Color of water

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When water is in small quantities (e. g. in a glass) it appears colorless to the human eye The color of water is a subject of both scientific study and popular misconception. While relatively small quantities of water are observed by humans to be colorless, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes a deeper blue as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The blue hue of water is an intrinsic property and is caused by selective absorption and scattering of white light. Impurities dissolved or suspended in water may give water different colored appearances.

Contents
[hide]

1 Intrinsic color 2 Color of lakes and oceans 3 Color of glaciers 4 Color of water samples 5 Water quality and color 6 Color names 7 References 8 Further reading

9 External links

[edit] Intrinsic color

For more details on this topic, see Electromagnetic absorption by water. The intrinsic natural color of liquid water may be demonstrated by looking at a white light source through a long pipe, filled with purified water, that is closed at both ends with a transparent window. The light turquoise blue color is caused by weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum.[1] For most substances, absorptions in the visible spectrum are usually attributed to excitations of electronic energy states. However, water is a simple 3-atom molecule, H2O, and all its electronic absorptions occur in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum and are therefore not responsible for the color of water in the visible region of the spectrum.[citation needed] The water molecule has three fundamental modes of vibration, including two stretching vibrations of the O-H bonds which occur at v1 = 3650 cm1 and v3 = 3755 cm1. Absorption due to these vibrations occurs in the infrared region of the spectrum. The absorption in the visible spectrum is due mainly to the harmonic v1 + 3v3 = 14,318 cm1, which is equivalent to a wavelength of 698 nm.[1] Absorption intensity decreases markedly with each successive overtone, resulting in very weak absorption for the third overtone. For this reason, the pipe needs to have a length of a metre or more and the water must be purified by microfiltration to remove any particles that could produce Rayleigh scattering.[citation needed]

[edit] Color of lakes and oceans

Large bodies of water such as oceans manifest water's inherent slightly blue color. It is a common misconception[citation needed] that in large bodies, such as the oceans, the water's color is blue due to the reflections from the sky on its surface. The opportunity to visibly observe the blue color of water from land or airplanes is provided by the optical scattering of unabsorbed light from water molecules, from white sandy ocean bottoms, as well as from suspended particles in the water. The back-scattering from water molecules alone is very small and only observable in highly purified water.[citation needed] Some constituents of sea water can influence the shade of blue of the ocean. This is why it can look greener or bluer in different areas. Water in swimming pools (which may also contain various chemicals) with white-painted sides and bottom will appear as a turquoise blue.[citation needed]

An indoor swimming pool appears blue from above, as light reflecting from the bottom of the pool travels through enough water that its red component is absorbed. The same water in a smaller bucket looks only slightly blue[2] Clean water appears blue in white-tiled swimming pools as well as in indoor pools where there is no blue sky to be reflected. The deeper the pool, the bluer the water.[3] Scattering from suspended particles also plays an important role in the color of lakes and oceans. A few tens of meters of water will absorb all light, so without scattering, all bodies of water would appear black. Because most lakes and oceans contain suspended living matter and mineral particles, known as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light from above is reflected upwards. Scattering from suspended particles would normally give a white color, as with snow, but because the light first passes through many meters of blue-colored liquid, the scattered light appears blue. In extremely pure wateras is found in mountain lakes, where scattering from white-colored particles is missingthe scattering from water molecules themselves also contributes a blue color.[citation needed]

The hue of the reflected sky also contributes to the perceived color of water. Another phenomenon that occurs is Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere along one's line of sight: the horizon is typically 45 km distant and the air (being just above sea level in the case of the ocean) is at its densest. This mechanism would add a blue tinge to any distant object (not just the sea) because blue light would be scattered into one's line of sight.[citation
needed]

The surfaces of seas and lakes often reflect blue skylight, making them appear bluer. The relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle.[citation needed]

[edit] Color of glaciers

Main article: Blue ice (glacial)

Glaciers are large bodies of ice and snow formed during very cold climates by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, up close and when shielded from direct ambient light, glaciers usually appear a deep blue due to the long path lengths of the internal reflected light.[citation needed]

[edit] Color of water samples

High concentrations of dissolved lime give the water of Havasu Falls a turquoise color. Dissolved and particulate material in water can cause discoloration. Slight discoloration is measured in Hazen units (HU).[4] Impurities can be deeply colored as well, for instance dissolved organic compounds called tannins can result in dark brown colors, or algae floating in the water (particles) can impart a green color. The color of a water sample can be reported as:

Apparent color is the color of the whole water sample, and consists of color from both dissolved and suspended components. True color is measured after filtering the water sample to remove all suspended material.

