FIBER OPTIC DESIGN GUIDE

FIFTH EDITION
Fiber Optic Design Guide – 5th Edition
Fiber optic cables have emerged as the new standard for AV designers and integrators concerned with future-proofing their
systems and can be used for a complete AV cabling infrastructure or to augment a twisted pair or coaxial cabling installation.
As video technologies and standards continue to evolve, AV system designers and integrators are continuously challenged
with providing a cable infrastructure to support high resolution video, audio, and control signals commonly used today and
anticipating the needs of tomorrow. Today’s digital video standards require multi-gigabit data rates to deliver high resolution
video from the source to the display. For the moderate to long distances found in modern AV systems, fiber optic cables offer
several advantages over coaxial and twisted pair cables. Leading AV designers and integrators have also learned that fiber
optic cabling ensures support for high resolution digital video signals, providing a path to higher resolutions in the future and
reducing the total cost of ownership over the life of the system.

The ability to design and install systems that function on fiber optic networks is becoming a competitive advantage for
successful AV integrators. As a leading manufacturer of products engineered for the commercial AV market, Extron has
developed an extensive line of fiber optic extenders, distribution amplifiers, switchers, and matrix switchers to help Extron
customers benefit from the advantages of fiber optic technology. Extron manufactures fiber optic products to support modern
digital standards including DisplayPort, HDMI, DVI, and 3G-SDI as well as legacy analog video formats, such as RGB,
HD component, and standard definition video.

The use of fiber optics in the AV industry offers the important advantage of sending multiple AV signals over extreme distances
with zero signal degradation and complete immunity from outside interference. Signals sent through fiber are also inherently
secure, making fiber-based transmission the preferred choice in government, military, and medical applications. These
advantages, together with the trend to include excess “dark” fiber in the design of modern facilities, make fiber optic products
ideal for AV use in government buildings, military installations, airports, stadiums, and university or corporate campuses.

The Fiber Optic Design Guide helps the AV professional develop the required expertise to employ fiber optic technology in
AV systems. The Guide provides tutorials on fiber optic technology and fiber cabling used in commercial AV systems. AV
professionals are provided with a basic understanding of the technology, combined with a practical “how-to” approach
for designing fiber optic AV systems. The Guide also includes sample AV system designs that illustrate common design
challenges and solutions, including signal flow diagrams and the necessary equipment. A condensed catalog of Extron fiber
optic products is also included. Also featured in the Guide is a reference section that includes a comprehensive glossary, a
list of applicable standards, and Frequently Asked Questions.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIBER OPTICS FOR AV PROFESSIONALS

Fiber Optics for Professional AV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Fiber Optic Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Fiber Optic AV System Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM DESIGNS

Operation Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Campus Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Knowledge Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

EXTRON FIBER OPTIC PRODUCT SOLUTIONS

Extron Product Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Extenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Matrix Switchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Cables, Connectors, and Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

STANDARDS, GLOSSARY, AND FAQS

Standards for Fiber Optic Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Fiber Optic Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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Fiber Optics for Professional AV Systems

What is Fiber Optics? approach. Many system designers and integrators are turning
Fiber optics is a transmission method for carrying video, to a fiber optic infrastructure for its ability to transmit large
voice, or data from one point to another in the form of light amounts of data at very high speeds. Fiber optic cabling has
over a glass fiber. Simply put, the electrical signals carrying the capacity to support today’s high resolution digital video
the information are converted to light using a light source, and signals, and even higher resolution signals in the future.
then transmitted down a glass fiber to a receiver that converts
the light back into an electrical signal using a photodetector. Lower Total Cost of Ownership
Fiber optic systems may also provide a lower total cost of
Why Use Fiber Optics in AV Applications? ownership over the life of the system when compared to a
The combination of light and glass presents some unique coaxial or twisted pair solution. Fiber optic cables are smaller
properties that give AV professionals powerful tools in common and lighter, therefore the conduit for a fiber optic system
AV applications. A fiber optic cable can be used to send high is much smaller than that needed for coaxial or twisted
resolution video, audio, and control signals on a single fiber pair cabling. Since the fiber cable has high bandwidth or
over 3extreme distances, without loss or degradation, no hum capacity, it can also be reused through multiple system
of a ground loop, and completely free of electrical interference. upgrades, as opposed to a copper system that requires old
cables to be removed and new cables to be pulled for each
Send High Resolution Video, Audio, and Control over system upgrade.
Extreme Distances
Fiber optic cable is a low-loss channel that enables Fiber optic switching and distribution equipment also
transmission of high resolution video, audio, and control typically consumes less power and produces less heat than
signals over very long distances. Losses in fiber optic cable equipment used for copper wiring, which saves on both
are 0.2 to 3.5 dB/km, compared to 60 dB/km for legacy RG6 electrical and cooling costs. Since fiber optic cables can
coaxial cable at 100 MHz. The low-loss nature of singlemode transmit high resolution signals over long distances, switching
fiber enables transmission of 4K/60 4:4:4 video signals up to and distribution equipment can also be consolidated into
20 km (12.4 miles) as shown in Figure 1. Fiber is being used a centralized location, reducing the size and cooling costs
to transmit signals between buildings on college campuses, for equipment closets located throughout a large facility.
throughout sports stadiums, and between floors in large office Equipment can be monitored and serviced from the main
buildings. equipment room without disrupting activities in work areas.

Future-Proof AV Systems for Emerging Standards Multiple AV Signals on a Single Fiber

The transition from analog to digital video technologies Fiber optic cables have the capacity to carry multiple AV
introduced high-speed, multi-gigabit digital signals into AV signals on a single fiber, reducing the number of required
systems, and the move to 4K and Ultra-HD - UHD video cables. A single fiber can be used to transmit a 4K/60 video
standards extended data rates well beyond 10 Gbps. signal, stereo audio, USB, IR control, and RS-232 control.
Supporting these high-speed digital signals requires a new Replacing multiple cables with a single fiber simplifies
installation and reduces the number of cable terminations.
Fewer terminations save installation time and potentially reduce
Figure 1.
labor costs.
Relative Cable Lengths for Transmitting 4K/60 Video Signals

Easy to Install
8m How Far Can You Transmit a
Fiber consumes very little space in conduit and cable trays,
HDMI 4K Video Signal?
Cable
100 m and is easy to pull. An Extron plenum-rated duplex fiber
Twisted Pair
500 m
optic cable transmits a high-resolution video signal and is
Multimode
Fiber
20 km! smaller than twisted pair cabling. Extron OM4 MM P Bend-
Singlemode
Fiber
Insensitive Laser-Optimized Duplex Multimode Fiber cable
shown in Figure 2 can carry a 4K/60 4:4:4 video signal along
with audio, USB, bidirectional IR, and bidirectional RS-232
­2 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 2. Safe for Sensitive and Hazardous Environments
Cable Size Comparison
Fiber optic cable is largely comprised of glass, which does
0.792 in 0.25 in 0.16 in not carry electrical current, radiate energy, or produce heat
or sparks. Optical fibers can be safely installed in hazardous
environments, including oil refineries, mining operations,
or chemical plants, without the danger of generating an
electrical spark. Applications using sensitive electronics,
Extron RG6-5 Unshielded Extron OM4 MM P such as medical environments, also benefit from the lack of
Five Conductor Twisted Pair Bend-Insensitive
RG6 Super High Cable Laser Optimized electrical emissions with fiber optic systems.
Resolution Cable Duplex Multimode
Fiber Optic Cable
Send Sensitive Information over Secure AV Systems
control using Extron all‑digital technology. Additionally, fiber All copper cables, including coaxial and twisted pair
optic distribution cables are also available to carry multiple cables, emit small amounts of electromagnetic radiation.
signals in a fraction of the conduit space of standard category An eavesdropper can go undetected, picking up the faint
cable. For example, the 12-fiber distribution cable shown in signals to intercept sensitive information as shown in
Figure 2 can carry up to 6 bidirectional or 12 unidirectional Figure 3.
independent signals but only occupies the same conduit
space as a single CAT 6/7 cable. Fiber’s small size has led Fiber optic cables transmit light, so the lack of electrical
to its popularity in medical applications where there is often emissions makes it virtually impossible to eavesdrop on
insufficient space for thicker cables. a fiber optic cable without physically altering the cable.
Intercepting an optical signal requires placing a splitter or
Today’s field termination kits make fiber as easy to terminate tap onto the individual fibers, which interrupts or reduces
as other types of cabling. Simply strip, cleave, and insert the the amount of light in the fiber and is easy to detect. This
fiber into the connector using modern connectivity systems. helps to create a secure channel, and makes it very hard
Portable splicing tools are also available to permanently join for someone to intercept the signal. The ability to secure
two optical fibers together, creating a high quality, reliable signals over fiber has led national agencies to require the
splice in minutes. use of fiber for secure transmissions.

Figure 3.
Copper Cables Emit Electrical Signals While Fiber Optic Cables Have Zero Emissions

Eavesdropper Eavesdropper

Copper Cable Fiber Cable

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Fiber Optics for Professional AV Systems

Delivers Pixel-Perfect Video in Electrically building or incur renovation costs. When using dark fiber, it is
Noisy Environments important to determine the type of fiber, lengths of runs, and
Fiber optic cables employ an all-dielectric construction, and optical losses to ensure selection of the right equipment, and
therefore do not conduct stray electrical signals. Fiber is to verify that the fiber is suitable for transmitting video.
completely immune to electrical interference, see Figure 4.
Immunity to electrical interference allows for fiber cable Depending on the network topology, accessing existing fiber
installation in electrically “noisy” environments such as networks may be as simple as adding an interconnect cable
factory floors. It also eliminates crosstalk in fiber bundles, to an existing patch panel. If the fiber network was installed
which allows a large number of fibers to fit into a very in accordance with TIA/EIA standards, the network is fully
compact cable. documented and characterized.

Eliminates Ground Loops in AV Systems Tools and Training for AV Professionals

The transmission of light down a glass fiber does not require Modern fiber optic termination tools and training have
a ground reference or return path, see Figure 5. The lack of accelerated the deployment of fiber optic AV systems. The
the signal ground eliminates bit errors and data loss in digital latest fiber termination systems simplify the installation of fiber
systems, as well as video hum bars, and the annoying, low optic cables and eliminate messy epoxies. Advanced training
frequency hum that are common in legacy analog systems. is available that demystifies fiber optic technology, providing AV
professionals with the needed knowledge and skills to address
Dark Fiber Applications applications best served by a fiber optic solution. Some AV
Dark fiber refers to previously installed but currently unused installers also use third-party vendors that specialize in fiber
fiber that may be part of the cable infrastructure called the optic cabling and termination.
physical plant. The plant refers to all cables, connectors,
adapters, patch panels, and splice drawers installed on a Many AV professionals may be reluctant to adopt fiber
campus or in a building. It may include both fiber optic and technology as it can be intimidating. There is a common
copper cables that are used for the various communications, misconception that terminating optical fiber is time consuming
security, computer, and audio visual systems. and requires highly specialized skills. Today, fiber termination
systems have been developed that require very little training,
As telecom and datacom systems were upgraded to fiber and produce high quality fiber connections in less time than it
optics, universities, industrial parks, government facilities, takes to terminate a coaxial cable.
and office buildings installed fiber optic cables for current and
future use. The structure of fiber networks often enables fiber Easier-to-terminate cabling solutions and training help to
connections for multiple applications. Using pre-installed fiber alleviate these fears and make integration efforts much more
can provide multiple benefits to the end user and AV installer, efficient. AV professionals who understand and embrace
including cost savings associated with running cables. It fiber optic technology benefit from the ability to address
can also avoid unnecessary demolition that may deface the applications that are best served by a fiber optic solution.

