment for the
investor.
b) INSURANCE: An investment-linked plan is a life insurance plan that
combines investment and protection. The premiums that insurance holder
pay provide them not only with life insurance cover but part of the premiums
will also be invested in specific investment funds of their choice.
c) POST OFFICE INVESTMENT SAVING SCHEMES: It is offered by
Department of post on which fixed interest is paid. It is similar to saving
bank account. There are many different investment plans under this scheme
with different features.
 MODERN
a) SHARES: Shares can be described as the financial instrument issued by
the company to raise funds from the general public. It is company’s

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Capital divided into equal units. An equity share holder get dividend and a
preference shareholder get fixed rate of interest for the money they invested
in shares.
b) DEBENTURES: It is a liability for a company. The company provides
fixed rate of interest to the debenture holder. A debenture is a medium-to-
long term investment instrument for an investor.
c) MUTUAL FUNDS: A mutual fund is an investment security that enables
investors to pool their money together into one professionally managed
investment. Mutual funds can invest in stocks, bonds, cash or a combination
o f t h o s e a s s e t s . The underlying s e c u r i t y types, called holdings,
combine to form one mutual fund, also called a portfolio.

These are investment avenues differentiated on the basis of traditional and modern investment
options.

GOVERNMENT SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEES

Many people in India prefer government jobs. The main reason is job security as well as other
facilities like housing, transportation, health, etc. and other perks. While in private jobs these
facilities are not provided to the employees. Benefits make a position valuable even if the salary
offered is lower than a private-sector salary. Government employees more often get retirement
benefits from their employer. Government employees get more stability in their jobs than
private employees.

Another thing is private employees face higher vulnerability to market forces, including wage
levels according to fluctuating market conditions. Due to all these factors a government sector
employees can able to save more proportion of their income as saving as compared to private
sector employees. As a result government sector employees have more money to make
investment and they can also invest in long term investment avenues.

This research is conducted to study and analyse the investment preference differences between
both the sector employees and to know the reason behind it.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC

 This research report helps to study and analyze the most preferred
investment options available to the investors.

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 This study is undertaken to help the investors to understand the most important
factors need to be considering before investing their money in different investment
avenues.
 This study will be very beneficial to the working group of the economy weather
they are from government sector or private sector.
 The research report helps to study the impact of change in investment pattern of
government and private sector.
 This study also helps the future researcher because it serves as their guide in
making their first research.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Patel P. Yogesh & Patel Y. Charul (2nd Oct 2012)

In their work “A Study of Investment Perspective of Salaried People” examined the pattern
of investment among salaried people working in private sector. Another objective is to study
the perception of an individual related to various investment alternatives and to provide an
insight into factors considered for an appropriate investment. The survey method of primary
data has been done through questionnaire and personal interviews. The analysis of secondary
data has been done from various books, internet, publications & journals. This study shows that
annual saving of male respondents is 1-2 lac while female respondents saving is below 1 lac,
and this also give effect on investment preference of the respondents. This is also found that
male respondents have their investment in Mutual Fund, Real Estate, and Govt. Securities but
prefer high returns with high risk whereas female respondents have majority for investment in
Gold & Mutual Funds but they prefer lower returns with low risk. The study concludes that
male salaried individual take risky investment as their option for high returns whereas female
employees take traditional investment as their option.

2.2 Prof. Kher S. & DR. Shende P.N. (1st Jan 2013)

In their work “A Study of Investment Pattern of Central Government

employees after the implementation of 6th pay” analysed the most preferred
investment opinion available to the investors as well as to find out the impact of change in
income on the investment pattern of Central Government employees. Another objective was to
find out the investment pattern of in various areas before and after the implementation of 6th
pay commission. The analysis of primary data has been done using percentage method and
correlation as a tool of statistical analysis. The study shows that implementation of 6th pay
commission have shifted the employees from 0 - 1 lakh income group to 1-3 lakh and from 1-
3 lakh to 3-5 lakh. It affects the quantum of investment in each investment areas in a positive
way. As well as maximum investment is make towards Insurance sector followed by PPF and
Bank fixed deposits. Another thing was, there is positive high degree of correlation between
income and investment of Government employees after implementation of 6th pay. The study
concluded that hike in salary of Government employees after implementation of 6th pay raise
the investment pattern also as well as Government employees preferred to invest in Insurance,
PPF, fixed deposit and post office schemes with risk free return rather than investing in shares,
debentures and mutual funds etc. which have high risk bearing.

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2.3 Prof. Thulasipriya B. (1st Jan 2015)

In their work a study on the investment preference of Government employees on various
investment avenues examine the factors considered by Government employees before investing
and other objective is to analyse the risk tolerance level of Government employees and to
understand the type of financial instruments the Government employees would prefer to invest.
As well as it was one of the major aim of this research to analyse the duration of investment,
the Government employees prefer and to give a recommendation to the investor that where
they should invest. Primary as well as secondary data were used as source of information,
analysed with the help of financial tools-percentage calculation and arithmetic mean. The chi-
square test has been used to find the factors which are considered for investment. The study
shows that Government employees belonging to age group of above 50 years, female
Government employees, employees who are single, employees having three to four family
members and employees having up to Rs.25000 as monthly salary have higher level of
preference for investment. As well as the analysis revealed that employees prefer to have both,
long term and short term investment for their safe future. The study concluded that employees
still prefer to invest in financial products which give risk free return. This confirms that Indian
investors, even if they are of high income, well educated, salaried, independent are conservative
investors, prefer to play safe.

2.4 Geethu G., D. Priyanka & R. Preetha (18 Nov 2018)

In their work “An Insight into the saving and Investment Pattern of Salaried
Employees Working in Private Sector of Shipping Industries” examined the
difference in awareness of an employee related to different investment options and to identify
the factors considered by the employees for a suitable investment. Another objective is to
understand the most preferred investment avenue of the salaried employees in the firm. The
analysis of secondary data has been done through T Test, Chi-Square Test, correlation analysis,
percentage method and the collection of primary data has been done by questionnaire. The
study shows that there is a significant relation between annual income of employees and the
percentage of income and saving. The study indicate that 74% of the employees invest in long
term funds while 12% of the employees invest for short term funds and 12% of the employees
invest in both short and long term funds. The study concludes that most of the employees’
savings are directed to their personal expenses such as education, marriage &retirement plans.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF THE
RESEARCH STUDY

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

In general, research objectives describe what we expect to achieve by a project.

Research objectives are usually expressed in lay terms and are directed as much to the client
as to the researcher. Research objectives may be linked with a hypothesis or used as a statement
of purpose in a study that does not have a hypothesis.

Even if the nature of the research has not been clear to the lay person from the hypotheses, he
should be able to understand the research from the objectives.

A statement of research objectives can serve to guide the activities of research.

3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH STUDY

 To analyze the most preferred investment options available to the investors.

 To determine the satisfactory level of the investors from their rate of return
on investment.
 To determine and compare the safety level of traditional and modern investments.
 To identify the factors considered by the investors for choosing a
suitable investment.
 To find out the impact of change in investment pattern of government and
private sector.
 To determine the effect of level of saving on investment preferences.

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CHAPTER - 4
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 Research Methodology

Search is to make known of an existing unknown thing .Research means to elicit some facts
out of known thing. In general terms reading a factual book of any sort are a kind of research
.Surfing the internet or watching the news is also research.

Research may be defined by scholars as a documented prose work, which means organized
analysis of a subject based on borrowed materials with suitable acknowledgement and
consultations in the main body of paper.