Testing for color can be a quick and easy test which often reflects the amount of organic material in the water, although certain inorganic components like iron or manganese can also impart color.[citation needed] Water color can reveal physical, chemical and bacteriological conditions that give them the colors. In public and domestic drinking water they can be as such: Green can represent copper leaching from copper plumbing and, can also, represent algae growth. Blue can represent represent copper also and can represent a syphoning of industrial cleaners in the tank of commodes, commonly known as backflowing. Reds can be both signs of rust from iron pipes and airborne bacteria's from lakes etc. Black water can indicate sulfur reducing bacteria growth inside of a hot water tank set at less than 120 degrees temperature. This is normally present with a strong sulfur or rotten egg odor and is easily corrected by draining the water heater and increasing the temperature to 120 or higher. Caution should be given if children or elderly will be using the hot water. The presence of a rotten egg odor will always be in the hot water side if sulfate reducing bacteria is the cause and never in the cold water

side. The color spectrum with water indicators is wide and, if learned, can make solving cosmetic, bacteriological and chemical problems easier to identify.[citation needed]

[edit] Water quality and color

Glacial rock flour makes New Zealand's Lake Pukaki a lighter turquoise than its neighbors. The presence of color in water does not necessarily indicate that the water is not potable. Color-causing substances such as tannins may be harmless.[citation needed] Color is not removed by typical water filters; however, slow sand filters can remove color, and the use of coagulants may also succeed in trapping the color-causing compounds within the resulting precipitate.[citation needed] Other factors can affect the color we see:

Particles and solutes can absorb light, as in tea or coffee. Green algae in rivers and streams often lend a blue-green color. The Red Sea has occasional blooms of red Trichodesmium erythraeum algae.[citation needed] Particles in water can scatter light. The Colorado River is often muddy red because of suspended reddish silt in the water. Some mountain lakes and streams with finely ground rock, such as glacial flour, are turquoise. Light scattering by suspended matter is required in order that the blue light produced by water's absorption can return to the surface and be observed. Such scattering can also shift the spectrum of the emerging photons toward the green, a color often seen when water laden with suspended particles is observed.[citation
needed]

[edit] Color names

Red tide off the Californian coast. Various cultures divide the semantic field of colors differently than the English language usage and do not make the blue-green distinction in the same way. An example is Welsh where glas is the color of the sea and also that of grass.[citation needed]

Other color names assigned to bodies of water are sea green and ultramarine blue. Unusual oceanic colorings have given rise to the terms red tide and black tide. Furthermore, the Ancient Greek poet Homer uses the epithet "wine-dark sea"; in addition, he also describes the sea as "grey". Some[who?] have suggested that this is due to the Ancient Greeks classifying colors primarily by luminosity rather than hue.[citation needed]

[edit] References
1. ^ a b Braun & Smirnov 1993, p. 612. 2. ^ Davis, Jim; Milligan, Mark (2011), Why is Bear Lake So Blue?, Public Information Series, 96, Utah Geological Survey, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-55791-842-0, http://geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm, retrieved 5 October 2011 3. ^ Rossing, Thomas D.; Chiaverina, Christopher J. (1999), Light science: physics and the visual arts, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 67, ISBN 0-387-98827-0 4. ^ International Organization for Standardization, ISO 2211:1973, Measurement of colour in Hazen units (platinum-cobalt scale) of Liquid Chemical Products

Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. (1993), "Why is water blue?", Journal of Chemical Education 70 (8): 612614, doi:10.1021/ed070p612, http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water %20Blue.pdf Dickey, Tommy D.; Kattawar, George W.; Voss, Kenneth J. (April 2011), "Shedding new light on light in the ocean", Physics Today 64 (4): 4449, doi:10.1063/1.3580492, http://www.nserc.und.edu/learning/Dickeyetal2011.pdf Pettit, Edison (February 1936), "On the Color of Crater Lake Water", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 (2): 139146, doi:10.1073/pnas.22.2.139, PMC 1076722, PMID 16588059, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1076722

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

What color is water? Why is Water Blue? Is water blue? The absorption spectrum of water in the visible range Why is the snow blue? The Color of the Ocean from science@nasa [show] Physical oceanography Waves and Currents Waves