Figure 4.
Fiber Optic Cables are Completely Immune to Electrical Interference

No
Signal

No Interference Interference
FOX3 T 201 FOX3 SR 201
POWER INPUTS CONTROL REMOTE POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE
FOX3 T 201 A B 12V
A B
12V
--A MAX --A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232
RS-232 IR RS-232 R R

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN/PoE+ OUT IN OUT IN
LAN/PoE+

Fiber Cable Copper Cable

­4 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Figure 5.
Fiber Cabling Does Not Require Shielding or Return, Eliminating Ground Loops

Signal Signal Shield VNoise

MODEL 80

Conductor
Circuit 1
PUSH

POWER GUIDE MENU RES 480 480p 720p 1080i 1080p DIREC
TV HD
PUSH Circuit 2
SELECT
DIRECTV

FLAT PANEL

Shield Shield
Ground Ground Loop Ground

Not at Earth
Ground
VGround
Earth Ground

Ground Reference
Fiber Cable
MODEL 80

POWER INPUTS CONTROL REMOTE POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE
FOX3 T 201 A B 12V
A B
12V
--A MAX --A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232
RS-232 IR RS-232 R R

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN/PoE+ OUT IN OUT IN
LAN/PoE+

FOX3 T 201 FOX3 SR 201 Circuit 2

Circuit 1
PUSH PUSH

POWER GUIDE MENU RES 480 480p 720p 1080i 1080p DIREC
TV HD
SELECT
DIRECTV

FLAT PANEL

Shield Shield
Ground Ground

Not at Earth
Ground
VGround
Earth Ground

Ground Reference

Extron Fiber Optic Solutions compatible with Extron fiber optic products. Bulk cable
Extron FOX3 Systems are the industry-leading high- and factory-terminated cable assemblies in various lengths
performance family of fiber optic extenders and matrix are available in both OM4 multimode and singlemode
switchers for end-to-end distribution of 4K/60 video, audio, versions to fit any application. Extron cables also feature a
control, USB, and 3D sync. FOX3 extenders feature built- bend-insensitive design for a tight bend radius with minimal
in USB for KVM applications while Extron-exclusive Vector bending loss, further simplifying installation.
4K scaling technology ensures best-in-class image quality.
Ethernet insertion of control signals at the matrix and control Benefits of Fiber Optic-Based AV Systems
signal extension to remote endpoints provides a complete from Extron:
enterprise-level control infrastructure. •T he industry-leading high-performance family of fiber
optic extenders and matrix switchers for end-to-end
distribution of 4K/60 video, audio, control, USB, and
To streamline installation, the line provides a wide range of
3D sync
integrator-friendly features such as transmission of RS‑232
control signals with the AV signals, industry-standard •S
 upports mathematically lossless 4K video up to
4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling over
LC connectors, and availability in multimode models for
one fiber
intermediate distances and singlemode models for extreme
distances up to 20 km (12.4 miles). •S
 upports uncompressed 4K video up to 4096x2160 at
60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling over two fiber
The all-digital technology of these fiber optic products •A
 dvanced audio processing and routing at the matrix
provides uncompromised quality and proven performance with Dante, DMP, and local analog audio integration
for distribution of 4K/60 video, audio, USB, and control.
•C
 omplete enterprise-level control via Ethernet RS-232
Engineered to maximize all the benefits of fiber optic
insertion at the matrix and extension of the control signal
technology, the FOX3 Series products can be used for simple to remote endpoints over fiber
point-to-point applications or in combination to tackle the
•S
 caling receiver models available with Extron-exclusive
most challenging AV system designs.
Vector 4K scaling technology for design flexibility and
easy integration
Fiber Optic Cabling
Extron fiber optic cables enable transmission of pixel-perfect • J ITC certified for use in government applications and
other mission-critical environments ■
video, audio, and control over extreme distances, and are
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Notes

­6 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 1.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength

0.0001 nm 0.01 nm 10 nm 1000 nm 0.01 cm 1 cm 1m 100 m

Gamma Rays X-rays Ultra- Infrared Radio Waves

violet
Radar TV FM AM

Visible Light

400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm

Fiber Optic Technology light is extended to include the ultraviolet and infrared regions
Fiber optic technology has revolutionized worldwide of the electromagnetic spectrum, which are invisible to the
communications. As the primary means for long distance human eye but exhibit properties similar to that of visible light.
transmission, fiber optic cables carry the bulk of cable Optical fibers transmit signals in the infrared region of the
television, Internet, and phone traffic. Fiber’s ultra-low loss electromagnetic spectrum.
and nearly unlimited bandwidth are prompting its widespread
adoption, and make it ideal for high resolution digital Reflection
video signals in AV applications. This tutorial provides AV Reflection is the change in direction of a light wave at an
professionals with the background information necessary interface between two dissimilar media so that the wave
to apply fiber optic technology to address design and returns into the original medium. In Figure 2, light reflecting
installation challenges. from the surface of the lake produces a mirror image of
the trees.
Properties of Light
Electromagnetic Spectrum Refraction
Light is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the eye. Refraction is the change in direction of a light wave due to a
Visible light is a very small part of the entire electromagnetic change in its speed as it passes from one medium to another.
spectrum, with an approximate wavelength range of only A straw in a glass of water appears to bend as it enters the
400 nm to 700 nm, shown in Figure 1. Each wavelength water, shown in Figure 3.
corresponds to a different color. In physics, the definition of

Figure 2. Figure 3.
Reflections on the Water Surface Refraction of a Light Beam

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Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 4.
(a) Partially Reflected; (b) Total Internal Reflection

Refracted
Ray

Light is refracted
and reflected
n=1 n=1
n = n1 n = n1

le le
A ng A ng
c al Incident angle al
i ti is greater than ritic
Cr critical angle. C

Incident Reflected Incident Reflected

Ray Incident angle is Ray Ray Ray
less than critical angle.
(a) (b)

The index of refraction, or refractive index, is the ratio of cost. For example, a TOSLINK cable is a POF that sends
light velocity in a vacuum compared to its velocity in another digital audio signals from a CD/DVD player to an AV receiver.
medium such as optical glass. It is a measure of the optical The POF core diameter, typically 960 μm, is approximately
density of a material, and varies with the wavelength of light. 100 times larger than that of a glass fiber, shown in Figure 5.
Limited bandwidth and high attenuation have relegated POF to
Total Internal Reflection low speed, shortrun applications.
When a light wave strikes a boundary between two mediums
of varying optical density, it is either reflected, refracted, or Graded Index Plastic Optical Fiber
both, depending on the angle of incidence. The angle of Graded index plastic optical fiber – GI-POF is designed to
incidence is measured between the light ray and the line provide a lower cost alternative to glass fiber for transmitting
perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence, called multi-gigabit signals over short distances. The graded index
the normal. When the angle of incidence is small, a small
portion of the light is reflected while the majority of the light is Figure 5.
Plastic Optical Fiber
refracted as shown in Figure 4(a). When the angle of incidence
is sufficiently large, as shown in Figure 4(b), an optical
phenomenon called total internal reflection occurs such that Jacket
all light is reflected. Cladding
Core

The angle of incidence above which total internal reflection

occurs is referred to as the critical angle. When light strikes
the interface at an angle of incidence greater than the critical
angle, all of the light is reflected. Total internal reflection is what Buffer
Coating
enables light to be transmitted along an optical fiber. Light is
Cladding
reflected back and forth at an angle within the fiber core.
Core

Optical Fiber Construction 960 µm

125 µm
Plastic Optical Fiber 1000 µm 9-65 µm
Plastic optical fiber — POF, is an attractive option for many Plastic Optical Fiber Glass Optical Fiber
applications because of its light weight, ease of use, and low
­8 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 6. back into the core, keeping the light travelling down the fiber.
Anatomy of an Optical Fiber
Together, the core and the cladding form a solid glass fiber. A
250 µm buffer coating is applied to the bare glass fiber during
the manufacturing process as a protective layer.

An optional, secondary 900 μm buffer may be added to

Secondary Buffer
the fiber for additional protection and strength as shown in
Figure 6. The secondary buffer is a harder material than the
250 µm buffer coating, and is typically applied to fibers used
in tight-buffered indoor cables. Loose-tube outdoor cables
Buffer Coating
typically use the 250 µm buffered fibers, without the addition of
Glass Fiber the secondary buffer.
Cladding

Light Sources Used in Fiber Optic AV Systems

Core 900 μm
125 μm 250 μm
Light Emitting Diode
A light-emitting diode — LED is a semiconductor device that
produces a light output when an electrical current passes
through it. It can be a surface-emitting LED or an edge-
is designed to reduce modal dispersion in POF, extending the emitting LED. Structures of both types are shown in Figure 7.
available bandwidth in the fiber. GI‑POF is available in core Light from an LED radiates out in all directions like a light bulb.
sizes of 50 µm, 62.5 µm, or 120 µm, with a cladding size of LEDs that emit visible light are commonly used as indicators
490 µm or 750 µm. They usually operate at 650 nm, 850 nm, on electrical equipment, car radios, clocks, etc. LEDs used in
or 1300 nm wavelengths. Attenuation is typically between fiber optics operate in the infrared range of the electromagnetic
40 dB/km and 100 dB/km, and the maximum transmission spectrum, at 850 nm or 1300 nm, and are generally found in
distance for a gigabit Ethernet signal is 100 meters or less. short-distance multimode systems.
Distances are considerably shorter for multi-gigabit signals
that are typically found in AV systems. Due to these limitations, Figure 7.
Light-Emitting Diodes
GI-POF is not typically used in fiber optic AV systems.

Glass Optical Fiber

Glass fiber features ultra-low attenuation and can carry video Metal

and data signals over extreme distances. Being made of glass,

the optical fiber is not susceptible to interference from outside P

electrical signals, such as from HVAC systems, and does not

experience ground loops. Also, fiber does not emit an electrical N
Active Region
signal, which makes it very attractive for secure transmission
Metal
in government facilities. The lack of an electrical signal also
Surface Emitting LED
eliminates any chance of a spark, which enables fiber to be
safely used in hazardous or explosive environments. Active Region

Metal

The Anatomy of an Optical Fiber

P
Glass optical fibers are manufactured in a standard 125 μm
diameter. At the center of the glass fiber is the core. Like the
N
conductor in a copper cable, the core of a fiber carries the light
Metal
information from one point to another. Surrounding the core
Edge Emitting LED
is the cladding, which has a lower refractive index than that
of the core. The function of the cladding is to reflect the light
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Fiber Optic Tutorial

LEDs are characterized by a low to moderate power output at a much lower cost than FP or DFB lasers. The structure
and a wide spectral width. Since the light radiates out in all of a VCSEL diode is shown in Figure 8. The vertical laser
directions, LEDs are only used with multimode fiber to improve cavity ensures that light emission is from the surface. This
light coupling efficiency. The large numerical aperture of allows VCSELs to be tested and sorted while still in wafer
multimode fiber ensures sufficient light from the LED is coupled form, saving the cost of packaging non-functional diodes.
into the core of the fiber. Alternatively, edge-emitting diodes, such as FP and DFB
lasers, must be separated from the wafer and packaged
The LED’s popularity is due to its low cost. However, its broad before being fully tested.
spectral width, poor light coupling efficiency, and low power
output results in significant chromatic dispersion and limits Since the VCSEL is a laser, it produces a narrow beam of
transmission distances. The limited bandwidth of the LED light. Therefore, light coupling efficiency is extremely high with
also curtails the maximum data rate to well under 1 Gbps. nearly all of the light focused on the core of the fiber. Operating
LEDs were primarily used in multimode systems for local at 850 nm, the VCSEL has a low to moderate output power
area networks — LANs operating up to 100 Mbps. The low and a moderate spectral width. It can operate up to 10 Gbps
performance of the LED as a light source precludes its use in over multimode fiber at distances up to a few kilometers.
AV fiber optic applications. Higher speed devices up to 40 Gbps have also been
produced that can operate at shorter distances up to about
Laser Diode 100 m. A longer wavelength VCSEL, operating at 1310 nm,
A laser diode is a semiconductor device that produces promises a low-cost alternative for singlemode systems, but
coherent light within a narrow band of wavelengths. Laser few commercially viable devices have been produced.
diodes that emit visible light are used in barcode scanners,
Blu-ray Disc and CD/DVD players, and laser pointers. In fiber Fabry-Perot Laser
optics, laser diodes operating in the infrared region are used in The FP laser depicted in Figure 9 is an edge-emitting
both multimode and singlemode systems. Multimode systems semiconductor laser diode that operates at 1310 nm
use vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers — VCSELs operating for singlemode fiber. The edges of the diode form
at a wavelength of 850 nm, while singlemode systems semitransparent mirrors to create a horizontal laser cavity,
primarily use Fabry-Perot — FP and distributed feedback — resulting in an edge-emission light path. Since the die must
DFB lasers, operating at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. be cleaved from the wafer to expose the edge, the FP laser
cannot be fully tested in wafer form – both good and bad
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser diodes must be packaged prior to final testing. The added
The VCSEL is a laser diode that represents a leap forward cost of packaging defective diodes contributes to the higher
in performance over the LED for multimode systems, and cost of the FP laser.