4.1.1 TYPES OF RESEARCH

Fundamental research- This research is also known as pure research and theoretical research.
This type of research is mainly concerned with the formulation of theories and approaches .It
is original and investigative study of a basic nature which is carried out to originate a new
knowledge or to make an additional contribution to knowledge.

Applied Research-Applied research is designed to solve practical problem rather than to

acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake. It focuses on analysis and solving social and real life
problems. This research is generally conducted on large scale basis, it is expensive. As such, it
often conducted with the support of some financing agency like government, World Bank,
UNICEF, etc.

Action Research- This type of research is undertaken to solve some specific immediate
problem. It is not concerned with building theories. Example- Relation between social media
and cyber bullying.

Quantitative research-This type of research is adapted to the phenomena that can be

expressed in terms of quantity. It involves data collection and analysis by using online survey
forms, questionnaire and opinion polls. Example- Commercial Research.

Qualitative research-A study based upon a qualitative process of inquiry has the goal of
12 understanding a social or human problem from multiple perspectives. Qualitative research is
conducted in a natural setting and involves a process of building a complex and holistic picture
of the phenomenon of interest. Example- Study of level of motivation in employees of the
company.

Descriptive research-It means description of state of affairs as it exists at present. The main
characteristic of this research is that the researcher does not have control over the variables.
He can only report what has happened and what is happening. It includes surveys and fact
finding enquiry of different kinds. It shows the current issue through process of data collection.
It is also called Ex post- Facto Research.

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Empirical Research- It is based on evidence. In this research evidence is collected by

observation or experience. Example- Highly educated individual get higher paying jobs.

4.1.2 HYPOTHESIS OF RESEARCH

MEANING OF HYPOTHESIS

A research is considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main function is to suggest
new experiments and observations.
Thus, hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific
problem that can be tested by further investigation. It offers a solution of the problem that is to
be verified empirically.

HYPO + THESIS = HYPOTHESIS

Hypo means a tentative or subject to the verification.

Thesis means statement about the solution of the problem.

DEFINITION: 1. According to Black and Champion:

“A tentative statement about something the validity of which is usually unknown is known as
hypothesis.”

2. According to Webster:

“A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical
consequences.”

CHARACTERISTIC OF HYPOTHESIS
• It must be simple and unified and testable.
• There must be clarity in hypothesis.
• It must provide suggestions.
• Hypothesis must originate from a question or problem.
• Hypothesis must have wide applicability.
To complete the hypothesis must include three components: • the variables • the
population • the relationship between the variables

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
I. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS: A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship
between two variables: the independent variable and the dependent variable.
• Drinking sugary drinks daily leads to obesity.
II. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS: A complex hypothesis examines the relationship
between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables.
• Overweight adults who a) value longevity and b) seek happiness are more likely thank

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Other adults to a) lose their excess weight and b) feel a more regular sense of joy.
III. WORKING HYPOTHESIS: A working hypothesis is based on evidence. The
approach of the study is to prove the hypothesis. It is done at scientific level and its main
aim is to prove the research.
• Study of solar system.
IV. NULL HYPOTHESIS: A null hypothesis (H0) exists when a researcher believes there
is no relationship between the two variables, or there is a lack of information to state a
scientific hypothesis. This is something to attempt to disprove or discredit.
• There is no significant change in my health during the times when I drink green tea only
or root beer only.
V. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: This is where the alternative hypothesis (H1) enters
the scene. In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will seek to discover
an alternative hypothesis.
• My health improves during the times when I drink green tea only, as opposed to root
beer only.
VI. CASUAL HYPOTHESIS: This hypothesis is bi-variate in nature. There is cause and
effect relationship between the variables.
• Spending excess time on social media leads to fall in concentration. Cause – use of social
media, effect – fall in concentration.

4.1.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a fundamental aspect of research process. It is a outline of research study.

It is concerned with developing the mechanism to “how" a research is to be conducted.
Research design is the overall strategy that a researcher chooses to integrate the different
components of the study in a logical way.

DEFINITION: According to Miller:

“The planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study.”

COMPONENTS / CONTENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Research Study • Subject area of research • Reason for selection • Scope of the study •
Objectives of the study

2. Hypothesis of the research study

3. Universe and sampling • Universe or total population • Type of sampling • Sample size
of the study

4. Data collection • Need of data collection • Type of data collection • Method or sources of
data collection • Place and time period of the study

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5. Data analysis • Deciding the technique for analysis • Interpretation of the data 6.Report
writing • Deciding the type of reporting • References used in the study • Scope for further
study

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier
studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome. The focus is on gaining insights and
familiarity for later investigation or undertaken when research problems are in a preliminary
stage of investigation. Exploratory designs are often used to establish an understanding of how
best to proceed in studying an issue or what methodology would effectively apply to gathering
information about the issue.

The goals of exploratory research are intended to produce the following possible insights:

• Familiarity with basic details, settings, and concerns. • Well-grounded picture of the situation
being developed. • Generation of new ideas and assumptions. • Development of tentative
theories or hypotheses. • Determination about whether a study is feasible in the future. • Issues
get refined for more systematic investigation and formulation of new research questions. •
Direction for future research and techniques get developed.

2. CONCLUSIVE RESEAECH DESIGN

a) Descriptive and diagnostic research design:

Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the questions of who, what, when, where,
and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot conclusively
ascertain answers to why. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the
current status of the phenomena and to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation.

b) Experimental research design:

A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to maintain control over all factors that
may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or
predict what may occur. Experimental research is often used where there is time priority in a
causal relationship (cause precedes effect), there is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause
will always lead to the same effect), and the magnitude of the correlation is great. The classic
experimental design specifies an experimental group and a control group. The independent
variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control group, and both
groups are measured on the same dependent variable.

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Subsequent experimental have used more groups and more measurements over longer
periods. True experiments must have control, randomization, and manipulation.

4.1.4 SAMPLE DESIGN

MEANING OF SAMPLE DESIGN

A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to
technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. Sample
design is determined before data is collected.

PROCESS OF SAMPLE DESIGN

• Defining the population

• Defining the sample unit
• Defining the sampling frame
• Determining the sample size
• Execution of sampling process
• Data collection from the selected sample

TYPES OF SAMPLE TECHINQUE

1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

11 A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater
than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined.

a) Simple Random Sampling - In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all such
subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Furthermore, any given pair of elements
has the same chance of selection as any other such pair (and similarly for triples, and so on).
14 This minimizes bias and simplifies analysis of results. In particular, the variance between
individual results within the sample is a good indicator of variance in the overall population,
which makes it relatively easy to estimate the accuracy of results.

b) Systematic Sampling - Systematic sampling (also known as interval sampling) relies on

arranging the study population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements
at regular intervals through that ordered list. Systematic sampling involves a random start and
then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. In this case,
(population size/sample size). It is important that the starting point is not automatically the first
in the list, but is instead randomly chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list

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c) Stratified Sampling - Where the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the
frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled
as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
There are several potential benefits to stratified sampling like, utilizing a stratified sampling
method can lead to more efficient statistical estimates, dividing the population into distinct,
independent strata can enable researchers to draw inferences about specific subgroups that may
be lost in a more generalized random sample.

d) Cluster or Multistage Sampling - Sometimes it is more cost-effective to select

respondents in groups ('clusters'). Sampling is often clustered by geography, or by time periods.
Cluster sampling (also known as clustered sampling) generally increases the variability of
sample estimates above that of simple random sampling, depending on how the clusters differ
between themselves, as compared with the within-cluster variation.