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Good Ozone, Bad Ozone

Ozone: "Good up high, bad nearby" The atmosphere of the Earth is divided into layers. Each layer is a little different. Stratospheric ozone is found in the stratosphere, a layer of air way up in the atmosphere. The stratosphere is between 8 and 30 miles above the ground - too far away for you to breathe any of its air! The ozone in this layer of air protects plants, animals, and us by blocking the most harmful rays of the sun. Tropospheric ozone, (ground-level ozone) is found in the troposphere, which is the layer of air closest to the Earth's surface. The troposphere is the air from the ground to about 8 miles up into the atmosphere - it's the air we breathe. Ozone does not naturally occur at harmful levels in the troposphere. Our ground-level ozone problems are caused by human activities. Read "Hot Summer Days" to learn how humans cause "bad ozone." You may have heard that ozone shields us from the sun's harmful UV, or ultraviolet, rays. This type of ozone is called "stratospheric" ozone. Stratospheric ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms, and has no color, no taste, and not much odor. Stratospheric ozone is the same chemical as ground level ozone. So what's the difference? The difference between stratospheric ozone and ground level ozone, (tropospheric ozone) is where each is found. One is up high, one is nearby. Just remember: "Good up high, bad nearby!" You might wonder: we have too

much ozone in the troposphere and not enough in the stratosphere why can't we just send tropospheric ozone up into the stratosphere? Unfortunately, we can't simply 'pump' our extra ozone into the stratosphere. So, to keep it from causing problems down here in the troposphere, we have to stop it from forming in the first place.

How ground-level ozone affects plants and animals (including you!)

Ground-level ozone is unstable. It reacts chemically with plants, rubber, and the tissues of living creatures - including you. In fact, kids and elderly people are affected the most. Ozone has no color, no taste, and not much odor. It may sound harmless, but it has the ability to irritate your lungs or break down your lung tissues. Do you have asthma or do you know someone who does? Ozone can cause an asthma attack, and it can make asthma attacks worse than usual. Even people who don't have asthma can have trouble breathing on days with high levels of ground-level ozone, especially people who spend a lot of time outdoors. Even though we can't see it, scientists know ground-level ozone exists. They can measure it using special instruments that detect what's in the air we breathe. Ground-level ozone can also damage the leaves of plants and trees. Some plants affected include soybeans, clover, onions, spinach, alfalfa, and milkweed. Trees such as lilac, aspen, ash, and white pine are also injured by ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone can cause the leaves to fall off these plants, prevent the plants from growing very big, or even cause the plants to die. Then the humans, animals, and insects - like the monarch butterfly that depend on these plants may not have as much food or shelter. In California ozone damage has been shown to have a serious impact on the entire ecosystem. In Wisconsin the effect has been smaller, but ozone still has an effect - for example, high levels of ozone have destroyed 10 - 20 percent of some crops.

</body>

Why oxygen dissolved in water is important

Why Dissolved Oxygen is Important

Dissolved oxygen
The dissolved oxygen (DO) is oxygen that is dissolved in water. The oxygen dissolves by diffusion from the surrounding air; aeration of water that has tumbled over falls and rapids; and as a waste product of photosynthesis. An simplified formula is given below: Photosynthesis (in the presence of light and chlorophyll): Wat ---------- Oxy Carbon dioxide + + Carbon-rich foods er ----> gen CO2 H 2O O2 C6H12O6 Fish and aquatic animals cannot split oxygen from water (H2O) or other oxygencontaining compounds. Only green plants and some bacteria can do that through photosynthesis and similar processes. Virtually all the oxygen we breath is manufactured by green plants. A total of three-fourths of the earths oxygen supply is produced by phytoplankton in the oceans. The temperature effect If water is too warm, there may not be enough oxygen in it. When there are too many bacteria or aquatic animal in the area, they may overpopulate, using DO in great amounts. Oxygen levels also can be reduced through overfertilization of water plants by run-off from farm fields containing phosphates and nitrates (the ingredients in fertilizers). Under these conditions, the numbers and size of water plants increase. Then, if the weather becomes cloudy for several days, respiring plants will use much of the available DO. When these plants die, they become food for bacteria, which in turn multiply and use large amounts of oxygen. And this depleting all the oxygen. How much DO an aquatic organism needs depends upon its species, its physical state, water temperature, pollutants present, and more. Consequently, its impossible to accurately predict minimum DO levels for specific fish and aquatic animals. For example, at 5 oC (41 oF), trout use about 50-60 milligrams (mg) of oxygen per hour; at 25 oC (77 oF), they may need five or six times that amount. Fish are cold-blooded animals. They use more oxygen at higher temperatures because their metabolic rates increase. Numerous scientific studies suggest that 4-5 parts per million (ppm) of DO is the minimum amount that will support a large, diverse fish population. The DO level in good fishing waters generally averages about 9.0 parts per million (ppm). In the graph below you can see the effect of the temperature in the DO