Figure 8. Figure 9.
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Fabry Perot Laser

Surface Emission
Light Path
Active Region
Metal Metal

P Edge Emission
P Light Path

N N

Metal Metal

Active Region Mirror Stack Mirror Stack

Semitransparent
Mirrored Ends

­10 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

The FP laser produces a narrow beam of light. Therefore, light Figure 11.
Comparison of Light Output from Semiconductor Photonic
coupling efficiency is extremely high, which makes the FP laser Devices
ideal for singlemode applications. Operating at 1310 nm, the
FP laser has a moderate output power and a moderate to
wide spectral width. It can operate up to 10 Gbps at distances
up to tens of kilometers over singlemode fiber. Higher speed Center
Wavelength
devices up to 40 Gbps or more have also been produced that
can operate at distances up to about 300 m.
DFB Laser
Figure 10. (1310 or 1550 nm)
Distributed Feedback Laser

Optical Power
Active Region
VCSEL
Metal FP Laser (850 nm)
(1310 nm)
P Edge Emission
Grating Light Path

LED (850 or
1300 nm)
N

Metal

Semitransparent
Mirrored Ends

Distributed Feedback Laser

The DFB laser depicted in Figure 10 is an edge-emitting
semiconductor laser diode that operates at 1310 or 1550 nm Spectral Width
for singlemode fiber. It is also available at wavelengths
from 1270 through 1610 nm to support coarse and dense is the center portion of the fiber that carries the optical signal.
wavelength division multiplexing. The DFB laser structure is Multimode fiber has a larger core than singlemode, enabling
similar to the FP laser with the addition of diffraction grating. light to travel down multiple paths or modes, and is available
The grating provides fine tuning to create a high-power output in two common core sizes: 50 μm and 62.5 μm. Singlemode
with a narrow spectral width and a very narrow beam width. fiber has a much smaller core at 9 μm, shown in Figure 12.
The smaller core size allows light to travel down only a single
As with the FP laser, the DFB laser must also be packaged path in the fiber.
prior to final testing. The addition of the grating and packaging
prior to testing increases the manufacturing cost of the DFB
Figure 12.
laser when compared to costs for the VCSEL and FP laser. Singlemode and Multimode Glass Optical Fiber

The narrow beam width, narrow spectral width, and high-

power output make the DFB laser ideal for long-haul Singlemode Multimode
applications. It can operate up to 40 Gbps or more at
distances up to 100 kilometers and beyond, over singlemode
fiber. A comparison of the laser light output power and spectral
widths for common light sources is shown in Figure 11.

Fiber Optic Cable Performance 8-10 µm ø 50 µm ø 62.5 µm ø

125 µm ø 125 µm ø 125 µm ø
Multimode vs. Singlemode Fiber
250 µm ø 250 µm ø 250 µm ø
Glass optical fiber can be classified as either multimode or
singlemode fiber, depending on the size of the core. The core
www.extron.com 11
Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 13. per kilometer. Scattering and absorption are the two primary
Attenuation in Optical Fiber
causes of attenuation within a fiber.

Scattering Water Peaks Absorption Scattering is the change of direction of light rays or photons
after striking small particles, including the molecular structure
of the glass and impurities within the fiber core. It is the
ATTENUATION

most significant source of attenuation in optical fiber. Longer

wavelengths tend to experience less scattering than shorter
wavelengths as shown in Figure 13.

Absorption is the conversion of light rays into heat as they

850 1300 1550 interact with the molecular structure of the glass and core
WAVELENGTH impurities. In general, shorter wavelengths experience less
absorption than longer wavelengths. However, water vapor is
Both multimode and singlemode fiber can carry high resolution a common impurity that occurs in minute amounts, resulting
video, audio, and control signals. Singlemode fiber systems in absorption “peaks” at very specific wavelengths, shown in
tend to have higher equipment costs than multimode systems, Figure 13.
but transmit signals over much longer distances.
The combined effect of scattering and absorption produces
Attenuation in Optical Fiber three windows in the infrared region of the electromagnetic
Glass fiber is manufactured in a controlled environment to spectrum where light propagates down a fiber. The first
reduce impurities and minimize attenuation. Attenuation is the window is around 850 nm, the second around 1300 nm, and
loss of light or signal power, often expressed as dB/km for loss the third around 1550 nm.

Figure 14.
Modal Dispersion in Multimode Fiber

Multimode Step Index Index Profile Input Pulse Output Pulse

n2

n1

Multimode Graded Index

n2

n1

Singlemode Step Index

n2
n1

­12 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

 Fiber Core Maximum Distance for
Comments
Category Size 4K/60 Video Signals*

Graded-index multimode fiber originally created for fiber optic LANs

OM1 62.5 µm < 100 m using LED light sources running at 100 Mbps. OM1 is for legacy
applications only and is considered obsolete by TIA-942-A.

Graded-index multimode fiber originally created for fiber optic LANs

OM2 50 µm < 100 m using LED light sources running at 100 Mbps. OM2 is for legacy
applications only and is considered obsolete by TIA-942-A.

High bandwidth, laser-optimized, graded-index multimode fiber

designed for laser light sources, such as a VCSEL, in Gigabit Ethernet
OM3 50 µm 2000 m
systems. OM4 and OM3 are recommended for new installations of
multimode fiber. OM4 is preferred.

Very high bandwidth, laser-optimized, graded‑index multimode fiber

OM4 50 µm 2000+ m designed for 10 Gigabit Ethernet. OM4 and OM3 are recommended
for new installations of multimode fiber. OM4 is preferred.

Wideband multimode fiber - WBMMF transmits up to four 10 Gbps

optical signals, each operating at a different wavelength in the range of
OM5 50 µm 2000+ m
850 nm to 953 nm. Compatible with OM4 fiber for single wavelength
applications.

OS1 and OS2 9 µm 30 km Step-index singlemode fiber for extreme distances.

* Maximum distance using Extron FOX Series fiber optic extenders.

Table 1. Singlemode and Multimode Fiber Categories

Fortunately, semiconductor materials have properties that Figure 15.

enable light sources and photodetectors to operate within White Light Separates into Individual Colors

these windows. The most common wavelengths used in fiber

optic systems are as follows:

• Multimode: 850 nm and 1300 nm

• Singlemode: 1310 nm, 1550 nm, and 1625 nm

Dispersion in Fiber Optic Cables

Modal Dispersion
The larger core size of multimode fiber leads to a phenomenon
called modal dispersion. On longer cable runs, multiple light
paths traveling through a multimode fiber tend to arrive at
different times, shown in Figure 14.

Similar to the effect of capacitance in coaxial cable, modal

dispersion causes light pulses to spread out as they travel
down the fiber, limiting the bandwidth of multimode fiber.
Graded-index multimode fiber reduces, but does not eliminate,
the effect of modal dispersion. This has led to different types of
multimode fiber, categorized by bandwidth as summarized in
Table 1.
www.extron.com 13
Fiber Optic Tutorial

Singlemode fiber only allows light to travel down a single Figure 17.
Cross Section of an Optical Fiber
path so modal dispersion does not occur. Because of
this, singlemode fiber has extremely high bandwidth, Vertical
and can transmit video signals over several kilometers. In
practical terms, multimode fiber is ideal for transmitting high
resolution video within buildings or facilities with moderate
range transmission distances, while singlemode fiber offers
long-range transmission capability over extreme distances.
Singlemode fiber is used in very large facilities, such as
Horizontal
airports and stadiums, as well as between facilities, such as
university campuses.

Chromatic Dispersion
The speed of light through glass varies with wavelength;
the shorter the wavelength, the more quickly it travels. For
example, white light is composed of multiple wavelengths or Chromatic dispersion is a function of wavelength. Dispersion
colors in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. is higher for shorter wavelengths such as 850 nm and lower at
As it passes through a prism, the colors travel at different longer wavelengths, reaching a zero value around 1310 nm.
speeds, and experience a varying amount of refraction. This
produces a rainbow of colors as shown in Figure 15. Since chromatic dispersion is a function of light’s spectral
content, it occurs in both multimode and singlemode fiber.
Semiconductor laser light also contains multiple For typical distances used in multimode applications, modal
wavelengths, characterized by the spectral width of the dispersion is usually much larger than chromatic dispersion.
light source. Each wavelength travels at a slightly different As transmission distances increase with the use of lasers and
speed down a glass fiber, reaching the far end of the fiber laser-optimized fiber, chromatic dispersion becomes more
at a slightly different time. Different speeds lead to pulse significant. In singlemode applications, chromatic dispersion,
spreading as shown in Figure 16, which is referred to as along with attenuation, is a limiting factor in maximum
chromatic dispersion. transmission distances.

Figure 16.
Chromatic Dispersion

­14 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Polarization Mode Dispersion Figure 18.
Polarization Mode Dispersion
Polarization mode refers to the orientation of a light wave,
relative to the fiber cross-section, as it travels down an
optical fiber. It is defined in terms of its vertical and horizontal
components, shown in Figure 17.

In an ordinary fiber, light is randomly polarized, such that it

has components in both vertical and horizontal polarization
modes. Because of imperfections in the glass or stresses on
the fiber optic cable, the speed of light in the horizontal mode
is slightly different from that of the vertical mode. As shown in
Figure 18, this causes light in the various modes to arrive at ∆t

different times.

The phenomenon of light traveling at different speeds due

to the polarization mode is referred to as polarization
mode dispersion — PMD. PMD occurs in both multimode
and singlemode fiber, but has less significance when
compared to modal or chromatic dispersion. Therefore,
PMD is only important for very long-haul transmission over Typically, attenuation in multimode fiber is less than 3 dB/km
singlemode fiber. at 850 nm, while attenuation in singlemode fiber is less than
1 dB/km at 1310 nm. Since attenuation in legacy RG6 coaxial
How Attenuation in Optical Fiber Affects Video Signals cable is approximately 62 dB/km at 100 MHz, fiber is the
Unlike coaxial cable, attenuation in optical fiber does not optimal choice for transmitting high resolution video over
increase with signal frequency, shown in Figure 19. This extreme distances.
functionality makes optical fiber ideal for transmitting high
resolution video signals, including 4K and beyond, over very The system designer must ensure that the amount of light
long distances. reaching the receiver has enough power to exceed the

Figure 19.
Attenuation in Fiber Optic Cables Compared to Coaxial Cable

600

500
Attenuation in dB/km

400

300
3 dB/Km

200

1 dB/Km
100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Signal Frequency in MHz

RG59 RG6 Low-Loss Multimode Fiber Singlemode Fiber

Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable (850 nm) (1310 nm)

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Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 20. and overlap. Figure 20(b) shows the effect of dispersion on
Pulse Spreading and Intersymbol Interference
the individual pulses. The resulting waveform in Figure 20(c)
exhibits reduced peak-to-peak amplitude without clearly
defined logic levels. The corresponding eye diagram is almost
completely closed.

Attenuation and Dispersion in Fiber Optic

AV System Design
A Original
waveform and 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Attenuation and dispersion limit the maximum transmission
eye diagram
distance in a fiber optic system. Manufacturers of fiber optic

B Pulse
AV equipment specify maximum transmission distances to
spreading and account for dispersion effects within the fiber, avoiding the
overlapping
need for complex bandwidth calculations or analysis.
C Resulting
waveform and
eye diagram In analog systems using coaxial cable, level and peaking was
used to compensate for losses in the cable. However, no such
compensation exists for optical fiber. Although manufacturers’
specifications typically take dispersion into consideration, an
receiver’s sensitivity by performing an optical loss analysis. optical loss analysis is still valuable to ensure that the optical
An optical loss analysis is simply adding up the losses in loss budget is not compromised. Table 2 summarizes design
the fiber link, including the fiber, connectors, and splices, to considerations for fiber optic AV systems, comparing coaxial
confirm that the optical loss budget is not exceeded. and fiber optic cables.

In an attempt to improve the available loss budget or

Legacy Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable
compensate for poor receiver sensitivity, some manufacturers
design transmitters with output power that surpasses a
Cable runs can be up to a Cable runs can be up to several
receiver’s maximum input rating. To avoid non-linear effects few hundred feet depending miles depending on fiber type
and potential equipment damage in these types of products, on video resolution and data rate

an inline optical attenuator may be required for shorter

Attenuation increases with Attenuation is constant over a
fiber runs.
frequency wide frequency range

Extron fiber optic products are designed to achieve the Attenuation increases Attenuation increases with
full loss budget without exceeding the maximum input with cable length and is cable length and is specified as
specified as dB/ft dB/km
rating of fiber optic components, eliminating the need for
external attenuators.
Cable resistance reduces
Fiber attenuation reduces light
signal level and intensity
power level over long distances
How Dispersion Affects Fiber Optic Transmission over long distances

Dispersion in fiber optic cable is similar to capacitance

Cable capacitance reduces Modal dispersion in multimode
in coaxial cabling. Pulse spreading leads to intersymbol
rise time and sharpness fiber spreads light pulses and
interference — ISI, and limits the distance a signal at a given over long distances reduces bandwidth
data rate can travel down a fiber. ISI occurs when adjacent
pulses in a digital signal overlap as shown in Figure 20. Level and peaking
Optical losses are added up
compensate for resistance
and compared to an optical loss
and capacitance in long
The original digital signal in Figure 20(a) has well-defined edges budget
cable runs
with clearly identifiable ones and zeroes; the corresponding
eye diagram is wide open. After the signal passes through Table 2. Design Considerations for AV Systems Using
a long length of fiber, dispersion causes pulses to spread Coaxial and Fiber Optic Cables

­16 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

 Macrobend Loss Microbend Loss

Figure 21. Figure 22.