6 2. NON PROBABILTY SAMPLING

Non probability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have
no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'under covered'), or
where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of
elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria
for selection

a) Convenience Sampling - A convenience sample is a matter of taking what you can get. It
is an accidental sample. Although selection may be unguided, it probably is not random, using
the correct definition of everyone in the population having an equal chance of being selected.
Volunteers would constitute a convenience sample.
8 b) Quota Sampling – In quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the
subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. It is this second step which
makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota sampling the selection of the
sample is non-random.

c) Judgemental Sampling – It is a non-probability sampling in which investigators choose

only those sample items which will be the best representative of population with the regard to
subject of the study.

d) Snow Ball Sampling – Initially, a set of respondents are selected as a sample. After this,
respondents are asked to list the name of other people who in their opinion be the part of the
study. It helps in locating the right people with the desired characteristic at a low cost.

4.1.5 SAMPLE VARIABLES

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A variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you
are trying to measure. There are two types of variables-

 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by

the other variables you are trying to measure.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE- It is something that depends on other factors.

4.1.6 SAMPLE UNIT AND SIZE

SAMPLE UNIT: A sampling unit is one of the units into which an aggregate is divided for the
purpose of sampling, each unit being regarded as individual and indivisible when the selection
is made.

SAMPLE SIZE: Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations
or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any
empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample.

For example, if you test 100 samples of soil for evidence of acid rain, your sample size is 100.
If an online survey returned 30,500 completed questionnaires, your sample size is 30,500. In
statistics, sample size is generally represented by the variable "n".

4.1.7 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

MEANING AND DEFINITION

Collection of data means the method that is to be employed for obtaining the required
information from the units under investigation.

The method of collection of data depends upon the nature, object and scope of investigation
on one hand and the availability of money and the time on the other. It is prime importance to
know very clearly the points on which data is to collect for analysis of problem at hand.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

• PRIMARY DATA

• SECONDARY DATA

PRIMARY DATA : Primary data is one which is collected by the investigator himself for the
purpose of a specific enquiry or study. Suchdata is original in character and it’s generated by
survey conducted by individuals or research institutions.

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SECONDARY DATA : When an investigator uses the data which has already being collected
by others such data is called as secondary data. The secondary data can be obtained from
journals, report government publications, publication of professionals and research
organisations etc.

SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA

There are various modes of collection of primary data. They are following :-

 OBSERVATION
 QUESTIONNAIRE / SCHEDULE
 INTERVIEW

OBSERVATION

Watching with the view to derive to a conclusion is known as observation. In observation

method, the information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation without
asking from respondents.

Goode and Hatt say “science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation
for its final validation.”

Moses and Kalton say “observation implies the use of eyes rather than the ears and the voice.”

According to oxford concise dictionary,

“Observation means accurate watching, knowing of phenomenon as they occur in nature with
regard to cause and effect or mutual relation.”

QUESTIONNAIRE

Questionnaire is an important tool in obtaining the important information in particular field of

enquiry. In general the word questionnaire refers to a device for securing answers to questions,
by using a form which the respondents fill in. On the other hand schedules the name usually
applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled in by the interviewer in a face to face
situation. In both the cases, the wording of the questions is the same for all respondents.

According to Davis and Jenson, “A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of question that

is submitted to a sampling of population from which information is desire.”

According to Goode and Hatt, “In general questionnaire refers to a devise for securing answers
to questions by using a form which the respondent fills in himself.”

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Schedule may be defined as a Performa that consists a set of questions which are asked and
filled by the investigator in a face to face situation with another. In this method of data
collection the interviewer put certain question and the respondents furnish certain answer and
the interviewer record as it is given.

INTERVIEW

The interview is the implement par excellence of the field worker, particularly in an
underdeveloped country both because of both types of problem tackled and the environment
from which data are to be collected.

SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA

A) Published Sources
1. Official publications of the government at all levels – Central, State, Union territories and
councils.
2. Official publications of foreign countries.
3. Newspapers and Journals of repute, both local and international.

B) Un-published Sources
1. Unpublished findings of certain inquiry committees.
2. Research workers’ findings
3. Unpublished material found with Trade Associations, Labour organizations and Chambers
of Commerce.

4.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF OUR STUDY

RESEARCH TYPE IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT

My research work is Descriptive type which includes Surveys and Fact-Findings enquiries
of different kinds.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY

FOR 1ST HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0): “There is no significant difference between investment

preference of government and private sector employees.”

ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS (H1): “There is a significant difference between

investment preference of government and private sector employees.”

FOR 2ND HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

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NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0): “There is no impact of safety of investment and return on

investment on the investment preference of government and private sector employees.”
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS (H1): “There is an impact of safety of investment and return
on investment on the investment preference of government and private sector employees.”

RESEARCH DESIGN IN RESEARCH PROJECT

The research design used in my research work is Descriptive whereby descriptive design is
used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena and to describe
"what exists" with respect to variables and conditions in a situation.

INVESTMENT PREFRENCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE EMPLOYEES AND FACTORS WHICH

INFLUENCE THEIR DECISION

FORMULATING OBJECTIVES

GETTING INDEPTH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

THE TOPIC

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SAMPLE SIZE – 80 (JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING SAMPLING UNIT-
Responses AND SNOWBALL SAMPLING) BHOPAL

DATA COLLECTION
PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE
(QUESTIONNAIRE (RESEARCH PAPERS AND
-GOOGLE FORM) BOOKS)

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
GRAPHS AND PIE CHI- SQUARE TEST
CHARTS
PRESENATATION OF DATA
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

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SAMPLING TECHNIQUE IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT

In my research work the technique of Non Probability sampling has been used. Under Non
Probability sampling, following two sampling techniques are used:

1. Judgemental Sampling: According to the need of the research study those sample
respondents are selected who are the best representative of the whole population.
2. Snowball Sampling: To collect the required number of respondents this sampling
technique is used, as it helped to locate respondents with desired characteristic of
employees having government or private job.

SAMPLE VARIABLES IN RESEARCH PROJECT

The variables which are used in my research report are:

FOR 1ST HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

Independent Variables: Traditional Investment
Modern Investment
Both
Dependent Variable: Government Employees
Private Employees

FOR 2ND HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

Independent Variables: Safety of Investment
Return on Investment
Both
Dependent Variable: Government Employees
Private Employees

SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size of my research work is 80 responses, which is capable of representing the
population as well.

DATA COLLECTION IN RESEARCH WORK

My research study has used both primary data and secondary data in the following ways :-

1. PRIMARY DATA
In order to know about the age, preference, reasons for their preference, primary data was
collected with the help of questionnaires (Google form)

2. SECONDARY DATA
In order to know about the previous research done on the similar topics and know about
their shortcomings and scope of research, secondary data was collected from internet.

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4.3 PROBLEM FACED WHILE COLLECTION OF DATA

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CHAPTER – 5
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETAION

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MEANING OF ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected
information and determining the conclusions, significance and implications of the findings. It
is an important and exciting step in the process of research.

In all research studies, analysis follows data collection.

13 According to C.R.Kothari (1989), “The term analysis refers to the computation of

Measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups”.

Analysis involves estimating the values of unknown parameters of the population and testing
of hypotheses for drawing inferences.

Interpretation refers to the analysis of generalizations and results. Through interpretation, the
meanings and implications of the study become very clear. Interpretation connects the findings
with the available material in particular area of research. Interpretation analyses the abstract
relations in more concrete terms, and tries to unfold the reasons for the existing type of relations
or findings. It relates the empirical findings with the theoretical principals and helps us to draw
a number of useful inferences from the study. Interpretation refers to the test of drawing
inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and experimental study. In fact it is a
search for broader meaning of research finding.