Environmental Impact
Total dissolved gas concentrations in water should not exceed 110 percent. Concentrations above this level can be harmful to aquatic life. Fish in waters containing excessive dissolved gases may suffer from "gas bubble disease"; however, this is a very rare occurrence. The bubbles or emboli block the flow of blood through blood vessels causing death. External bubbles (emphysema) can also occur and be seen on fins, on skin and on other tissue. Aquatic invertebrates are also affected by gas bubble disease but at levels higher than those lethal to fish. Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality. Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life. Natural stream purification processes require adequate oxygen levels in order to provide for aerobic life forms. As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the greater the stress. Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can result in large fish kills. Biologically speaking, however, the level of oxygen is a much more important measure of water quality than feacal coliform. Dissolved oxygen is absolutely essential for the survival of all aquatic organisms ( not only fish but also invertebrates suach as crabs, clams, zooplankton, etc). Moreover, oxygen affects a vast number of other water indicators, not only biochemical but esthetic ones like the odor, clarity and taste. Consequently, oxygen is perhaps the most well-established indicator of water quality. River pollution In the graph below you can see the percentage levels of Oxygen dissolved in the river "The Thames" in the period (1890-1974), The New York harbor in the period (19101997), and the river "The Rhine" in the period (1945-1997).Here we can see how the oxygen levels for some of the majors rivers have returned to the previous high levels after decades of low levels. This has consequences for both marine organisms and humans. The increased levels of percentage of dissolved oxygen have improved the possibilities of aquatic live.

Source: The Skeptical environmentalist; measuring the real state of the world. Author: Bjorn Lomborg

How Dissolved Oxygen Affects Water Supplies

A high DO level in a community water supply is good because it makes drinking water taste better. However, high DO levels speed up corrosion in water pipes. For this reason, industries use water with the least possible amount of dissolved oxygen. Water used in very low pressure boilers have no more than 2.0 ppm of DO, but most boiler plant operators try to keep oxygen levels to 0.007 ppm or less.

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Groundwater quality
Just because you have a well that yields plenty of water doesn't mean you can go ahead and just take a drink. Because water is such an excellent solvent it can contain lots of dissolved chemicals. And since groundwater moves through rocks and subsurface soil, it has a lot of opportunity to dissolve substances as it moves. For that reason, groundwater will often have more dissolved substances than surface water will. Even though the ground is an excellent mechanism for filtering out particulate matter, such as leaves, soil, and bugs, dissolved chemicals and gases can still occur in large enough concentrations in groundwater to cause problems. Undergroundwater can get contaminated from industrial, domestic, and agricultural chemicals from the surface. This includes chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides that many homeowners apply to their lawns. Contamination of groundwater by road salt is of major concern in northern areas of the United States. Salt is spread on roads to melt ice, and, with salt being so soluble in water, excess sodium and chloride is easily transported into the subsurface groundwater. The most common

water-quality problem in rural water supplies is bacterial contamination from septic tanks, which are often used in rural areas that don't have a sewage-treatment system. Effluent (overflow and leakage) from a septic tank can percolate (seep) down to the water table and maybe into a homeowner's own well. Just as with urban water supplies, chlorination may be necessary to kill the dangerous bacteria. The U.S. Geological Survey is involved in monitoring the Nation's ground-water supplies. A national network of observation wells exists to measure regularly the water levels in wells and to investigate water quality.

Contaminants can be natural or human-induced

Naturally occurring contaminants are present in the rocks and sediments. As groundwater flows through sediments, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, ground-water pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect ground-water quality. Contaminants from leaking fuel tanks or fuel or toxic chemical spills may enter the groundwater and contaminate the aquifer. Pesticides and fertilizers applied to lawns and crops can accumulate and migrate to the water table.

The physical properties of an aquifer, such as thickness, rock or sediment type, and location, play a large part in determining whether contaminants from the land surface will reach the groundwater. The risk

of contamination is greater for unconfined (water-table) aquifers than for confined aquifers because they usually are nearer to land surface and lack an overlying confining layer to impede the movement of contaminants. Because groundwater moves slowly in the subsurface and many contaminants sorb to the sediments, restoration of a contaminated aquifer is difficult and may require years, decades, centuries, or even millennia.
Inorganic contaminants found in groundwater