Bending Loss in Fiber Optic Cable each fiber transmitting data at rates up to 25 Gbps. OM4 fiber
Fiber optic cable is susceptible to two types of loss from also has the capacity to transmit high resolution, digital video
bending: macrobend and microbend. signals over very long distances.

A macrobend is a large bend in a fiber cable that exceeds • OM5 Wideband Multimode Fiber
the allowable bend radius, and results in attenuation due to OM5 Wideband Multimode Fiber – WBMMF, as defined by
less-than-total reflection at the core-to-cladding boundary. the ANSI/TIA-492AAAE standard, enables high-speed data
Macrobends cause light to refract into the cladding, allowing transmission at wavelengths in the range from 850 nm to
the light to escape as shown in Figure 21. As a general rule, no 953 nm, compared to OM4 which is only defined for use
fiber cable should be bent more than 20 times the diameter of at 850 nm. OM5 fiber has an effective modal bandwidth of
the cable. at least 4700 MHz-km at 850 nm to maintain backwards
compatibility with OM4 fiber, and an effective modal bandwidth
Microbending is a result of microscopic imperfections in the of at least 2470 MHz-km at 953 nm for Short Wavelength
geometry of the fiber. Usually, microbends are caused by a Division Multiplexing – SWDM. SWDM is the combining of
kink in the fiber cable due to mechanical stresses, pressure, multiple signals, typically four, onto a multimode fiber. Each
or twisting. Improperly applied cable clamps or zip ties can signal operates at a unique wavelength in the range of 850
cause kinks as shown in Figure 22. Proper cable management nm to 953 nm. For example, four 10 Gbps signals can be
reduces the likelihood of this type of loss. being transmitted along one WBMMF to achieve a 40 Gbps
data rate.
Modern Fiber Optic Cabling
• Bend-Insensitive Fiber Multiplexing in Fiber Optic Systems
Despite the best efforts of system designers, integrators, and Time Division Multiplexing
installers to provide proper cable management and handling, Time Division Multiplexing — TDM combines multiple digital
bends and other stresses in fiber optic cables do occur. In signals into a single, serial digital bit stream. A specialized
response, fiber manufacturers developed bend-insensitive circuit called a serializer allocates parallel input streams into
fiber that tolerates bends and stresses without incurring
additional losses. Extron bend-insensitive fiber optic cables are Figure 23.
Serializer – Deserializer
available in both multimode and singlemode versions.

• OM4 Laser Optimized Multimode Fiber

1
OM4 laser optimized multimode fiber is a high-performance Serializer
2
fiber, designed for laser light sources, such as VCSELs, which 3 2 1
3
transmit data at rates up to 25 Gbps over a single fiber. It
has a 50 µm core, and is manufactured to reduce modal 1
dispersion when used with an 850 nm laser light source. Deserializer
2
OM4 is the fiber of choice for 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps data 3 2 1
3
transmission standards that use multi-fiber ribbon cables with
www.extron.com 17
Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 24. overlap, there is potential for interference and a reduced signal-
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
to-noise ratio — SNR. Therefore, it is vital that the spacing
between wavelengths in this type of system be sufficient to
WDM WDM
Multiplexer/
De-Multiplexer
Multiplexer/
De-Multiplexer reduce interference between adjacent signals and to provide
Input 1
E-to-O
Converter
O-to-E
Converter Ouput 1 an acceptable SNR.
E-to-O O-to-E
Input 2 Converter Converter Output 2

E-to-O O-to-E Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Input 3 Converter Converter Output 3

O-to-E E-to-O
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing — CWDM is the
Output A Converter Converter Input A
transmission of up to 18 different optical signals down a
Multiple singlemode fiber at wavelengths defined by ITU-T G.694.2.
Wavelengths
Over a Single Fiber
The wavelengths are spaced at 20 nm intervals from
1271 nm through 1611 nm as shown in Figure 25. A special
time slots in the serial output. In a fiber optic system, the device called a CWDM multiplexer combines the multiple
serial bit stream is transmitted as a single wavelength down wavelengths onto a single optical fiber. CWDM has also been
a single fiber. On the other end of the channel, a deserializer used generically to refer to any WDM signal transmission with
reconstructs the original parallel signal from the serial bit greater than 20 nm channel spacing between wavelengths.
stream, shown in Figure 23. Bidirectional communications in For the purpose of this Fiber Optic Design Guide, CWDM
a single wavelength fiber optic system using TDM typically refers to the ITU standard definition, and WDM refers to the
requires two fibers – one for each direction. generic term of transmitting multiple wavelengths along an
optical fiber.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing — WDM refers to transmitting CWDM is typically used for intermediate distances, high traffic
two or more optical signals at different wavelengths along a data applications such as in metropolitan network systems,
single fiber. Multiple wavelengths traveling down a single fiber cable television networks, and other large broadcast networks.
is similar to multiple radio signals traveling through the air at Since CWDM wavelengths are not compatible with optical
different frequencies. Although the various light signals occupy amplifiers, these types of systems are limited to a maximum
the same physical space within the fiber, each wavelength transmission distance of approximately 60 km (37.28 miles).
can carry a different signal that is independent of the other
wavelengths. Additionally, the different wavelengths can travel DFB lasers are used to create the fiber optic signal for CWDM
in the same or opposite directions, enabling bidirectional applications. The narrow spectral width reduces interference
optical communications over a single fiber as shown in between channels. The diffraction grating within the device
Figure 24. structure enables tuning a DFB laser to a specific ITU CWDM
wavelength. Because CWDM requires the use of DFB lasers,
WDM can be used for any application where multiple signals the components are more costly than those used in single
are transmitted over fiber optic cabling. The signals can be wavelength systems.
completely independent, such as different channels in a
Figure 25.
cable television environment, bidirectional USB or RS-232 CWDM Wavelengths with 20 nm Channel Spacing
signals, components of a multi-lane HDMI or DVI signal, or
any combination of these. As long as each signal is applied
to a different wavelength, there is virtually no interference
between signals.
Optical Power

However, in practical WDM systems, semiconductor lasers

transmit signals over a range of wavelengths rather than a
single wavelength. This range of wavelengths is characterized
by a laser’s nominal wavelength and its spectral width. In a 1271 1291 1311 1331 1351 1371 1391 1411 1431 1451 1471 1491 1511 1531 1551 1571 1591 1611
Wavelength (nm)
WDM system, if the transmitted wavelengths of two lasers
­18 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 26.
Fiber Plant

Dropped Ceiling Dropped Ceiling

Patch Patch
Panel Panel

Dropped Ceiling Dropped Ceiling

Patch Patch
Panel Panel
Plenum-rated Cable
Dropped Ceiling Dropped Ceiling

Patch Patch
Panel Panel

Dropped Ceiling Dropped Ceiling

Equipment Room

Patch
Panel Patch
Raised Floor
Horizontal Cable
Panel

Dropped Ceiling Dropped Ceiling

Riser-rated Cable

Splice Splice
Box Box

Outdoor Cable

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Fiber Optic Cable Construction

Dense wavelength division multiplexing — DWDM is the The Fiber Plant
transmission of multiple optical wavelengths with very tight A typical fiber plant for a multi-building campus is shown in
channel spacing for up to 160 channels at wavelengths Figure 26. The plant includes all installed fiber, splices, patch
between 1525 nm and 1610 nm. DWDM wavelengths are panels, and connectors in a structured cabling installation.
compatible with optical amplifiers and other components, Multiple types of fiber optic cables can be used in the plant,
and are used in ultra-long haul telecom and data networks. depending on the location, with splice boxes and patch panels
A DWDM system’s extremely tight channel spacing requires providing convenient connection points for transitioning from
very stable lasers with precision temperature controls. Tending one type of cable to another.
to be very costly, DWDM systems are not used in standard
AV applications.
www.extron.com 19
Fiber Optic Tutorial

Figure 27. conveniently route horizontal cables. Cables routed through

Splice Tray
raised flooring are usually required to be plenum-rated. When
in doubt, plenum-rated cables are recommended. For a
detailed discussion on standards for plenum or riser ratings,
please refer to the “Standards for Fiber Optic Cables” section
later in this guide.

Basic Fiber Construction

A common myth concerning fiber optic cable is that it is fragile,
requiring delicate handling due to its glass core. The reality
is that fiber optic cables are designed to be as rugged as, or
even more rugged than copper cabling.

Outdoor cables designed for harsh environments provide Fiber optic cables used in AV applications are strengthened
building-to-building connections. A transition from outdoor with Kevlar®, the material used by the military and law
cabling to indoor cabling is accomplished shortly after the enforcement for body armor. Kevlar is the aramid yarn that
outside cable enters the building. Individual fibers of the forms the strength members of fiber optic cables. It absorbs
outdoor cables are spliced onto fibers of indoor cables. Splices most of the strain on the fiber, especially during pulling, see
are protected in a special enclosure called a splice box that Figure 28. The outer jacket provides an additional layer of
contains one or more splice trays, shown in Figure 27. protection for the entire cable.

Riser-rated fiber cables are routed between floors to provide Fiber optic cables are available in many types and sizes to
connections from a splice box to an equipment room, from address a wide variety of applications. Cables are available for
an equipment room to patch panels, and between patch both indoor and outdoor use, including direct burial. They can
panels. Patch panels provide expedient connection for be plenum- or riser- rated, and can have from one to hundreds
horizontal cabling. of fibers per cable.

Horizontal cabling provides connection from a patch panel Outdoor Cables

to end user or networking equipment. When routed through Outdoor cables are designed to withstand rough handling,
ceiling and floor spaces with air ducts, cables must be plenum adverse weather, and harsh environments. The typical outdoor
rated. Raised flooring is often used in equipment rooms to fiber optic cable uses loose tube construction as shown in

Figure 28. Figure 29.

Fiber Optic Cable Construction Loose Tube Cable Construction

Outer Jacket
Polyethylene
Aramid Strength
Jacket Elements
Central Dielectric
Strength Member
Aramid Yarn Flooded Core

Secondary Buffer

Buffer Coating
Glass Fiber Thermoplastic
Tube
Cladding Moisture
Blocking Gel
Core Multiple
250 Micron
Fibers
Loose Tube Detail

­20 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Figure 30. Figure 31.
Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cables Tight-Buffered Fiber Optic Cables
Tight-Buffered Fiber Optic Cables

Simplex Cable Duplex Cable

Loose Tube Ribbon Cable Loose Tube Cable Breakout Cable Distribution Cable

Figures 29 and 30. The glass fibers are well protected from Indoor Cables
moisture, stresses due to installation, and other hazards. The Since AV systems are typically installed within the interior
tubes and fibers are color-coded for easy identification during of buildings, AV installers generally work with indoor cable
installation. Cables may be designed for aerial installation from constructions. Fiber optic cables for indoor applications are
telephone poles or for direct burial. Direct burial cables may available as plenum-rated and riser-rated cables, for installing
also include an armor jacket for protection from rodents. in air spaces, walls, or between floors. Indoor cable is usually
constructed with a tight buffer, as shown in Figure 31, with one
Rugged Tactical Fiber Cables or more fibers.
Tactical cables are very strong cables with ruggedized
connectors, and are used by the military and broadcasters. In AV systems, installers are typically involved with point-to-
The military uses tactical fiber cables in combat situations to point, interface, and horizontal cabling. Duplex and simplex
provide a highly reliable communications link. Broadcasters cables are often used in point-to-point and as interface
use tactical fiber cables to provide a rugged, high bandwidth connections between transceivers. Simplex cables are also
link between cameras and the broadcast truck for sporting used for patch cables. A breakout cable provides individually
events and electronic news gathering. A rugged polyurethane jacketed fibers for easier termination and routing of each fiber
outer jacket and aramid yarn strength members provide into a switching station or to end user equipment. Duplex,
superior protection from being run over by broadcast vehicles simplex, and breakout cables are commonly terminated by
and military support equipment. installers for interfacing to AV equipment. ■

Figure 32.
Applications for Tactical Fiber Cables

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Notes

­22 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 1. • Time Division Multiplexing

Basic Fiber Optic AV System
A transmitter can use TDM to combine multiple signals into
4K Local Display 4K Workstation Display
a serial digital stream. Video, audio, USB, and control signals
are multiplexed and serialized in the electrical domain. The
Computer
Keyboard
Mouse serial digital stream is converted to an optical signal using an
USB HDMI HDMI USB USB HDMI
electrical-to-optical converter.
100-240V 0.7A MAX 100-240V 0.7A MAX
L R INPUTS OUTPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR L R

CONTROL
RS-232 IR
RETURN

RETURN
AUDIO

AUDIO
DEVICES
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx OUTPUTS Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID

The transmitter in Figure 2 accepts DVI video, stereo audio,

REMOTE 3D A B A B
USB HID USB 2.0 LAN 1 REMOTE 3D
AUDIO SYNC LAN
AUDIO SYNC
L R RS-232 L R RS-232
LOOP OUT
FOX3 T 301

USB 2.0

FOX3 R 301
R R
2 1

HOST HOST Tx Rx G S 5V 100mA 500mA

OUT IN OUT IN HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V
50-60 Hz 50-60 Hz OUT IN OUT IN

FOX3 T 301 FOX3 R 301

Fiber Optic Transmitter Fiber Optic Receiver
and RS-232 control signals. The multiplexer combines the
Fiber

signals as a serial stream of digital pulses. An electrical-to-

optical — E‑to‑O converter changes the digital pulses to
Basic Fiber Optic AV System light pulses at a single wavelength for transmission down a
A simple fiber optic system for extending 4K/60 video, audio, single fiber.
USB, and control signals is shown in Figure 1. The transmitter
converts the video and audio signals from the laptop into a Managing a single digital signal over a single fiber simplifies
series of light pulses. The light pulses travel down the optical the design of an AV system. Switching and distribution
fiber cable to the receiver, which converts the light pulses back systems only need to manage a single digital signal per input
to their original format. or output. Therefore, fiber optic matrix switchers tend to
be very compact. Transmitting a single serial digital stream
How Fiber Optic AV Transmitters and Receivers Work also provides tightly controlled timing over long distances,
Converting Video, Audio, USB, and Control Signals into an eliminating the need to adjust for skew.
Optical Signal
An optical transmitter converts electrical signals, including The transmitter’s serializer and receiver’s deserializer operate
video, audio, USB, and/or control, into one or more serial in the electrical domain so they produce heat. Since AV
digital streams of light pulses for transmission along optical transmitters and receivers are often mounted in remote
fiber. Common multiplexing techniques include time division locations, such as behind an LCD display, heat dissipation
multiplexing — TDM and wavelength division multiplexing is not usually a concern. However, rack mounted TDM
— WDM. transmitters and receivers must have proper cooling.