Pre-Requisites of Interpretation

In order to draw correct and valid inferences from the data, several precautions have to be
taken. He has to ensure the fulfilment of the following pre-requisites:

 Homogeneity of data is must and then only comparisons of different situation can be
done.
 Availability of accurate and reliable data as it helps to arrive at a correct conclusion.
 Existence of sufficient and consistent data is important so as to make interpretations
meaningful and biasness may creep in.
 The data available must be suitable. In the absence of suitable data, misleading
results will be drawn.
 Most up-to-date data and appropriate methods should be used to analyse the data.

5.1 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

MEANING
9 A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter. This assumption may
or may not be true. Hypothesis testing refers to the formal procedures used by statisticians to
accept or reject statistical hypotheses.

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CHI SQUARE TEST

The chi-square test is an important test among the several tests of significance developed by
statisticians. This test was developed by Professor Fisher and first time used by Karl Pearson.
3 Chi square, symbolically written as χ2 (pronounced as Ki-square), is a statistical measure used
in the context of sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a theoretical variance. As a
non-parametric test, it can be used to determine if categorical data shows dependency or the
two classifications are independent. It can also be used to make comparisons between
theoretical populations and actual data when categories are used. Thus, the chi square is
applicable in large number of problems. The test is, in fact, a technique through the use of
which it is possible for all researchers to
(i) test the goodness of fit;
(ii) test the significance of association between two attributes, and
(iii) Test the homogeneity or the significance of population variance.

CHARACTERSTICS OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

Following are the important characteristics of χ2 test:

 As this test is non-parametric test hence it is based on the frequencies and not on the
parameters like mean and standard deviation.
 The test is used for testing the hypothesis and is not for estimation.
 This test can also be applied to a complex contingency table with several classes and as
such is very test in research work.
 This test is an important non-parametric test as no rigid assumptions are necessary in
regard to the type of population, no need of parameter values and relatively less
mathematical details are involved.
 It is used when there is a need of comparing between expected and observed
frequencies.
 Chi-square distribution is a skewed distribution particularly with smaller degree of
freedom and as the sample size and degree of freedom increases and becomes large, chi
square distribution approach normality.

IMPORTANCE OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

Chi-square test enables us to find out the degree of discrepancy between observed and expected
frequency also known as theoretical frequency and then to determine whether the discrepancy
so obtained between observed and expected frequency is due to error of sampling or error of
chance. Hence, chi square test enables us to compare observed and expected frequencies
objectively, since it is not possible to tell just by looking at them whether they are “different
enough” to be considered statistically significant. Statistically significance in this case implies
that differences are not due to chance alone, but instead may be indicative of other processes
at work.

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DEMERITS OF CHI SQUARE TEST

 This test is used for testing hypothesis but is not useful for estimation.
 The formula of χ2 has been so designed that it does not allow for calculation of χ2 value
where repeated measurements o same or matched groups are represented in one table.
 Chi square cannot be used in situation where the data only shows one of the alternative
outcomes that is to use chi square, information on occurrence as well as non-occurrence
of events is required.

CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

The following conditions should be satisfied before χ2 can be applied:
 Observations recorded and used are collected on a random basis.
 All the items in the sample must be independent.
 No group should contain very few items, say less than 10. In case where the frequencies
are less than 10, regrouping is done by combining the frequencies of adjoining group
so that the new frequencies become greater than 10. Some statistician take this number
as 5, but 10 is regarded as better by most of the statisticians.
 The overall number of items must also be reasonably large. It should normally be at
least 50, howsoever small the number the groups may be.
The constraints must be linear. Constraints which involve linear equations in the cell
frequencies of a contingency table are known as linear constraints.

YATES CORRECTION

In statistics, Yates' correction for continuity (or Yates' chi-squared test) is used in certain
situations when testing for independence in a contingency table. It aims at correcting the error
introduced by assuming that the discrete probabilities of frequencies in the table can be
approximated by a continuous distribution (chi-squared). In some cases, Yates's correction may
adjust too far, and so its current use is limited.
5 The effect of Yates’ correction is to prevent overestimation of statistical significance for small
data. This formula is chiefly used when at least one cell of the table has an expected count
smaller than 5. Unfortunately, Yates' correction may tend to overcorrect. This can result in an
overly conservative result that fails to reject the null hypothesis when it should (a type II
error). So it is suggested that Yates's correction is unnecessary even with quite low sample
sizes, such as:

The following is Yates's corrected version of Pearson's chi-squared statistics:

∑ [(OJ–EJ)-0.5] 2 / E.
Where:
Oi = an observed frequency

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Ei = an expected (theoretical) frequency, asserted by the null hypothesis

1ST HYPOTHESIS TESTING (CHI SQUARE TEST):

HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION:

1. (i) Are you employed in Government Sector?

a) YES b) NO

(ii) As a government employee which mode of investment you prefer?

a) Traditional Investment b) Modern Investment c) Both

2. (i) Are you employed in Private Sector?

a) YES b) NO

(ii) As a private employee which mode of investment you prefer?

b) Traditional Investment b) Modern Investment c) Both

ANALYSIS SHEET OF ABOVE HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION

INVESTMENT TRADITIONAL MODERN BOTH TOTAL

INVESTMENT INVESTMENT
SECTOR
GOVERNMENT 12 6 9 27
EMPLOYEES
PRIVATE 7 13 33 53
EMPLOYEES
TOTAL 19 19 42 80

STEPS INVOLVED IN APPLYING CHI-SQUARE TEST:

For the purpose of applying chi-square test 80 respondents have been taken into consideration.
The application of chi-square test has been done on the frequency of 4 hypothesis testing
questions. The respondents have been chosen randomly from the population (area of research).
The steps to be followed for calculating the value of chi-square are:

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STEP 1: Formulation of hypothesis:

The very first step is the formulation of null and alternate hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis (Ho):“There is no significant difference between investment preference

of government and private sector employees.”

Alternative Hypothesis (H1):“There is a significant difference between investment

preference of government and private sector employees.”

STEP 2: Calculation of expected frequencies.

Then the expected frequencies are calculated on the basis of formed hypothesis corresponding
to each cell by formula. The expected frequency for any given cell is worked out as under:

Expected frequency of any cell= (Row total of the row of that cell)*(Column total for the row of that cell)

Grand total

i.e.
E= (R1 *C1) /N
Where,
Ej= expected frequency
R1 = sum total of rows in which E lies
C1= Sum total of columns in which E
lies n = total number of samples.

G1 = (19*27)/80 =6.41

G2 = (19*53)/80 =12.59

G3 = (19*27)/80 =6.41

G4 = (19*53)/80 =12.59

G5 = (42*27)/80 =14.17

G6 = (42*53)/80

=27.82

STEP 3: PREPARATION OF CHI-SQUARE TABLE

 Obtain the difference between observed and expected frequencies and find out the
squares of such differences i.e. calculate (OJ – EJ) 2.

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 Divide the quantity (OJ–EJ) 2 obtained as stated above by the corresponding expected
frequency to get (OJ –EJ) 2 / E and this should be done for all the cell frequencies.

GROUP OJ EJ OJ-EJ (OJ-EJ)2 (OJ-EJ)2/EJ

G1 12 6.41 5.59 31.248 4.875

G2 7 12.59 -5.59 31.248 2.482

G3 6 6.41 -0.41 0.168 0.026

G4 13 12.59 0.41 0.168 0.013

G5 9 14.17 5.17 26.729 1.886

G6 33 27.83 -5.17 26.729 0.960

TOTAL 80 80 0 - 10.242

STEP4: CALCULATION OF VALUE OF CHI-SQUARE

Find the summation of values of (OJ–EJ) 2 / E or we can write it as ∑ (OJ–EJ) 2 / EJ. This is
the required χ2 value.