Contaminant Sources to groundwater Aluminum

Antimony

Arsenic

Barium

Beryllium

Potential health and other effects Occurs naturally in some Can precipitate out of water rocks and drainage from after treatment, causing mines. increased turbidity or discolored water. Enters environment from Decreases longevity, alters natural weathering, blood levels of glucose and industrial production, cholesterol in laboratory municipal waste disposal, animals exposed at high and manufacturing of flame levels over their lifetime. retardants, ceramics, glass, batteries, fireworks, and explosives. Enters environment from Causes acute and chronic natural processes, industrial toxicity, liver and kidney activities, pesticides, and damage; decreases blood industrial waste, smelting of hemoglobin. Possible copper, lead, and zinc ore. carcinogen. Occurs naturally in some Can cause a variety of limestones, sandstones, and cardiac, gastrointestinal, and soils in the eastern United neuromuscular effects. States. Associated with hypertension and cardiotoxicity in animals. Occurs naturally in soils, Causes acute and chronic groundwater, and surface toxicity; can cause damage water. Often used in to lungs and bones. Possible electrical industry carcinogen. equipment and components, nuclear power and space industry. Enters the environment from mining operations, processing plants, and improper waste disposal. Found in low concentrations in rocks, coal, and petroleum and

Cadmium

Chloride

Chromium

enters the ground and Found in low concentrations in rocks, coal, and petroleum and enters the ground and surface water when dissolved by acidic waters. May enter the environment from industrial discharge, mining waste, metal plating, water pipes, batteries, paints and pigments, plastic stabilizers, and landfill leachate. May be associated with the presence of sodium in drinking water when present in high concentrations. Often from saltwater intrusion, mineral dissolution, industrial and domestic waste. Enters environment from old mining operations runoff and leaching into groundwater, fossil-fuel combustion, cement-plant emissions, mineral leaching, and waste incineration. Used in metal plating and as a cooling-tower water additive.

Replaces zinc biochemically in the body and causes high blood pressure, liver and kidney damage, and anemia. Destroys testicular tissue and red blood cells. Toxic to aquatic biota.

Deteriorates plumbing, water heaters, and municipal water-works equipment at high levels. Above secondary maximum contaminant level, taste becomes noticeable.

Copper

Cyanide

Chromium III is a nutritionally essential element. Chromium VI is much more toxic than Chromium III and causes liver and kidney damage, internal hemorrhaging, respiratory damage, dermatitis, and ulcers on the skin at high concentrations. Enters environment from Can cause stomach and metal plating, industrial and intestinal distress, liver and domestic waste, mining, kidney damage, anemia in and mineral leaching. high doses. Imparts an adverse taste and significant staining to clothes and fixtures. Essential trace element but toxic to plants and algae at moderate levels. Often used in electroplating, Poisoning is the result of steel processing, plastics, damage to spleen, brain, synthetic fabrics, and and liver. fertilizer production; also

Dissolved solids

from improper waste disposal. Occur naturally but also enters environment from man-made sources such as landfill leachate, feedlots, or sewage. A measure of the dissolved salts or minerals in the water. May also include some dissolved organic compounds.

Fluoride

Hardness

Iron

Lead

May have an influence on the acceptability of water in general. May be indicative of the presence of excess concentrations of specific substances not included in the Safe Water Drinking Act, which would make water objectionable. High concentrations of dissolved solids shorten the life of hot water heaters. Occurs naturally or as an Decreases incidence of tooth additive to municipal water decay but high levels can supplies; widely used in stain or mottle teeth. Causes industry. crippling bone disorder (calcification of the bones and joints) at very high levels. Result of metallic ions Decreases the lather dissolved in the water; formation of soap and reported as concentration of increases scale formation in calcium carbonate. hot-water heaters Calcium carbonate is and low-pressure boilers at derived from dissolved high levels. limestone or discharges from operating or abandoned mines. Occurs naturally as a Imparts a bitter astringent mineral from sediment and taste to water and a rocks or from mining, brownish color to laundered industrial waste, clothing and and corroding metal. plumbing fixtures. Enters environment from Affects red blood cell industry, mining, plumbing, chemistry; delays normal gasoline, coal, and as a physical and mental water development in additive. babies and young children. Causes slight deficits in attention span, hearing, and learning in children. Can cause slight