Figure 2 .
TDM Fiber Optic Transmitter and Receiver

Serializer Deserializer

Clock Clock

TMDS 2 TMDS 2

TMDS 1 TMDS 1
E-to-O O-to-E
Converter Converter
TMDS 0 TMDS 0

RS-232 Send RS-232 Send

A-to-D D-to-A
AUDIO Converter Converter AUDIO

Transmitter Receiver

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Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 3.
WDM Fiber Optic Transmitter and Receiver

WDM WDM
Multiplexer/ Multiplexer/
De-Multiplexer De-Multiplexer

Clock
E-to-O O-to-E
Converter Converter Clock

TMDS 2
E-to-O O-to-E
TMDS 2
Converter Converter

TMDS 1 E-to-O O-to-E

TMDS 1
Converter Converter

TMDS 0
E-to-O O-to-E
Converter Converter TMDS 0

RS-232 Send
E-to-O O-to-E
Converter Converter RS-232 Send

RS-232 Return O-to-E E-to-O

RS-232 Return
Converter Converter

Transmitter Receiver
Multiple
Wavelengths
Over a Single Fiber

TDM systems generate serial digital signals operating signal passes through an O-to-E converter to recover the
at speeds in the 4 to 12 Gbps range. Fortunately, fiber original signal.
optic technology provides a very high bandwidth channel,
enabling transmission of multi-gigabit digital signals over very The WDM receiver shown in Figure 3 has five outputs and one
long distances. input. The WDM multiplexer/demultiplexer separates the optical
signals and sends each to a different O-to-E converter.
In a TDM system, each fiber carries one optical signal at a
single wavelength. Therefore, bidirectional communication The advantage of this approach is that the individual signals
typically requires two fibers – one for each direction. are converted directly to an optical signal without the need
for a serializer or deserializer. WDM transmitters and receivers
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing use less power and generate less heat than TDM transmitters
WDM is the combination of two or more optical signals at and receivers.
different wavelengths for transmission within a single optical
fiber. In AV systems, WDM is used for sending video, audio, However, WDM matrix switchers tend to consume more power
and control signals over a single fiber, with each transmitted at and generate more heat. The need for multiple conversions and
a different wavelength. additional switch paths for each input and output of a WDM matrix
switcher increases the amount of circuitry, while a fiber optic matrix
The WDM transmitter shown in Figure 3 has five inputs and switcher in a TDM system requires less. WDM matrix switchers
one output. Each input has its own E-to-O converter with a also tend to be much larger and occupy more rack space.
laser diode that operates at a unique wavelength. A special
device called a WDM multiplexer/demultiplexer combines the One additional consideration when using WDM to transmit multi-
different wavelengths for transmission down a fiber optic cable. lane signals such as DisplayPort or HDMI, is skew caused by
the various wavelengths propagating at different speeds along
The WDM multiplexer/demultiplexer also separates the the fiber. This is similar to skew created by varying twist ratios
optical signal used for the return data, which operates at a in Category cable. In WDM systems, skew can become the
wavelength different from all the inputs. The return data optical dominant effect limiting the maximum transmission distance to
­24 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 4 . the electrical domain. Distribution systems operating in the
1x8 Optical Splitter
purely optical domain are referred to as OOO systems —
optical input, optical distribution, and optical output. Optical
Output 1
-14 dBm distribution systems operating in the electrical domain
-3 dB
Output 2
-14 dBm
are referred to as OEO systems — optical input, electrical
Output 3 distribution, and optical output.
-14 dBm
-3 dB -3 dB
Output 4
-14 dBm
Input
-5 dBm -3 dB In OOO systems, optical splitters and switches are used to
Output 5
-3 dB -3 dB
-14 dBm route fiber optic signals without conversion to an electrical
Output 6
-14 dBm signal. OOO systems operate on practically any optical signal
Output 7 at virtually any data rate. However, since the signals remain
-14 dBm
-3 dB
Output 8 in the optical domain, an OOO system does not perform any
-14 dBm
signal processing, reclocking, or regeneration.

9 dB
Insertion Loss The primary disadvantage of OOO distribution systems is the
reduction in optical power when distributing a signal to multiple
outputs. Each time an optical signal is split, the output is
reduced by at least 3 dB as shown in Figure 4.
less than 500 meters. To compensate for skew, a system may
apply TDM to group skew-sensitive signals and treat the group A common configuration in AV systems is to cascade multiple
as one signal in a WDM system. For example, TDM can be used distribution products or to feed the output of a matrix switcher
to combine TMDS signals onto a single wavelength, completely back into the input. In an OOO distribution network, these
eliminating the effects of skew. Additional wavelengths are utilized configurations further compound optical losses.
for bidirectional control, Ethernet, and other signals.
In an OEO system, an optical input signal is converted immediately
How Fiber Optic AV Distribution Systems Work to an electrical signal. All switching and processing activities are
Electrical vs. Optical Distribution performed in the electrical domain. An electrical signal is converted
Switching, splitting, and distributing fiber optic AV signals back to an optical signal at the output. A diagram of an OEO matrix
can be performed completely in the optical domain or in router is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5.
OEO Matrix Switcher for TDM

Input 1 O-to-E E-to-O Ouput 1

Converter Converter

Input 2 O-to-E E-to-O Output 2

Converter Converter

Input 3 O-to-E E-to-O Output 3

Converter Switch Fabric Converter
NxN
Input 4 O-to-E E-to-O Output 4
Converter Converter

Input N O-to-E E-to-O

Converter Converter Output N

www.extron.com 25
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

The main advantage of OEO distribution over an OOO system is Figure 7.

Relative size of Matrix Switchers
the preservation of the loss budget. The conversion to an electrical
signal and back to an optical signal completely buffers the output
signal, relative to the loss budget as shown in Figure 6. The output
Rack
power is typically at the same level as the original transmitter, even Height
for signals that are multicast to more than a single output.
29U

The disadvantage to an OEO system is that multiple

24U
conversions between the optical and electrical domains,
without regenerating or reclocking, may contribute jitter. Third-party
Third-party WDM
Matrix
Typically, it takes two to three OEO conversions before jitter WDM
Switcher
12U Matrix
80x80
becomes a problem. Extron FOX3 Series matrix switchers Switcher
FOX3 128x128
implement reclocking of digital signals to restore and reshape Matrix 320x
320x320
the digital signal, maintaining signal integrity throughout
the system. System (A) System (B) System (C)
TDM Design WDM Design WDM Design

Since multicasting, switching, and routing are common

requirements for larger AV systems, most fiber optic AV
systems use OEO distribution and routing to avoid the optical an Extron FOX3 Matrix 320x 320x320 fiber optic matrix switcher
losses in an OOO distribution system. occupies twelve rack units, compared to 24 and 29 rack units for
alternative designs that use WDM signaling as shown in
Switching and Routing Fiber Optic TDM AV Signals Figure 7.
The single wavelength/single fiber switching system used in a
TDM application requires a single O-to-E conversion for each Switching and Routing Fiber Optic WDM AV Signals
input and a single E-to-O conversion on each output as shown In a WDM system, the optical fiber is carrying multiple signals,
in Figure 5 on page 25. each at a different wavelength. In order to create an OEO
matrix switcher, each matrix input and output resembles a fiber
High speed digital routers in TDM systems operate efficiently and optic receiver and transmitter, requiring multiple converters
typically use less power than a WDM router. The efficient design along with a WDM multiplexer / demultiplexer as shown in
also enables the router to occupy less rack space. For example, Figure 8. So the actual switch fabric is a matrix switcher for
the native format of the AV signal. As a result, the switching

Figure 6.
system must handle a larger number of signals in the electrical
OEO Matrix Switcher preserves the optical loss budget domain than does a TDM router. However, the availability of
the native AV signal enables local inputs and outputs.
PC
MODEL 80

WDM systems are ideal in moderately sized applications that

HDMI
FLAT PANEL
require both local and fiber optic inputs and outputs within
HDMI 4K Display HDMI
4K Display
the matrix router. However, TDM is favored in larger systems
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101
Fiber Optic
FOX3 R 101
Fiber Optic
POWER
12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

R
with a large number and variety of inputs and outputs. For
HDMI LOOP OUT

Transmitter for Receiver for HDMI

example, the Extron XTP II CrossPoint Series provides up to

OUT IN OUT IN

HDMI HDMI
Fiber Fiber
Full Optical
Loss Budget
Full Optical
Loss Budget a 64x64 modular digital matrix switcher that provides high
performance switching of video, audio, bidirectional control,
FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io AUDIO EXPANSION REMOTE

and Ethernet. Fiber optic input and output boards use WDM
OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN
INPUT/OUTPUT LEGEND
AUDIO OUTPUTS
AUDIO INPUTS

1-8 9-16 17-24 L R L R DMP

1 1 EXPANSION AT

2 2
LINK

L R L R RESET RS-232

IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT Tx Rx G

to enable bidirectional communications over a single fiber.

LAN

DISCONNECT POWER CORD BEFORE DISCONNECT POWER CORD BEFORE

SERVICING FOX3 MATRIX 24X SERVICING
100-240V 100-240V
-- A MAX -- A MAX
REDUNDANT
PRIMARY
FAN ASSEMBLY

50-60
Hz
50-60
Hz

XTP® input and output boards are also available to support

FOX3 Matrix 24x
Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher with
Optional Redundant Power Supply
local video and audio connections, as well as signal extension
over CATx cable. The XTP Series can extend signals over
­26 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 8.
WDM Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher

Input 1 O-to-E E-to-O Output 1

WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM
MUX O-to-E E-to-O MUX
O-to-E E-to-O
Input 2 O-to-E E-to-O Output 2
WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM
MUX O-to-E Switch Fabric E-to-O MUX
4N x 4N
O-to-E E-to-O

Input N O-to-E E-to-O Output N

WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM
MUX O-to-E E-to-O MUX
O-to-E E-to-O

Figure 9.
Bidirectional Signals in a TDM Matrix Switcher

O-to-E O-to-E
Port 1 Port 2
E-to-O E-to-O

Input 3 O-to-E E-to-O Output 3

O-to-E O-to-E
Port 4 Port 5
E-to-O Switch Fabric E-to-O
NxN
Input 6 O-to-E E-to-O Output 6

Input N O-to-E E-to-O Output N

www.extron.com 27
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 10 .
WDM Matrix Switcher with Bidirectional Signals

O-to-E E-to-O
Input 1 O-to-E E-to-O Output 1
WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM
MUX O-to-E E-to-O MUX
O-to-E E-to-O
E-to-O O-to-E

O-to-E E-to-O
Input 2 O-to-E E-to-O Output 2

WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM

MUX O-to-E Switch Fabric E-to-O MUX
6N x 6N
O-to-E E-to-O
E-to-O O-to-E

O-to-E E-to-O
Input N O-to-E E-to-O Output N
WDM O-to-E E-to-O WDM
MUX O-to-E E-to-O MUX
O-to-E E-to-O
E-to-O O-to-E