From the above table the value of chi-square is χ2 = 10.242

STEP5: CALCULATION OF DEGREE OF FREEDOM

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Degree of freedom is calculated in supposition that in a certain lot of sample there can be some
defective items, the lot may not be good. Hence we need to decide the number items to be tested
and the criteria for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Here, the degree of freedom is calculated by the given formula:

Degree of freedom=(R-1) (C-1) where,

R=total no. of rows
C=total no. of columns.
Here, degree of freedom = (2-1) (3-1) = 2

STEP6: DECIDING LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Level of significance means that researcher is willing to take a certain percentage of risk with
a probability of rejecting true Ho. Hence a level of significance is decided.
Here, level of significance is taken as 5% = 0.05

STEP7: FINDING OUT THE TABLE VALUE

Table value is found at after deciding level of significance and degree of freedom from the χ2
table.

Here, taking 5% level of significance and 2 degree of freedom, the table value comes
out to be 5.991

RESULT:

From the above calculations, observed value is 10.242 and the table value is 5.991. The observed
value is greater than the table value. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Therefore, by taking 5% level of significance and 2 degree of freedom null hypothesis is

rejected.

CONCLUSION:

There is a significant difference between investment preference of

government and private sector employees.

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2nd HYPOTHESIS TESTING (CHI SQUARE TEST):

HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION:

1. Are you employed in Government Sector?

a) YES b) NO

2. Are you employed in Private Sector?

a) YES b) NO

3. Which factor you consider more before investing?

a) Safety of Investment b) Return on Investment c) OTHERS

ANALYSIS SHEET OF ABOVE HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION

FACTORS SAFETY OF RETURN ON OTHERS TOTAL
INVESTMENT INVESTMENT
SECTOR
GOVERNMENT 14 12 1 27
EMPLOYEES
PRIVATE 12 30 2 53
EMPLOYEES
TOTAL 35 42 3 80

STEPS INVOLVED IN APPLYING CHI-SQUARE TEST:

For the purpose of applying chi-square test 80 respondents have been taken into
consideration. The application of chi-square test has been done on the frequency of 3
hypothesis testing questions. The respondents have been chosen randomly from the
population (area of research). The steps to be followed for calculating the value of chi-square
are:

STEP 1: Formulation of hypothesis:

The very first step is the formulation of null and alternate hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis (Ho): “There is no impact of safety of investment and return on investment on
the difference of the investment preference of government and private sector employees.”

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Alternative Hypothesis (H1): “There is an impact of safety of investment and return on

investment on the difference of the investment preference of government and private sector
employees.”

STEP 2: Calculation of expected frequencies.

Then the expected frequencies are calculated on the basis of formed hypothesis corresponding
to each cell by formula. The expected frequency for any given cell is worked out as under:

Expected frequency of any cell= (Row total of the row of that cell)*(Column total for the row of that cell)

Grand total

i.e.
EJ= (R1 *C1) /N
Where,
EJ= expected frequency
R1 = sum total of rows in which E lies
C1= Sum total of columns in which E
lies n = total number of samples.

G1 = (35*27)80 =

11.812 G2 = (35*53)/80

=23.187 G3 =

(42*27)/80 =14.175 G4

= (42*53)/80 =27.825

G5 = (3*27)/80 =1.012

G6 = (3*53)/80 =1.987

NOTE: As some frequencies in the above table are less than 5, therefore
YATES CORRECTION method is used.

STEP 3: PREPARATION OF CHI-SQUARE TABLE

 Obtain the difference between observed and expected frequencies and subtract 0.5
from it that is (OJ – EJ) – 0.5.
 Obtain the square of [(OJ – EJ)– 0.5)]2

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 Divide the quantity [(OJ – EJ)– 0.5)]2 obtained as stated above by the corresponding
expected frequency to get [(OJ – EJ)– 0.5)]2 /EJ and this should be done for all the cell
frequencies.

GROUP OJ EJ (OJ-EJ)-0.5 [(OJ-EJ)- [(OJ-EJ)-

0.5]2 0.5]2/EJ

G1 14 11.812 2.188 1.688 0.241

G2 21 23.188 2.188 1.688 0.123

G3 12 14.175 2.175 1.675 0.198

G4 30 27.825 2.175 1.675 0.101

G5 1 1.012 0.012 0.488 0.235

G6 2 1.988 0.012 0.488 0.120

TOTAL 80 80 - - 1.018

STEP4: CALCULATION OF VALUE OF CHI-SQUARE

Find the summation of values of [(OJ–EJ)-0.5] 2 / E or we can write it as ∑ [(OJ–EJ)-0.5] 2 /
EJ. This is the required χ2 value.

From the above table the value of chi-square is χ2 = 1.018

STEP5: CALCULATION OF DEGREE OF FREEDOM

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Degree of freedom is calculated in supposition that in a certain lot of sample there can be some
defective items, the lot may not be good. Hence we need to decide the number of items to be
tested and the criteria for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Here, the degree of freedom is calculated by the given formula:

Degree of freedom=(R-1) (C-1) where,

R=total no. of rows
C=total no. of columns.
Here, degree of freedom = (2-1) (3-1) = 2

STEP6: DECIDING LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Level of significance means that researcher is willing to take a certain percentage of risk with
a probability of rejecting true Ho. Hence a level of significance is decided.
Here, level of significance is taken as 5% = 0.05

STEP7: FINDING OUT THE TABLE VALUE

Table value is found at after deciding level of significance and degree of freedom from the χ2
table.

Here, taking 5% level of significance and 2 degree of freedom, the table value comes
out to be 5.991

RESULT:
From the above calculations, observed value is 1.018 and the table value is 5.991. The
observed value is less than the table value. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Therefore, by taking 5% level of significance and 2 degree of freedom

null hypothesis is accepted.

CONCLUSION:

There is no impact of safety of investment and return on investment on the

difference of the investment preference of government and private sector
employees.

5.2 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

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CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS: (a) Common Questions

1. Age:

TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

BELOW 15 0 0%
16-30 38 47.5%
31-45 22 27.5%
ABOVE 46 20 25%
TOTAL 80 100
TABLE 5.2.1

40 38

35

30

25 22
20
20

15

10

5
0 0% 47.50% 27.50% 25%
0
BELOW 15 16-30 31-45 ABOVE 46

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and pie chart we came to know that most of the
respondents are from the age group of 16-30 years, and then from the age group of 31-45 years.
Therefore we can say that this research study mostly covered the youth and the middle age
people of the population. As we know that for the study of investment preferences, it is best to
cover the people who are investor and at this phase of age people mostly start investing. So it
is beneficial for the research study.

2. Gender:

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

FEMALE 20 25.3%

MALE 59 74.7%

TOTAL 79 100

TABLE 5.2.2

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
FEMALE MALE

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is evident from the chart that the numbers of male respondents are
more than the number of female respondents. So, we can say that on the conclusion of the
research study, the impact of preference of male employees is more than the impact of
preference of female employees.

3. Occupation:

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Business 5 6.5%
Professional 51 66.2%
Others 21 27.3%
TOTAL 77 100
TABLE 5.2.3

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Business Professional Others

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is observed from the table and the pie chart that, maximum numbers
of respondents are professionals whereas the minimum numbers of respondents are in the field
of business. As we know, professional people are mostly belong to the field of high education
so they can able to understand the complicated factors of investment and it helps them to
choose suitable investment avenue after analysing all the factors.