increase in blood pressure in some adults. Probable carcinogen. Manganese Causes aesthetic and economic damage, and imparts brownish stains to laundry. Affects taste of water, and causes dark brown or black stains on plumbing fixtures. Relatively non-toxic to animals but toxic to plants at high levels. Mercury Occurs as an inorganic salt Causes acute and chronic and as organic mercury toxicity. Targets the kidneys compounds. Enters the and can cause nervous environment from industrial system disorders. waste, mining, pesticides, coal, electrical equipment (batteries, lamps, switches), smelting, and fossil-fuel combustion. Nickel Occurs naturally in soils, Damages the heart and liver groundwater, and surface of laboratory animals water. Often used in exposed to large amounts electroplating, stainless over their lifetime. steel and alloy products, mining, and refining. Nitrate (as Occurs naturally in mineral Toxicity results from the nitrogen) deposits, soils, seawater, bodys natural breakdown of freshwater systems, the nitrate to nitrite. Causes atmosphere, and biota. bluebaby disease, or More stable form of methemoglobinemia, which combined nitrogen in threatens oxygen-carrying oxygenated water. Found in capacity of the blood. the highest levels in groundwater under extensively developed areas. Enters the environment from fertilizer, feedlots, and sewage. Nitrite Enters environment from Toxicity results from the (combined fertilizer, sewage, and bodys natural breakdown of nitrate/nitrite) human or farm-animal nitrate to nitrite. Causes waste. bluebaby disease, or Occurs naturally as a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining and industrial waste.

Selenium

Silver

Sodium

Sulfate

Thallium

Zinc

methemoglobinemia, which threatens oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Enters environment from Causes acute and chronic naturally occurring geologic toxic effects in sources, sulfur, and coal. animals--blind staggers in cattle. Nutritionally essential element at low doses but toxic at high doses. Enters environment from Can cause argyria, a blueore mining and processing, gray coloration of the skin, product fabrication, and mucous membranes, eyes, disposal. Often used in and organs in humans and photography, electric and animals with chronic electronic equipment, exposure. sterling and electroplating, alloy, and solder. Because of great economic value of silver, recovery practices are typically used to minimize loss. Derived geologically from Can be a health risk factor leaching of surface and for those individuals on a underground deposits of salt low-sodium diet. and decomposition of various minerals. Human activities contribute through de-icing and washing products. Elevated concentrations Forms hard scales on boilers may result from saltwater and heat exchangers; can intrusion, mineral change the taste of water, dissolution, and domestic or and has a laxative effect in industrial waste. high doses. Enters environment from Damages kidneys, liver, soils; used in electronics, brain, and intestines in pharmaceuticals laboratory animals when manufacturing, glass, and given in high doses over alloys. their lifetime. Found naturally in water, Aids in the healing of most frequently in areas wounds. Causes no ill health where it is mined. Enters effects except in very high environment from industrial doses. Imparts an waste, metal plating, and undesirable taste to water. plumbing, and is a major Toxic to plants at high component of sludge. levels.

Organic contaminants found in groundwater

Contaminant Sources to groundwater Potential health and other effects

Volatile organic compounds

Enter environment when used to make plastics, dyes, rubbers, polishes, solvents, crude oil, insecticides, inks, varnishes, paints, disinfectants, gasoline products, pharmaceuticals, preservatives, spot removers, paint removers, degreasers, and many more.

Can cause cancer and liver damage, anemia, gastrointestinal disorder, skin irritation, blurred vision, exhaustion, weight loss, damage to the nervous system, and respiratory tract irritation.

Pesticides

Enter environment as Cause poisoning, herbicides, insecticides, headaches, dizziness, fungicides, rodenticides, and gastrointestinal algicides. disturbance, numbness, weakness, and cancer. Destroys nervous system, thyroid, reproductive system, liver, and kidneys.

Plasticizers, chlorinated solvents, benzo[a]pyrene, and dioxin

Used as sealants, linings, solvents, pesticides, plasticizers, components of gasoline, disinfectant, and wood preservative. Enters the environment from improper waste disposal, leaching runoff, leaking storage tank, and industrial runoff.

Cause cancer. Damages nervous and reproductive systems, kidney, stomach, and liver.

Microbiological contaminants found in groundwater

Coliform Occur naturally in the environment from bacteria soils and plants and in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Used as an indicator for the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites from domestic sewage, animal waste, or plant or soil material. Bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause polio, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and infectious hepatitis.

Radiological contaminants found in groundwater

Gross alphaparticle activity A category of radioactive isotopes. Damages tissues Occurs from either natural or manand destroys bone made sources including weapons, marrow. nuclear reactors, atomic energy for power, medical treatment and diagnosis, mining radioactive material, and naturally occurring radioactive geologic formations. Primary concern is natural sources, which are ubiquitous in the environment (Durrance, 1986); secondary concern is man-made sources.

Combined radium-226 and radium228

Enters environment from natural and man-made sources. Historical industrial-waste sites are the main man-made source.