OM4 multimode fiber up to 500 meters (1,640 feet) or over and outputs to form bidirectional ports provides flexibility, enabling
singlemode fiber up to 10 km (6.21 miles). Alternatively, Extron simplex and duplex signals to be routed within the same chassis for
FOX3 Series fiber optic matrix switchers use TDM. They are efficient use of switching resources.
available in sizes from 8x8 up to 1000x1000 and larger, and
support 4K/60 4:4:4 video, as well as audio, control, and Bidirectional signaling in a WDM system affects the core
USB signals. Mutlimode and singlemode fiber optic boards architecture of the matrix switcher. A WDM system that can
are available. The FOX3 Series can extend signals up to 500 carry video and bidirectional control signals on a single fiber is
meters (1,640 feet) over OM4 multimode fiber or up to 20 km shown in Figure 10. Although only a single fiber is used to carry
(12.4 miles) over singlemode fiber. the optical signal, additional converters are required to handle
the bidirectional data. Input and output port designations are
Switching and Routing Bidirectional Signals typically fixed in a WDM matrix switcher.
Bidirectional signals, such as USB, RS-232, or Ethernet, are used
Figure 11.
in a wide variety of AV applications. For example, the system shown KVM Application with TDM Matrix Switcher
in Figure 11 enables an operator to control two computers with a
FOX3 T 311
single keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse connect Fiber OpticTransmitter
for HDMI
through the matrix to the selected host computer’s USB port.
100-240V 0.7A MAX
L R INPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx OUTPUTS
REMOTE 3D A B
USB HID LAN
AUDIO SYNC
L R RS-232
LOOP OUT
FOX3 T 311

HOST Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN

50-60 Hz

Special care must be taken to ensure bidirectional communication USB HID

Keyboard

is handled properly. 4K HDMI USB HID Mouse

Computer
FOX3 T 311
MODEL 80

1920x1200 HDMI
Fiber OpticTransmitter
for HDMI
In a TDM system, which uses a single wavelength over a single 100-240V 0.7A MAX
L R INPUTS
100-240V 0.7A MAX
OUTPUTS
RS-232
FLAT PANEL
CONTROL

RS-232 IR L R
CONTROL

RS-232 IR

1920x1200
RETURN

RETURN
AUDIO

AUDIO

DEVICES
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx OUTPUTS Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID
REMOTE A B 1 A B
USB HID 3D
LAN REMOTE 3D LAN
AUDIO SYNC AUDIO SYNC
FOX3 SR 311

L R RS-232 L R RS-232
LOOP OUT
FOX3 T 311

Display
R 2

fiber, two fibers are needed for applications that require bidirectional
100mA
HOST Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN
50-60 Hz 50-60 Hz

FOX3 SR 311
USB HID Fiber Optic
communication. In this configuration, each bidirectional duplex 4K HDMI
Scaling Receiver
for HDMI

port operates as either an input or output port, as shown in Computer

Figure 9. The duplex signals are switched together. In a TDM FOX3 Matrix 24x
FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io FOX3 MATRIX 24X 8io AUDIO EXPANSION REMOTE
OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN OUT 1 IN OUT 2 IN OUT 3 IN OUT 4 IN
INPUT/OUTPUT LEGEND
AUDIO OUTPUTS
AUDIO INPUTS

1-8 9-16 17-24 L R L R DMP

1 1 EXPANSION AT

2 2
LINK

Modular Fiber Optic

L R L R RESET RS-232

IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT IN 5 OUT IN 6 OUT IN 7 OUT IN 8 OUT Tx Rx G LAN

DISCONNECT POWER CORD BEFORE DISCONNECT POWER CORD BEFORE

SERVICING FOX3 MATRIX 24X SERVICING
100-240V 100-240V

system, bidirectional pairs and single-fiber unidirectional signals are

-- A MAX -- A MAX

Matrix Switcher with

REDUNDANT
PRIMARY
FAN ASSEMBLY

50-60 50-60
Hz Hz

Optional Redundant
switched with the same matrix switcher. The ability to group inputs Power Supply

­28 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Figure 12. Typical PON Implementation
PON Architecture
A typical PON implementation is shown in Figure 13. At the
network head, the optical line terminal — OLT provides a
Terminal or Node connection from the service provider’s core network to the
Terminal or Node
optical distribution network. Downstream, signals are sent from
Optical Access
Network
the OLT to one or more destinations through an optical splitter.
Terminal or Node

Head Terminal or Node

At the terminal end, an optical network unit (ONU) receives
Optical Distribution
Network and processes the downstream signal before sending the
Terminal or Node information to the terminal equipment. Using the same fiber
cable, the ONU transmits responses and requests from the
terminal upstream to the service provider. WDM is used to
Passive Optical Networks enable bidirectional traffic along a single fiber.
A passive optical network — PON is a fiber optic network
architecture that uses non-powered optical components In this implementation, all terminal points receive the
to distribute signals to multiple destinations as shown in same signal. Therefore, addressing and encryption are
Figure 12. The head of the network represents the data center used to ensure that an ONU only receives and processes
or service provider. The optical access network is a collection the appropriate information. The OLT typically transmits
of optical distribution networks, each of which connects a downstream data at 1490 nm while each ONU transmits
single fiber from the head to one or more terminals or nodes. upstream data at 1310 nm. To avoid data collisions, only one
ONU can transmit upstream at a time. Some implementations
An optical distribution network contains only passive, non- include a second downstream channel operating in the 1530
powered optical components, eliminating the need to remotely to 1560 nm band.
power devices. PON designs are the preferred architecture for
fiber-to-the-premises — FTTx networks, delivering voice, data, WDM PON Implementation
and video services from CATV companies and other providers The typical PON implementation uses WDM for bidirectional
to homes and businesses. signaling, but with each direction at a unique wavelength.

Figure 13.
Typical PON Implementation

Head Optical Access Network Terminal or Node

Optical Network Terminal

Units Equipment

Optical
Line ONU TE
Terminal Optical Distribution Optical
Network Splitter
Core
Network OLT ONU TE

Upstream Downstream

ONU TE

Only passive optical

Powered components exist in the Powered
Equipment optical access network Equipment

www.extron.com 29
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 14.
WDM PON Implementation

Head Optical Access Network Terminal or Node

Optical Network Terminal

Units Equipment

Optical CWDM/
Line DWDM ONU TE
Terminal Optical Distribution DEMUX
Network
Core
Network OLT ONU TE

Upstream Downstream

ONU TE

Only passive optical

Powered components exist in the Powered
Equipment optical access network Equipment

WDM PON uses CWDM or DWDM to carry multiple direction with a single, common wavelength for upstream
wavelengths in either direction as shown in Figure 14. traffic. Other implementations use an optical splitter after the
CWDM/DWDM multiplexer to provide service to more nodes
WDM PON uses a single fiber to carry multiple fiber optic over the same optical distribution network.
signals, each at a different wavelength. A CWDM/DWDM
multiplexer ensures an ONU only receives its designated Standard PON Types
downstream signal. Each ONU transmits upstream data at a The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers — IEEE
unique wavelength. The CWDM/DWDM multiplexer combines and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) have
multiple wavelengths for upstream transmission to the OLT. adopted standard PON types shown in Table 1. Each standard
defines a unique protocol, data rates and wavelengths. Each
WDM PON implementations use a variety of CWDM/DWDM of the standard PON types identifies a network topology similar
wavelengths with no commonly agreed upon standards. Some to that of Figure 13 on page 29. GPON is currently the most
implementations use multiple wavelengths in the downstream commonly installed type for FTTx applications.

Standard PON Type Description Comments

IEEE 802.3 EPON / GEPON 1 Gb/s Ethernet PON Standard Gigabit Ethernet — GBE frames with symmetric 1 Gbps upstream and
downstream rates

IEEE 802.3 10G-EPON 10 Gbps Ethernet PON Simultaneous GBE and 10 Gigabit Ethernet — 10GBE downstream on two wave-
lengths, with simultaneous GBE and 10GBE upstream on a shared 1310 nm channel

ITU-T G.983 APON ATM PON First PON standard based on asynchronous transfer mode — ATM

ITU-T G.983 BPON Broadband PON An improved version of the APON standard with higher performance

ITU-T G.984 GPON Gigabit PON An evolution of the BPON standard to enable a downstream rate of 2.488 Gbps and
an upstream rate of 1.244 Gbps

ITU-T G.987 XG-PON 10 Gbps PON Extends GPON performance to 10 Gbps downstream and 2.5 Gbps upstream

ITU-T G.989 NG-PON2 40 Gbps PON Extends PON performance to 40 Gbps downstream and 10 Gbps upstream

Table 1. PON Standards

­30 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Figure 15. bend radius is referred to as a macrobend, and may introduce
Comparison of RG-6, Twisted Pair, and Fiber Cables
additional losses into the cable. If the bend is sharp enough,
0.792 in 0.25 in 0.16 in
light escapes into the cladding as shown in Figure 16, resulting
in a loss of signal.

As with copper cable, care must also be taken with fiber

optic cable to avoid kinks, twists, and over-tightened cable
clamps or ties. In coaxial cable, these stresses can damage
Extron RG6-5 Unshielded Extron OM4 MM P
Five Conductor Twisted Pair Bend-Insensitive the shielding or dielectric foam that gives the cable its electrical
RG6 Super High Cable Laser Optimized
Resolution Cable Duplex Multimode properties. In fiber optic cables, these stresses can cause
Fiber Optic Cable
microscopic imperfections called microbends as shown in
Figure 17. Microbends introduce additional attenuation into
Installing and Terminating Fiber Optic Cables the fiber. However, proper cable management reduces the
Installing Fiber Optic Cable likelihood of this type of loss.
One of the most integral parts of an AV system is the cabling
infrastructure that carries the video, audio, USB, and control Fiber Termination
signals. The lighter weight and smaller size of fiber optic cables There is a common misconception that terminating optical
translate into an easier installation and smaller conduit, which fiber is time consuming and requires highly specialized skills.
means a lower cost of installation. Fiber takes up very little Today, fiber termination systems have been developed that
space in cable trays and is easy to pull through conduit. As require very little training, and produce high quality fiber
shown in Figure 15, fiber optic cable is a fraction of the size of connections in less time than it takes to terminate a coaxial
legacy five conductor RG6 coaxial cable and is even smaller cable. Three common termination methods are available
than unshielded twisted pair cable. Each can carry a high to installers:
resolution video signal. Of the three cable types, the fiber optic
cable is the smallest in size and weight. The small size of fiber • Pre-polished connector systems
optic cable has led to its popularity in medical applications • Epoxy and polish fiber termination
where there is insufficient space for coaxial cable. • Splice-on pigtail connectors

Many of the same concerns for installing coaxial or twisted Pre-Polished Connector Systems
pair cable apply to fiber optic cable. As with copper cables, Fiber optic termination kits for modern pre-polished connector
fiber optic cables have a minimum bend radius that should systems enable installers, who have never worked with optical
not be exceeded. For example, the coaxial cable depicted fiber, to become proficient at terminating fiber optic cables in a
in Figure 15 has a minimum bend radius of nine inches, and short amount of time. These newer fiber termination systems
the fiber cable has a two-inch minimum bend radius. As a are ideal for AV installers who need to add connectors quickly
general rule, no fiber cable should bend beyond 20 times the when installing AV fiber optic equipment. Insertion losses for
diameter of the cable. Newer fibers are also available that modern fiber termination systems are approximately 0.2 dB, or
feature tighter bend radii. Bending beyond the recommended a maximum of 0.5 dB for systems using a precision cleaver.

Figure 16 Figure 17.

Macrobend Microbend

www.extron.com 31
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 18. Figure 19.