(b) TOPIC RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. a) Are you employed in Government sector?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 27 33.7%
NO 53 66.3%
TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.4

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
YES NO

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is evident from the above table and graph that the numbers of
government sector respondents that is 27 are less than the numbers of private sector
respondents that is 53. So we can say that the research study covers the analysis of the
preference of private sector employees more than the government sector employees.

1.As a Government employee which investment do you prefer?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

TRADITIONAL 12 44.4%
INVESTMENTS
MODERN 6 22.2%
INVESTMENTS
BOTH 9 33.4%

TOTAL 27 100
TABLE 5.2.5

14

12

10

0
TRADITIONAL INVESTMENTS MODERN INVESTMENTS BOTH

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and graph we came to know that out of 27
respondents in government sector, 12 respondents prefer traditional investment, 6 respondents
prefer modern investment while 9 respondents prefer both. We can clearly say that most
preferred type of investment by the government employees are traditional investment avenues.

1. a) Are you employed in private sector?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 53 66.3%

NO 27 33.7%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.6

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
YES NO

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is evident from the above table and graph that the numbers of private
sector respondents that is 53 are more than the numbers of government sector respondents that
is 27. So we can say that the research study covers the analysis of the preference of private
sector employees more than the government sector employees.

1. b) As a private employee which mode of investment you prefer?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

TRADITIONAL 13 24.5%
INVESTMENTS
MODERN 7 13.2%
INVESTMENTS
BOTH 33 62.3%

TOTAL 53 100

TABLE 5.2.7

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
TRADITIONAL INVESTMENTS MODERN INVESTMENTS BOTH

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and graph we came to know that out of 53
respondents in private sector, 7 respondents prefer traditional investment, 13 respondents prefer
modern investment while 33 respondents prefer both. We can clearly say that most of the
private sector employees preferred to invest in both type of investments in parts rather than
investing their all money in traditional or modern investment.

3. Which factor you consider more before investing?

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FACTORS SAFETY OF RETURN ON OTHERS TOTAL

INVESTMENT INVESTMENT
SECTOR

GOVERNMENT 14 12 1 27
EMPLOYEES
PRIVATE 12 30 2 53
EMPLOYEES
TOTAL 35 42 3 80
TABLE 5.2.8

60
53
50

40
30
30 27

20
14
12 12
10
1 2
0
SAFETY OF INVESTMENT RETURN ON INVESTMENT OTHERS TOTAL

SECTOR GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES PRIVATE EMPLOYEES

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It can be observed that in government sector, employees consider

safety of investment rather than return on investment while choosing the investment avenue,
but the difference in the height of safety of investment bar and return on investment bar is very
less. So, this observation will not apply in every case. But in private sector, employees mostly
consider return on investment rather than safety of investment while choosing the investment
avenue.

4. What is your expected rate of return p.a.?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

0-10% 23 28.7%

11-20% 50 62.5%

MORE THAN 20% 7 8.8%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.9

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0-10% 11-20% MORE THAN 20%

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: After analysing the above table it can be observed that more
than half of the total respondent that is 50 out of 80 respondents’ expected rate of
interest is in the range of 11-20%. Least expected rate of interest is more than
20%.

5. Are you satisfied from the return on your Investment Avenue?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 30 37.5%

NO 16 20%

CAN’T SAY 34 42.5%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.10

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
YES NO CAN’T SAY

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and pie chart we came to know that out of 80
respondents, 30 respondents are satisfied with their return on investment, 16 respondents are
not satisfied while 34 respondents give their answer that they are not sure about it. If we
compare the persons who are satisfied and those who are not satisfied, the share of persons
who are satisfied is more. Therefore we can say that either the investors are satisfied with
their return on investment or they are not sure to give their opinion.

6. State your level of satisfaction on return on your investment.

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VERY SATISFIED NUETRAL DISSATISFIED VERY TOTAL

SATISFACTION SATISFIED DISSATISFIED

INVESTMENT

TRADITIONAL 7 34 0 0 74
INVESTMENT 33

MODERN 9 42 23 0 0 74
INVESTMENT

TABLE 5.2.11

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
VERY SATISFIED SATISFIED NUETRAL DISSATISFIED VERY TOTAL
DISSATISFIED

INVESTMENT TRADITIONAL INVESTMENT MODERN INVESTMENT

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: According to the above table and graph if we talk about traditional
investment options, most of investors are either satisfied or give neutral rating to their level of
satisfaction by return on investment. In case of modern investment options, out 74
respondents 42 respondents rate their level of satisfaction as satisfied, followed by neutral
and very satisfied.

7. According to you, which Investment Avenue is safer to invest?

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INVESTMENT TRADITIONAL MODERN DON’T KNOW TOTAL

INVESTMENT INVESTMENT
SECTOR

GOVERNMENT 18 6 3 27
EMPLOYEES

PRIVATE 31 16 4 51
EMPLOYEES

TOTAL 49 22 7 78

TABLE 5.2.12

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
TRADITIONAL INVESTMENT MODERN INVESTMENT DON’T KNOW TOTAL

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES PRIVATE EMPLOYEES

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is evident from the above table and graph that according to the
government employees as well as private employees, traditional investment options gives more
safety of investment as compare to modern investment options. Because out of 27 government
employees, 18 employees and out of 51 private employees 31 employees consider traditional
investment options over modern investment options when it comes on considering safety of
investment.

8. Specify the level of risk involved in the investment.

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LEVEL OF VERY HIGH MODERATE LOW VERY LOW TOTAL

RISK HIGH

INVESTMENT
TRADITIONAL 5 14 47 9 0 75
INVESTMENT

MODERN 11 45 18 1 0 75
INVESTMENT

TABLE 5.2.13

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
VERY HIGH HIGH MODERATE LOW VERY LOW

INVESTMENT TRADITIONAL INVESTMENT MODERN INVESTMENT

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: After analysing the above table and graph we came to know that
traditional investments have moderate level of risk involved as out of 75 respondents, 47
respondents give this ranking to the traditional investment option. While according to the
above data modern investments are highly risky to invest. The investors who consider safety of
investment more, should go for traditional investment options.

9. What period generally you prefer for your investment?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

1 YEAR 10 12.5%

1-3 YEARS 21 26.3%

3-5 YEARS 30 37.5%

MORE 5 YEARS 19 23.8%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.14

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
1 YEAR 1-3 YEARS 3-5 YEARS MORE 5 YEARS

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and pie chart we came to know that 37.5% of the
total respondents’ preferable period of investment is 3-5 years. While lowest preferable period
of investment is 1 year. So, we can say that people mostly prefer to invest in long term basis.
Investing money for short period of time, that is for 1 year or less than 1 year is mostly not
preferred by the investors.

10. What percentage of your income do you invest?

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LEVEL OF 0-10% 11-20% MORE THAN 30% TOTAL

RISK

SECTOR
GOVERNMENT 7 10 3 27
SECTOR
PRIVATE 11 30 1 53
SECTOR
TOTAL 18 40 4 80

TABLE 5.2.15

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0-10% 11-20% MORE THAN 30% TOTAL

SECTOR GOVERNMENT SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: After analysing above table and graph it can be observed that out of 27
government sector employees, 10 employees invest 11-20% of their income and out of 53
private sector employees, 30 employees invest 11-20% of their income. We can say that
mostly employees can invest 11-20% of their income in different investment avenues. While
to invest more than 30% of their income is a rare case in both that is by government sector
employees as well as by private sector employees.