Causes cancer by concentrating in the bone and skeletal tissue.

Beta-particle and photon radioactivity

A category of radioactive isotopes from either natural or man-made sources including weapons, nuclear reactors, atomic energy for power, medical treatment and diagnosis, mining radioactive material, and naturally occurring radioactive

Damages tissues and destroys bone marrow.

geologic formations. Primary concern is man-made sources because of widespread use (Durrance, 1986); secondary concern is natural sources.

Physical characteristics of groundwater

Turbidity Caused by the presence of suspended matter such as clay, silt, and fine particles of organic and inorganic matter, plankton, and other microscopic organisms. A measure how much light can filter through the water sample. Objectionable for aesthetic reasons. Indicative of clay or other inert suspended particles in drinking water. May not adversely affect health but may cause need for additional treatment. Following rainfall, variations in ground-water turbidity may be an indicator of surface contamination.

Color

Can be caused by decaying Suggests that treatment is leaves, plants, organic matter, needed. No health concerns. copper, iron, and manganese, Aesthetically unpleasing. which may be objectionable. Indicative of large amounts of organic chemicals, inadequate treatment, and high disinfection demand. Potential for production of excess amounts of disinfection byproducts.

pH

Indicates, by numerical expression, the degree to which water is alkaline or acidic. Represented on a scale of 0-14 where 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most alkaline, and 7 is neutral.

High pH causes a bitter taste; water pipes and water-using appliances become encrusted; depresses the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby causing the need for additional chlorine when pH is high. Low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other

substances.

Odor

Certain odors may be indicative of organic or nonorganic contaminants that originate from municipal or industrial waste discharges or from natural sources.

Taste

Some substances such as certain organic salts produce a taste without an odor and can be evaluated by a taste test. Many other sensations ascribed to the sense of taste actually are odors, even though the sensation is not noticed until the material is taken into the mouth.

Some information on this page is from Waller, Roger M., Ground Water and the Rural Homeowner, Pamphlet, U.S. Geolgoical Survey, 1982

Ground water Water quality Water characteristics Wells AccessibilityFOIAPrivacyPolicies and Notices

U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey URL: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwquality.html Page Contact Information: Howard Perlman Page Last Modified: Tuesday, 08-Feb-2011 07:44:31 EST

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Itai-itai disease
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Itai-itai disease (, itai-itai by?, lit. "ouch ouch sickness"), was the documented case of mass cadmium poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912. The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the bones and kidney failure. The disease is named for the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the joints and spine. The term itai-itai disease was coined by locals.[1] The cadmium was released into rivers by mining companies in the mountains. The mining companies were successfully sued for the damage. Itai-itai disease is known as one of the Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan.[2]

Contents
[hide]

1 Cause 2 Symptoms 3 Legal action 4 Economic costs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Cause
Itai-itai disease was caused by cadmium poisoning due to mining in Toyama Prefecture. The earliest records of mining for gold in the area date back to 710. Regular mining for silver started in 1589, and soon thereafter, mining for lead, copper, and zinc began. Increased demand for raw materials during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, as well as new mining technologies from Europe, increased the output of the mines, putting the Kamioka Mines in Toyama among the world's top mines. Production increased even more before World War II. Starting in 1910 and continuing through 1945, cadmium was released in significant quantities by mining operations, and the disease first appeared around 1912.[1] Prior to World War II the mining, controlled by the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd., increased to satisfy the wartime demand. This subsequently increased the pollution of the Jinz River and its tributaries. The river was used mainly for irrigation of rice fields, but also for drinking water, washing, fishing, and other uses by downstream populations.[1] Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started to die, and the rice irrigated with river water did not grow well. The cadmium and other heavy metals accumulated at the bottom of the river and in the water of the river. This water was then used to irrigate the rice fields. The rice absorbed heavy metals, especially the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated in the people eating contaminated rice. The population complained to the Mitsui Mining and Smelting about the pollution. The company built a basin to store the mining waste water before leading it into the river. It was too little, too late as many people were already sick. The causes of the poisoning were not well understood and, up to 1946, it was thought to be simply a regional disease or a type of bacterial infection.[1] Medical tests started in the 1940s and 1950s, searching for the cause of the disease. Initially, it was expected to be lead poisoning due to the lead mining upstream. Only in 1955 did Dr. Hagino and his colleagues suspect cadmium as the cause of the disease.[1] Toyama prefecture also started an investigation in 1961, determining that the Mitsui Mining and Smelting's Kamioka Mining Station caused the cadmium pollution and that the worst affected areas were 30 km downstream of the mine. In 1968 the Ministry of Health and Welfare issued a statement about the symptoms of itai-itai disease caused by the cadmium poisoning.[3] The reduction of the levels of cadmium in the water supply reduced the number of new disease victims; no new victim has been recorded since 1946. While the victims with the worst symptoms came from Toyama prefecture, the government found victims in five other prefectures. The mines are still in operation and cadmium pollution levels remain high, although improved nutrition and medical care has reduced the occurrence of Itai-itai disease.[4]