Precision Cleaver for Low Loss Terminations Staple Cleaver Produces Lower Quality Terminations

• Stripping and Cleaning the Fiber multimode fiber used in high speed networks, such as an
The cable is marked according to a template to ensure that AV network.
the proper amount of covering material is removed. Stripping
a fiber optic cable is performed in three steps to remove the • Terminating the Fiber
outer jacket, the buffer coating, and the acrylate coating to Field termination systems provide a variety of methods to
expose the bare fiber. A lint-free wipe with fiber cleaning fluid complete fiber termination. Field systems use connectors that
or isopropyl alcohol is used to remove dirt, debris, and oil from are pre-polished, with a small fiber stub and index-matching
the bare fiber. gel inside the connector. The connection between the bare
fiber and the fiber stub is similar to making a mechanical splice
• Cleaving the Fiber in a fiber optic cable. Some kits require special tools, while
The process of cleaving the fiber is the most important step others provide switches, clips, or crimps to terminate fiber in
in achieving a low-loss, high quality termination. A precision the field.
fiber optic cleaver as shown in Figure 18 consistently produces
a clean, flat fiber end. An installer easily can achieve a low Many installers choose a pre-polished connector system for
insertion loss of 0.2 dB to 0.5 dB using a precision cleaver. A all of their fiber optic terminations. Others prefer the epoxy and
precision cleaver is highly recommended for singlemode or polish method or splice-on pigtail connectors for structured
laser-optimized multimode fiber termination. cable installations to minimize fiber losses in the fiber plant.
These different methods are explained in the following
Inexpensive termination kits typically include a staple cleaver sections.
or pocket cleaver as shown in Figure 19. Staple cleavers are
generally used in the process of terminating multimode fibers Epoxy and Polish Fiber Termination
for low-speed data networks. The cleaver blade scores the When installing a complete, structured wiring system, many
fiber. The operator holds the fiber in place while bending the fiber installers prefer the epoxy and polish method of fiber
flexible tail to snap off the fiber end. Care must be taken to termination. This process is more involved and requires
ensure glass shards are collected and disposed of properly. A bonding of the connector to the end of the fiber using an
fiber scope should be used to check the cleaved fiber before epoxy or anaerobic process. Once cured, the connector end is
completing the termination. Skilled technicians can achieve polished to a fine, flat surface. Using this method can produce
terminations that exhibit an insertion loss of 0.5 dB to 0.75 dB. very high quality terminations with low insertion loss of less
than 0.2 dB. However, the quality of termination is dependent
However, a staple cleaver can produce inconsistent results upon the skills of the installer.
and requires more frequent servicing than a precision cleaver.
The quality is dependent upon the skill of the operator and the One drawback to the epoxy or anaerobic method of
condition of the blade. Each blade is capable of only 1,000 termination is the length of time required to terminate a single
operations before needing to be replaced. A staple cleaver fiber. The additional steps of curing and polishing can increase
is not recommended for singlemode fiber or laser optimized the time required to install an AV system. When doing a large
­32 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
number of terminations, as in a large fiber plant, additional Figure 20.
Fiber Optic Connector Types
connectors are prepared as other connectors cure, reducing
the time per termination. Connectors and supplies are also
less costly than the pre-polished termination systems.

Splice-On Pigtail Connectors

Splice-on connectors are an alternative to either the pre-
polished connector systems or the epoxy method of
termination. A factory-polished connector with a fiber pigtail is ST SC FC
spliced onto the existing fiber using a fusion splicer. A splice
tray and enclosure are used to protect the spliced fibers.
Since a fusion splice adds less than 0.1 dB of loss, very high
quality terminations are created. The main drawback of this
method is the cost of the connectors and the fusion splicing
equipment. Also, specialized skills are needed to operate fiber
splicing equipment. A comparison of the common termination LC MTP / MPO
methods is shown in Table 2.

Fiber Optic Connectors and Adapters ST and SC connectors were very popular in data centers, but
Considering that the signal-carrying core of a singlemode fiber are being replaced by the LC connector. The smaller size of
is a mere 9 μm in diameter, about half the diameter of a human the LC enables more connections in a smaller space, which
hair, it is difficult to comprehend the low margin for error results in a smaller footprint for patch panels and switch bays.
allowed when connecting two fiber optic cables. Fortunately, Low insertion loss enables long transmission distances and
there are connectors that can precisely align two optical fibers provides a high quality connection. Also, multi-fiber connectors
with minimal losses. These include: are becoming popular, such as the Multi-fiber Push-On —
MPO connector to terminate up to a 12-fiber ribbon cable.
• ST, or Straight Tip – Similar to a BNC with a twist-lock The MPO is also the standard connector for ultra high speed
design. The ST connector has a 2.5 mm ferrule.
40 Gbps and 100 Gbps data networks.
• SC, or Subscriber Connector – A push/pull-type connector
with a 2.5 mm ferrule.
Occasionally, an AV installer may encounter a fiber plant with
• FC, or Ferrule Connector – A screw-on connector with a
pre-terminated fibers. End users with previously installed
2.5 mm ferrule.
structured cabling may have standardized on an older
• LC, or Lucent Connector – A push/pull-type connector
connector style. For optimum performance, removing the old
with a 1.25 mm ferrule, which is quickly becoming a
standard as the smaller form factor works well in networking connector and terminating the fiber with the connector that
environments. matches the AV equipment is recommended.

Pre-Polished Pre-Polished
Epoxy and Polish Splice-on
Connector System Connector System
Connectors Connectors
with Staple Cleaver with Precision Cleaver

Skill Level Low Low High High

Connector Costs High High Low High
Equipment Costs Medium Medium Medium Low
Termination Time Per < 3 minutes < 3 minutes > 5 minutes < 3 minutes
Connector
Connector Insertion Loss 0.5 to 0.75 dB 0.2 to 0.5 dB 0.2 dB 0.2 dB

Application Multimode Fiber Only All Fiber Types All Fiber Types All Fiber Types

Table 2. Comparison of Fiber Termination Methods

www.extron.com 33
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 21.
Fiber Optic Adapters
Color Codes for Cables and Connectors
To avoid operator error and reduce the chance of mismatch,
color codes are often used to indicate the type of fiber and the
type of connector. Common color codes used for indoor fiber
optic cables and pre-polished connectors are provided below.

Jacket Color Fiber Type

Orange OM1 or OM2 Multimode

Yellow OS1 or OS2 Singlemode
LC - SC LC-LC OM3 Laser
Aqua
Optimized Multimode
Aqua or Violet OM4 Laser Optimized Multimode
Lime Green OM5 Wide Band Multimode
Red OS1 or OS2 Singlemode
Polarization Maintaining
Blue
Singlemode Fiber

Connector Connector and Polish

Color Fiber Type Type*

Beige or OM1 62.5 μm PC or

Grey Multimode UPC
ST - ST ST - FC
OM2 50 μm PC or
Black
Multimode UPC
OM3/OM4 10 Gbps PC or
Alternatively, fiber optic adapters are available that allow Aqua
50 μm Multimode UPC
different connector types to be utilized together within a OM5 50 μm PC or
Lime Green
system. For example, LC-ST adapters enable integration of Wide Band Multimode UPC

Extron fiber optic products into existing systems that utilize ST Blue
OS1 or OS2 PC or
Singlemode UPC
interconnects. Fiber optic adapters and connectors increase
OS1 or OS2
the amount of insertion loss, and should only be used if the Green
Singlemode
APC

loss budget is maintained.

*Please refer to the Fiber Optic Glossary for more information on
polish types and compatibility."
Selecting the Right Connector
Pre-polished connectors provide a convenient method of field
termination without the use of messy epoxies. The highest Fiber Splicing
performance multimode connectors are rated for 10 Gbps Fiber splicing creates a permanent connection between two optical
data networks using OM4 or OM3 laser optimized fiber. Lower fibers. Splicing is an important step during installation of structured
performance connectors are also available to support legacy cabling, especially when transitioning from outdoor cables to
OM1 and OM2 multimode fiber operating below 1 Gbps. indoor cables. Splicing in a horizontal or point-to-point installation
Singlemode connectors provide connectivity for both OS1 and for an AV system is less common, but may occasionally be
OS2 fibers. required to repair a fiber, create a low-loss permanent connection,
or change an existing permanent connection. The two common
Selecting the right connector requires matching the connector methods include fusion splicing and mechanical splicing as shown
style, fiber type, and performance level to ensure an installed in Figure 22.
fiber optic plant meets system specifications. Fiber core
mismatches may cause additional losses and reflections. • Fusion Splicing
Terminating a high-performance OM4 or OM3 fiber with a Fusion splicing requires special equipment that provides an
lower performance connector may have a severe impact on electric arc to melt the fiber ends together. The fusion splicer
the link performance. performs both mechanical and optical core alignment to
­34 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Figure 22.
Fiber Optic Splicers

Fusion Splicer Mechanical Splicer

produce an extremely low-loss connection, usually less than set and prohibited the use of an OTDR for loss certification
0.1 dB. The equipment is automated and can quickly make testing of an indoor fiber plant. Multimode fiber is tested at
multiple fiber connections at a very low cost per splice. Fusion 850 nm and 1300 nm, and singlemode fiber at 1310 m and
splicing is the preferred method when installing a complete 1550 nm, or as required by customer specifications or other
fiber plant where a large number of splices are required. standards. Connector ends should always be inspected for
AV installers who are only concerned with horizontal and dirt or damage and cleaned, if necessary, before making
point-to-point cabling often choose to avoid the high cost a connection.
of the equipment, typically $5,000 to $6,000, and opt for
mechanical splicing. The fiber optic test set includes a light source, power meter,
reference cables, and a mode conditioning device, if required.
• Splicing The general test procedure is to place a known light source
Mechanical splicing is similar to the pre-polished connector at one end of a fiber link then use a power meter to measure
systems for fiber termination, and requires a much lower received power or loss at the opposite end. The optical link
investment of $400 to $600 for a fiber splice tool kit. A mechanical must include only passive optical components, such as
splicer uses a small enclosure filled with index matching gel that connectors, fiber optic cable, attenuators, or optical splitters.
holds two fibers in alignment as shown in Figure 22. Joining two
fibers is quick and easy, and produces a high quality connection
Figure 23.
with an insertion loss of typically 0.25 dB. The cost of each Fiber Optic Test Set
mechanical splice is about $10 to $12.

Mechanical splicing is recommended for cabling repairs, or

when there is only an occasional need to permanently join
two fibers.

Fiber Optic Loss Measurements

Overview
Cable testing is performed per applicable standards, such
as TIA/EIA 526-14 for multimode fiber and TIA/EIA 526-7
for singlemode fiber. Fiber optic cable loss is measured
in decibels — dB using a fiber optic test set as shown in
Figure 23 or an optical time domain reflectometer – OTDR
as shown in Figure 30 per the current standards. Earlier
versions of international standards required an optical loss test
www.extron.com 35
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Alternatively, an OTDR performs as both the light source and Figure 24.
Mode Conditioning Removes Loosely Coupled Modes
measurement device from one end of the cable. It sends an
optical pulse down a fiber cable, relying on light scattering in
the cable to create reflections. As the pulse travels down the
fiber, scattering continuously causes light to reflect back up the Overfill Launch Higher Order Modes
Condition Stripped Off
cable. The OTDR measures the reflected light, and displays
the results in an OTDR trace as shown in Figure 31. The trace
represents a map of the fiber cable, including loss in fiber
Overfill Launch
segments, connectors, splices, bends, and other losses. Condition
Mandrel

Launch Reference Cable and Mode Conditioning

The accuracy and repeatability of loss measurements are
Bending Loss Affects
highly dependent on the launch condition of the light entering Loosely Coupled Modes

the fiber link under test. In order to create a common launch

condition for loss measurements, international standards
specify the use of a mode conditioning device when testing a
multimode fiber link. removed, eliminating the potential error. Singlemode launch
cables used for OTDR testing are much longer so the loosely
Previous versions of TIA standards required a mandrel wrap coupled modes die out quickly. Therefore, testing singlemode
to be applied to the launch cable for mode conditioning. fiber with an OTDR does not require any mode conditioning.
Two different sizes were available - one size for OM1 fiber
and a different size for OM2. Bending of the fiber around the Using an Optical Loss Test Set
mandrel causes these loosely coupled modes to attenuate via Two methods are available for testing insertion loss in fiber
a macrobend loss as shown in Figure 24. Mandrel wrapping optic cables with an optical loss test set. The method for
produced sufficiently accurate and repeatable results for low- testing an installed cable plant is specified in TIA 526-14
speed networks with loss budgets that were greater than a for multimode fiber and TIA 526-7 for singlemode fiber.
few decibels. The difference between the two methods is the choice of
wavelengths. TIA FOTP-171 specifies the method for testing
For today's high speed networks, lower loss budgets require patch cords.
a more accurate and repeatable method for measuring loss.
In current standards, the encircled flux launch condition TIA 526-14 and TIA 526-7 Installed Cable Plant Test
replaces the mandrel wrap. Encircled flux refers to the launch • Setting the Reference
spot size of the light source and the distribution of light power Since loss in the fiber optic link is a relative measurement, the
in the fiber core. It enables a more accurate and repeatable 0 dB reference must be set prior to taking any measurements.
loss testing. The mode controller producing the encircled flux TIA 526-14 specifies three acceptable methods for setting the
launch condition may be built into the light source or may be reference – one-cable method, two-cable method, and three-
part of the launch cable. Encircled flux mode conditioning for cable method. Each method requires a different number of
multimode fiber applies to testing with either an optical loss reference cables and produces different measurement results,
test set or an OTDR. so it is important to document the selected method. The
appropriate method is based upon the compatibility between
Singlemode fiber launch cables used with an optical loss test the link connectors and test set connectors.
set also require mode conditioning. Singlemode fiber may
include loosely coupled modes that die out after a few meters • One-Cable Method
of fiber. However, they can propagate through short lengths The one-cable method is the preferred method for setting the
of fiber, such as those used for launch reference cables, and reference and is required by TIA/EIA-568-C. Most loss budget
cause an error in loss measurements. A three to four-inch specifications and calculations assume that the one-cable
loop is placed in the launch cable to ensure these modes are method is used to set the reference.
­36 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
The launch reference cable is connected directly between Figure 25.
One-Cable Method
the light source and the power meter as shown in Figure 25.
The zero reference is set per the power meter manufacturer’s Launch
Reference
instructions. The loss in the actual fiber for the reference cable Cable

should be negligible, given its relatively short length.