11. Is the level of saving have any effect on investment preference of a person ?

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OPTIONS
YES NO CAN’T SAY TOTAL
SECTOR
GOVERNMENT 16 4 7 27
EMPLOYEES
PRIVATE 32 12 9 53
EMPLOYEES
TOTAL 48 16 16 80

TABLE 5.2.16

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
YES NO CAN’T SAY TOTAL

SECTOR GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES PRIVATE EMPLOYEES

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and graph we came to know that government
employees as well as private employees agreed that level of savings have its impact on the
investment preference of a person. Out of 27 government sector employees 16 and out of 53
private sector employees, 32 employees give their opinion as evidence to the above analysis.

12. What is your purpose behind investment?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

WEALTH CREATION 38 47.5%

TAX SAVING 14 17.5%

CAPITAL GROWTH 23 28.7%

OTHERS 5 6.3%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.17

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
WEALTH CREATION TAX SAVING CAPITAL GROWTH OTHERS

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is observed that out of 80 respondents 38 choose wealth creation, 23,

choose capital growth, 14 choose tax savings while 5 choose others as their reason behind
investing their money. Therefore we can say that wealth creation is the most preferred reason
behind investing money in investment avenues followed by capital growth and tax savings.

13. What is your source of investment advice ?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

NEWSPAPER AND 33 41.3%
INTERNET
RELATIVE AND 29 36.2%
FRIEND
PAID INVESTOR 7 8.8%
ADVISOR
OTHERS 11 13.7%

TOTAL 80 100
TABLE 5.2.18

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
NEWSPAPER INTERNET RELATIVE AND FRIEND PAID INVESTOR OTHERS
AND ADVISOR

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE : PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and graph we came to know that most of the
respondents choose “NEWSPAPER AND INTERNET” as the source of their investment advice
followed by relative and friends, others and at last paid investor advisor. We can clearly say
that newspaper and internet provide most information, pros and cons related to the
investment avenues.

14. If a person has already taken Provident Fund Policy or any other Retirement Saving
Scheme, he should invest more or less in other Investment Avenue?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES, HE SHOULD 42 52.5%

NO, HE SHOULD NOT 17 21.3%

CAN’T SAY 21 26.2%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.19

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
YES, HE SHOULD NO, HE SHOULD NOT CAN’T SAY

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE : PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is evident that most of the respondents whether from government

sector or private sector thinks that a person should invest his money in investment avenue
even if he have any PPF or other retirement schemes as out 80 respondents 42 respondents
give their opinion according to above observation and only 17 respondents disagreed with
the statement.

15. Do you have proper knowledge of all the regulatory policies in investment market ?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES, I HAVE 26 32.5%

NO, I DON’T HAVE 44 55%

CAN’T SAY 10 12.5%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.20

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
YES, I HAVE NO, I DON’T HAVE CAN’T SAY

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY SOURCE

INTERPRETATION: It can be observed from the above table and graph that out of total
number of respondents, 44 respondents that is more than 55% of the total respondents don’t
have proper knowledge about the different policies in the economy related to investments’
schemes. While only 32.5% of the total respondents have proper knowledge of the policies
formulated. This may also affect the decision of choosing best investment avenue by the
investors.

16. According to you, which Investment Avenue has highest liquidity as its feature?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

BANKING 40 50%
BONDS 7 8.8%
MUTUAL FUNDS 21 26.3%
INSURANCE 12 2.4%
OTHER 10 12.5%
TOTAL 80 100
TABLE 5.2.21

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
BANKING BONDS MUTUAL FUNDS INSURANCE OTHER

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE; PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: After analysing above table and graph we can say that, Banking is most
liquid option as out of 80 respondents 40 respondents that is 50% of the total respondents
feels so, followed by mutual funds.

17. According to you, which Investment Avenue has least liquidity as its feature?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

BANKING 9 11.5%

BONDS 16 20.5%

MUTUAL FUNDS 15 19.2%

INSURANCE 22 28.3%

OTHER 16 20.5%

TOTAL 78 100

TABLE 5.2.22

25

20

15

10

0
BANKING BONDS MUTUAL FUNDS INSURANCE OTHER

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: After analysing above table and graph we can say that, Insurance is
least liquid investment avenue as 22 out of 78 respondents feels so, followed by bonds and
other options, mutual funds and at last banking.

18. If a person gets any Employee Compensation facilities or any other facilities in his job,
is it have any effect on his investment amount?

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TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

YES 44 55.7%

NO 15 19%

CAN’T SAY 20 25.3%

TOTAL 79 100

TABLE 5.2.23

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
YES NO CAN’T SAY

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE: PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: From the above table and graph we came to know that highest number
of employees that is 44 out of 79 employees feels that if an employee gets Employee
Compensation facilities or any other facilities in his job, it will affect the investment preference
of the employee. The reason behind this is, these facilities help to increase the % of savings out
of total income of the employee, which provide him large chunk of money to invest and select
type of Investment Avenue accordingly.

19. How often do you monitor your investment ?

TABLE OPTION NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

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DAILY 6 7.5%

WEEKLY 14 17.5%

MONTHLY 34 42.5%

OCCASIONALLY 26 32.5%

TOTAL 80 100

TABLE 5.2.24

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
DAILY WEEKLY MONTHLY OCCASIONALLY

NUMBER OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

SOURCE : PRIMARY DATA

INTERPRETATION: It is observed that out of 80 respondents, most of the investors rather

in government sector or private sector generally monitor their investment on a monthly basis
followed by occasionally, weekly and at last on a daily basis.

c)Open ended questions:

20. What kind of problem you face while investing your money?

INTERPRETATION: The most common answers to this question are lack of proper
knowledge, the complex investment process and SIP (Systematic Investment Plan). We can

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say that due to lack of proper knowledge and complex investment process investor can’t
analyse all the investment avenues in a best manner. SIP, one of the element of mutual fund is
another problem faced by the investors while investing in modern investment avenues.

21. People still prefer to keep their money in Bank Saving A/c rather than investing it
in any Investment Avenues. What are your views regarding it?

INTERPRETATION: According to the respondents the new generation with proper idea
about benefits of investment prefer to invest their money rather than keeping it in bank
saving accounts. Some respondents say that volatile investment options and stock market risk
are the reason behind not investing money in investment avenue. We can say that safety of
investment is a great issue for the investors.

22. Investment that can give higher long term returns but volatile (risky) in nature.
Give your opinion.

INTERPRETATION: It is observed that according to the respondents young generation

mostly prefer to invest in such investment avenues. As well as people should analyse and
carefully invest as risk involve is very high. Also the respondents’ share their view that stock
market is the place where such investment avenues are available that is shares, debentures
and mutual funds.

23. How can Government learn from Private Sector to encourage and promote
investment in Public Sector? Give your ideas.

INTERPRETATION: According to the respondents the investment process in public sector

should become easy as well as the awareness and knowledge about investing in private

sector should increase by the government. Also the respondents say that government should
work on loss making PSUs as they discourage the investors to invest in public sector.

24. Give your valuable suggestions for selecting appropriate investment plan.

INTERPRETATION: It is observed that the respondents say that one should invest in any
investment avenue after proper analysis of every plans and schemes as well as conditions of
the investment. It is also said by the respondents that the best investment option is that which
have moderate risk with high return on a long term basis.