[edit] Symptoms
One of the main effects of cadmium poisoning is weak and brittle bones. Spinal and leg pain is common, and a waddling gait often develops due to bone deformities caused by the cadmium. The pain eventually becomes debilitating, with fractures becoming more common as the bone weakens. Other complications include coughing, anemia, and kidney failure, leading to death.[4] A marked prevalence in older, postmenopausal women has been observed. The cause of this phenomenon is not fully understood, and is currently under investigation. Current research has pointed to general malnourishment, as well as poor calcium metabolism relating to the women's age.[4]

Recent animal studies have shown that cadmium poisoning alone is not enough to elicit all of the symptoms of Itai-itai disease.[4] These studies are pointing to damage of the mitochondria of kidney cells by cadmium as a key factor of the disease.

[edit] Legal action

Twenty-nine plaintiffs, consisting of nine victims and 20 family members of victims, sued the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. in 1968 in the Toyama Prefectural court. In June 1971, the court found the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. guilty. Subsequently, the company appealed to the Nagoya District Court in Kanazawa, but the appeal was rejected in August 1972. The Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. agreed to pay for the medical care of the victims; finance the monitoring of the water quality performed by the residents; and pay reparations to the victims of the disease.[1] People who consider themselves victims of itai-itai disease have to contact the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to have their claims assessed. Many victims were not satisfied with government actions and demanded a change in the official procedures. This caused the government to review the criteria for recognizing a victim legally; the government also reassessed the treatment of the disease. A person is considered to have itai-itai disease if he or she lived in the contaminated areas, has kidney dysfunctions, softening of the bones, but no related heart problems. One hundred eighty-four victims have been legally recognized since 1967, of whom 54 were recognized in the period from 1980 to 2000. An additional 388 people have been identified as potential victims, those that had not been officially examined yet.[1] Fifteen victims were still alive as of 1993[update].

[edit] Economic costs

The cadmium pollution had contaminated many agricultural areas. Heavy metal pollution affected many areas in Japan, and as a result the Prevention of Soil Contamination in Agricultural Land Law of 1970 was enacted. It ordered planting to be stopped so that restoration of the soil could be enacted to areas with 1ppm of cadmium or more contamination in the soil. Surveying in Toyama Prefecture began in 1971, and by 1977 1500 hectacres along the Jinz river were designated for soil restoration. These farmers were compensated for lost crops as well as for lost production in past years by the Mitsui Mining and Smelting, Toyama Prefecture, and the national government. As of 1992[update], only 400 hectares remained contaminated.[1] In 1992, the average annual health expense compensation was 743 million. Agricultural damage was compensated with 1.75 billion per year, or a total of annually 2.518 billion. Another 620 million were invested annually to reduce further pollution of the river.[1]

[edit] See also

Heavy metal poisoning

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i ICETT Itai-itai disease (1998) http://www.icett.or.jp/lpca_jp.nsf/a21a0d8b94740fbd492567ca000d5879/b30e2e489f4b4ff14 92567ca0011ff90?OpenDocument 2. ^ Almeida, P and Stearns, L (1998). "Political opportunities and local grassroots environmental movement: The case of Minamata". Social Problems 45 (1): 3760. doi:10.1525/sp.1998.45.1.03x0156z. 3. ^ Itai-itai disease http://www.kanazawa-med.ac.jp/~pubhealt/cadmium2/itaiitai-e/itai01.html

[edit] References

4. ^ a b c d Hamilton, J. "What is Itai-Itai disease" http://www.accessscience.com/studycenter.aspx?main=9&questionID=4978

[edit] External links

Additional Information on Itai-Itai Disease Preventative Measures Against Water Pollution What is Itai-itai disease? [hide]v d eFour Big Pollution Diseases of Japan

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Edit this pageMaybe later Categories: Political scandals in Japan Pollution in Japan Health disasters Cadmium Health disasters in Japan Mining in Japan Toxic metal poisoning 1912 health disasters 1912 in Japan Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1993 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1992
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Polski Portugus / Srpski Svenska This page was last modified on 9 October 2011 at 12:33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view