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CHAPTER - 6
FINDINGS
AND
CONCLUSION
S
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6.1 FINDINGS:
After this research study I have come forward to the following:

 It is observed that there is a significant difference between investment preference of

government sector employees and private sector employees.
 The result of Chi- Square Testing of first hypothesis shows that government sector
employees mostly prefer traditional investment options while private sector employees
mostly prefer modern investment options.
 The study also reveals from the second hypothesis testing that there is no impact of
safety of investment and return on investment on the difference of the investment
preference of government and private sector employees.
 It is inferred that 55% of the employees are not aware of the policies related to different
investment schemes.
 The study also shows that most of the investor says that if a person prefer safety of
investment, traditional investments is a better option as modern investments have high
risk.
 Most of the investors’ expected rate of return is 11-20% and they are also satisfied from
their return on investment. So we can say that investors are getting what they are
expecting.
 Generally preferred investment period is 3-5 years, this shows that investing money for
a long period is more preferable option for the investors.
 Government sector employees invest 0-10%, 11-20% and even 21-30% of their income
in different investment avenues. While in case of private sector employees, 11-20% of
the income is invested by them in different investment avenues. Only few private sector
employees invest more than 25% of their income.
 It is agreed by both government as well as private sector employees that level of savings
has impact on the investment preference of the investor.
 The study indicates that wealth creation is the biggest reason behind investing followed
by capital growth and tax savings.
 It is observed that newspaper and internet is the most useful source of advice for the
investors, we can say that mass communications is a good source to provide information
of many fields.

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 According to most of the respondents, even if a person has PPF or other retirement
scheme, he should invest in other investment avenues.
 The study reveals that banking in a most liquid option while insurance is the least liquid
option for the investors.
 According to the survey, if a person is getting employee compensation and other
facilities, it will help him to decrease his expenditure and increase his amount of money
he is investing.
 The frequency of monthly observer of investment is highest and the frequency of daily
observer of investment is lowest.

6.2 SUGGESTIONS:

 Government and private firms should increase the awareness related to the
investment policies and schemes, so that it will help the investors to analyse all the
investment options in a better way.

 Employees should invest in both short term and long term investments which will
enhance the return of their portfolio.

 The price fluctuation in the market can be studied, so that investment can be made
accordingly and it affects the saving and expenditure of the investor also.

 While analysing saving options, one should consider two key factors: taxation and
inflation along with risk and return.

 Modern investment options such as shares, debentures and mutual funds are highly
risky to invest. One should analyse each factor before investing in any of these
investments option.

 The investment process should become less complex so that it will attract the investors
more to invest their money.

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6.3 CONCLUSION:

The economy is prospering, the job market is booming in various fields and salaries are
touching a new hike. The new breed of Indian youth has its pockets full and is intelligent
enough not to let its money rust in bank accounts. It is concluded from the research study that
government sector employees prefer traditional investment options such as fixed deposits,
insurance, post office schemes etc. while private sector employees prefer modern investment
options such as shares, debentures and mutual funds. But safety of investment and return on
investment is not the reason behind this difference of the preference. In this modern era, wealth
creation is the biggest reason behind investment by the investors. Due to this, private sector
employees mostly prefer return on investment over safety of investment. Traditional
investment options are considered more if safety of investment is required while modern
investment options are highly risky.

It is the opinion of most of the respondents that employee compensations and facilities help the
employees to decrease their level of expenditure and increase the percentage of savings in
income. We can relate it with the fact that as government employees receive many such
facilities in their job, they can invest even more than 20% of their income.

The study also reveals that high number of respondents do not have proper knowledge about
the policies and schemes related to the investment field. Lack of knowledge affects the
preference of investment. One should have proper knowledge about one’s investment schemes.

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CHAPTER – 7

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7.1 LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH STUDY:

During conduction of a research study, a researcher faces a lot of constraints which makes that
study full of difficulties for him. While some of these constraints are partly or fully eliminated
by the researcher, some constraints are still intact & affects the study extraneously.

Likewise, I too faced these constraints while conducting the study on “A Comparative Study
on the Investment Pattern of Individual Working in Government Sector and Private Sector”
and due to it my study has following limitations:

 The number of Government sector employees in sample size is less than the Private
sector employees, due to this the comparative study between the two become difficult.
 The numbers of male respondents are more than three-fourth of the total respondents.
Because of this, the conclusion drawn from the study gives the result on the basis of
male respondents. The effect of female respondents and their preference is less on the
finding and conclusion.
 It is not necessary that every respondent have full knowledge about the topic, as
investment is a complex subject of study, due to this the authenticity of the study got
affected by the answers of such type of respondents.
 The preference of the investors may affected by many other factors, but in the research
study I have been taken only two factors for the study that are safety of investment and
return on investment.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE RESEARCH STUDY

Books Referred:

1. Kothari. C.R, Garg, G. (2014), Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques), New Age
International Publisher.
2. R,Meenakshi,(2003), Research Methodology ,S.Chand Publication
Article Referred:

1. Prof. Kher. S, Dr. Shende. P.N, (2013). A Study of Investment Pattern of Central
Government Employees after theImplementation of Sixth Pay, SUMEDHA Journal of
Management, Volume 2( Issue 1), Page No. 4, Retrieve from
https://www.academia.edu/6051149/A_Study_of_Investment_Pattern_of_Central_Govt

4 2. Sood. D, Dr. Kaur. N. (2015). A Study of Saving and Investment Pattern of Salaried
Class People With Special Reference to Chandigarh, International Journal of Research
in Engineering, IT & Social Sciences, Volume5(Issue 2), Retrieve from
https://www.academia.edu/22721805/A_STUDY_OF_SAVING_AND_INVESTMENT_P
ATTERN_OF_SALARIED_CLASS_PEOPLE_WITH_SPECIAL_REFERENCE_TO_CHANDIGA
RH_INDIA

4 3. Prof. Thulasipriya B. ( 2015).A Study on the Investment Preference of Government

Employees on Various Investment Avenues, International Journal of Management
Research and Social Science (IJMRSS), Volume 2( Issue 1), Page No. 9-16, Retrieve from
http://irdp.info/journals/j2/volume2/IJMRSS_23.pdf

4. Dr. P. Amaraveni, Mrs M Archana, (2017). A STUDY OF INVESTOR’S BEHAVIOR

TOWARDS VARIOUS INVESTMENT AVENUES, Asia Pacific Journal of Research in
Business Management , Volume 8 ( Issue 7), Page No. 32-48, Retrieve from
https://www.academia.edu/34200464/A_STUDY_OF_INVESTORS_BEHAVIOR_TOWA
RDS_VARIOUS_INVESTMENT_AVENUES_IN_WARANGAL_CITY

5. Dubey.S, Dr. Sharma. S. (2018).Investor’s preferences towards Savings & Investment,

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), Volume 9(Issue 5), Page No. 22-
25, Retrieve from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol9-Issue5/Version-
3/D0905032225.pdf

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ANALYSIS TABLE
QUESTION OPTION OPTION OPTION OPTION OPTION TOTAL
NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5
1 38 22 20 _ _ 80
2 20 59 _ _ _ 79
3 5 51 21 _ _ 77
1(a) 27 53 _ _ _ 80
1(b) 12 6 9 _ _ 27

2(a) 53 27 _ _ _ 80
2(b) 7 13 33 _ _ 53
3 35 42 3 _ _ 80
4 23 50 7 _ _ 80
5 30 16 34 _ _ 80
6 7 33 34 0 0 74
Traditional
Modern 9 42 23 0 0 74
7 49 22 7 _ _ 78
8 5 14 47 9 0 75
Traditional
Modern 11 45 18 1 0 75
9 10 21 30 19 _ 80
10 18 40 18 4 _ 80

11 48 16 16 _ _ 80
12 38 14 23 5 _ 80
13 33 29 7 11 _ 80
14 42 17 21 _ _ 80
15 26 44 10 _ _ 80
16 40 7 21 2 10 80
17 9 16 15 22 16 78

18 44 15 20 _ _ 79

19 6 14 34 26 _ 80

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ANNEXURE
Comparative study on the investment pattern of
individual working in Government Sector and
Private Sector

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