Mode
Conditioning
The one-cable method requires the same connector to be (if needed)

used on the reference cable, power meter, and link under test. a b
If the connectors on the test equipment are not the same as 850nm 1300nm
9V

1310nm 1550nm

the fiber link under test, either the two-cable or three-cable WAVE ID

method is required.
Set

dB
850nm 1310nm Ref
dBm
1300nm 1550nm

MM SM

Tone

Fiber Optic
POWER

POWER

Light Source Power Meter

• Two-Cable Method 0 dB Reference = Light Source Power - Mode Conditioning Loss
The two-cable method is used when the connector used in the
fiber plant is different from that on the power meter, such that
a launch reference cable cannot be plugged directly into the
Figure 26.
power meter. A launch reference cable is attached to the light
Two-Cable Method
source and a receive reference cable is attached to the power
meter. A fiber optic coupling is used to join the two fibers
Launch
together as shown in Figure 26 Reference
Cable Receive
Reference
Cable

The two-cable method includes the additional loss of a Mode b c

Conditioning
connection point between the reference cables when setting (if needed) Coupling

the reference. Therefore, the resulting loss measurement a d

reading is less than that of a test set using the one-cable 850nm 1300nm
9V

1310nm 1550nm

method. The additional connection point also adds uncertainty WAVE ID

to the measurement.
Set

dB
850nm 1310nm Ref
dBm
1300nm 1550nm

MM SM

Tone

Fiber Optic
POWER

POWER

Light Source Power Meter

• Three-Cable Method 0 dB Reference = Light Source Power - Mode Conditioning Loss - Ref Error
Ref Error = L bc
The three-cable method is used when the connectors on the
launch and receive cables cannot be coupled together. This
occurs when different connectors are used on the ends of
the fiber link under test. A “golden” reference cable is used to Figure 27.
provide the connection between the launch and receive cables Three-Cable Method
as shown in Figure 27.
Launch
Reference
Cable Receive
The three-cable method adds the loss of two connection Reference
Cable
points when setting the reference. The three-cable method
Mode b c d e
produces loss measurements less than either the one-cable or Conditioning
(if needed) Coupling Golden Coupling
two-cable method. Reference Cable
a f
9V

Installed Cable Plant Loss Test

850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm

WAVE ID

Regardless of the method used to set the reference, the 850nm

1300nm
1310nm
1550nm
dB
dBm
Set

Ref

TIA 526-14 and TIA 526-7 installed cable plant loss test
MM SM

Tone

Fiber Optic
POWER

POWER

Light Source
requires both launch and receive reference cables as shown Power Meter

0 dB Reference = Light Source Power - Mode Conditioning Loss + Ref Error

in Figure 28. The double-ended set-up simulates equipment Ref Error = L bc + L de
connected to the fiber link through a patch panel. The
www.extron.com 37
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 28. Figure 29.

TIA 526-14 and TIA 526-7 Installed Cable Plant Loss Test FOTP-171 Patch Cord Loss Test

Launch Launch
Reference Reference
Cable Receive Cable
Reference
Cable

Mode b x y c Mode b x
Conditioning Conditioning
(if needed) (if needed)
Coupling Link under test LC to LC Coupling Cable Under Test
Coupling
a d a y
9V
9V

850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm

850nm 1300nm 1310nm 1550nm

WAVE ID WAVE ID

Set
Set
dB
850nm 1310nm Ref dB
dBm 850nm 1310nm Ref
1300nm 1550nm dBm
1300nm 1550nm
MM SM
MM SM

Tone
Tone

POWER

Fiber Optic POWER

POWER

Fiber Optic POWER

Light Source Power Meter Light Source Power Meter

Measured Link Loss = L bx + L xy+ L yc - Ref Error Measured Link Loss = L bx + L xy - Ref Error
Installed Cable Plant Loss Test FOTP-171 Patch Cord Loss Test

measured loss includes the fiber under test and the connection TIA FOTP-171 Patch Cord Test
points at each end. The method used to set the 0 dB The TIA FOTP-171 method is used for insertion loss
reference affects the displayed value as shown in Table 3. testing of patch and reference cables, isolating problems
in an installed fiber plant, and testing fiber cables prior to
If the installed cable plant test method produces a higher than installation. This method uses only a launch cable to measure
expected measurement, inspect the connectors for dirt or loss as shown in Figure 29. Therefore, the one-cable method
damage. Clean dirty connectors and replace damaged cables is typically used to set the reference. The fiber cable under
or connectors, if needed, then retest. If the launch cable is test is plugged directly into the power meter.
replaced, reset the 0 dB reference per the applicable method
before retesting. If high measurements persist, measure each The loss measured with the TIA FOTP-171 patch cord test
cable segment in both directions using the TIA FOTP-171 method includes the connection point between the launch
patch cord test method to isolate the problem. cable and the fiber under test. It does not include the

Reference One-Cable Method Two-Cable Method Three-Cable Method

Setting Method (Figure 25 - preferred method) (Figure 26) (Figure 27)

When to Use Use this method, if possible. Use if the connector on the fiber Use if the connectors on either end
Requires same connectors on test under test is incompatible with the of the fiber under test are different,
equipment, fiber plant, and refer- test equipment connector, making making it impossible to use the
ence cables. it impossible to use the one-cable one-cable or two-cable method.
method.

Effect on 0 dB Reference Includes mode conditioning loss, Includes mode conditioning loss Includes mode conditioning
Setting only, to minimize error in reference plus one connector pair (Lbc). loss plus two connector pairs
setting. (Lbc + Lde).
Error in Reference Setting Minimal Ref Error = Lbc Ref Error = Lbc + Lde
Loss across the coupling in Loss across the couplings in
Figure 26. Figure 27.
Effect on Fiber Plant Loss Measured Loss = Measured Loss = Measured Loss =
Measurement Lbx + Lxy + Lyc Lbx + Lxy + Lyc - Ref Error Lbx + Lxy + Lyc - Ref Error

Effect on Loss Most accurate method. Measured Loss is less than Measured Loss is less than both
Measurements one-cable method. the one-cable and two-cable
methods. Least accurate method.

Table 3. Comparison of Reference Setting Methods for Fiber Plant Loss Testing

­38 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

connector end at the power meter. The aperture of the power must be greater than 250 meters long. If they are too short,
meter input provides high light coupling efficiency but tends to light reflects back and forth along the cable and produces
mask any problems in the connector. Therefore, when using false events in the OTDR trace. The receive cable also enables
this method, it is recommended to reverse the cable and testing of the far-end connector on the fiber link under test.
repeat the test to obtain a second measurement. The mode controller, if required, produces the encircled flux
launch condition for certifying a multimode fiber optic cable
If one of the measurements is significantly higher, the infrastructure. It is optional for debugging a fiber optic cable
connector may be dirty or the fiber termination at the coupling and should not be used for singlemode fiber.
could be poor. Cleaning or re-terminating the connector
and retesting the fiber eliminates these possible issues. Understanding OTDR Test Results
A higher than expected measurement in both directions The results of an OTDR test are represented as a trace as
may indicate dirty connectors, a defective reference cable, shown in Figure 31. The slope of the line represents the
a bad splice, or poor terminations at both ends of the scattering loss in the fiber cable in dB/km. Any abrupt change
cable. Inspect all connectors, clean or replace as required, in the trace is called an event, and may indicate a connector,
reset the reference, and retest. If the high measurements splice, bend or a break in the cable. The horizontal axis is time
persist, replace the reference cable, reset the reference, and or distance, indicating the position or location of the event.
retest. Troubleshooting with a VFL or optical time domain
reflectometer — OTDR may also help isolate the problem. The first and last segments of the trace represent the launch
and receive cables. The launch portion of the trace may
Using an OTDR for Loss Testing contain anomalies caused by multiple reflections in the launch
Overview cable. Setting markers at either end of the cable under test
An OTDR is a test instrument used for measuring loss and enables the OTDR to measure cable length and total loss in
debugging problems as shown in Figure 30. An OTDR sends the cable under test, including the fiber, connectors, splices,
an optical pulse down a fiber cable, relying on light scattering bends, or any other loss mechanisms. The markers can also
in the cable to create reflections. Scattering is the dominant be used to identify the location of anomalies that are present
loss mechanism in fiber optic cables, fiber optic connectors, in the cable by moving the second marker at the point of
and mechanical splices. As the pulse travels down the fiber, the anomaly.
scattering continuously causes light to reflect back up the
cable. The OTDR measures the reflected light, and displays OTDR Accuracy
the results in an OTDR trace as shown in Figure 32. Since an OTDR relies on reflected light, it indirectly measures
cable loss, whereas an optical loss test set directly measures
OTDR Loss Test Setup cable loss. Additionally, an OTDR has several settings that
The test setup for an OTDR includes a launch cable at the can affect the accuracy. Using a wider pulse width tends to
near end and a receive cable at the far end, both of which increase the accuracy of measurements, but may also cause

Figure 30. Figure 31.

OTDR Tester OTDR Trace

Connector

Connector

Fusion Splice

Cable End
Time/Distance

www.extron.com 39
Fiber Optic AV Signal Distribution

Figure 32. in loss measurements. However, the OTDR provides the

OTDR Test Setup
additional benefit of seeing a map of the loss along the entire
link. Regardless of which method is used, obtaining accurate
Coupling Coupling
results depends on the training and experience of the operator.

Mode
Launch
Cable
Cable Under Test Receive
Cable AV System Design Considerations
Controller (> 250 m) (> 250 m)
(if required)
Selecting the Right Fiber
Designing a fiber optic system begins with proper fiber
selection to achieve the required transmission distance. For
OTDR
new installations of multimode fiber, use OM4 laser-optimized
fiber or better to ensure that there is adequate bandwidth for
transmitting video and data signals. If dark fiber is available,
the OTDR to miss events if the pulse width is too wide. verify that the type of fiber is adequate for the transmission
Setting up an OTDR to ensure it balances accuracy with distance required. If the installed multimode fiber is inadequate
speed requires training and experience. for the application, check to see if there is any singlemode dark
fiber installed, or consider running a higher performance fiber.
A trace may also contain anomalies that may not accurately
represent the cable loss. A pinched cable producing bend Selecting the Right Equipment
loss may be misinterpreted as a splice and not corrected. Once the fiber is identified, select the equipment appropriate
The trace may also include a “gainer”, which is a step for the video source and display devices used in the AV
up in the trace that appears as though the optical power system. If a switching system is required, the switching system
increased at that point in the cable. However, this anomaly can use electrical or optical inputs and outputs. Optical I/O
usually occurs at a fiber splice. The two fiber sections spliced may be more economical for larger systems, since electrical
together have a different scattering characteristic such that I/O may require additional transmitters and receivers.
the downstream fiber back scatters more light and produces
an apparent gain. Optical Loss Analysis
Determine the optical loss budget based on the selected
One of the advantages to using an OTDR is that all of the equipment. Determine the worst-case loss in the optical paths
testing can be performed at one end. In theory, this speeds of the system, including fiber, connectors, and splices. It is
up the process of taking multiple measurements on a cable recommended to allow for a 3 dB margin when performing an
plant. To get an accurate measurement of loss, a receive optical loss analysis.
cable must be attached to the far end. Having to change
the location of the receive cable for each measurement Safety Considerations
negates the advantage of conducting the test from one end. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY INTO AN ACTIVE LASER OR AT
Some operators may be tempted not to use a receive cable THE END OF AN ACTIVE FIBER since the laser light source
to speed up testing. However, without the receive cable, is infrared, nothing can be seen, but serious eye damage can
the loss in the far end connector is not measured, so the occur.
measured loss is lower than the actual loss. Failing to use a
receive cable also masks any defects that may exist in the far WEAR SAFETY GLASSES when working with small, sharp
end connector. slivers of glass.

Some argue that taking a direct measurement with a light FIBER IS GLASS so use a black mat to provide a good
source and power meter is a more accurate method than contrast. Refrain from eating and drinking in the work area to
indirectly measuring loss with an OTDR. The appearance of a avoid contamination of fiber and fiber components.
gainer in an OTDR trace would also support that view. Others
argue that a light source and power meter are no more SAFELY DISPOSE OF GLASS FIBERS!
accurate than an OTDR and produce as much variability These safety rules help to prevent accidents and injuries. ■
­40 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Notes

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Fiber Optic AV System Design

System Requirements and Needs Assessment limited only by the electronics attached to it. It easily handles
Performing a needs assessment and determining the system 1080p and 2K signals, and has the capacity for emerging 4K
requirements for a fiber optic AV system are essentially the and UHD video standards. Installing singlemode fiber or OM4
same as that of an AV system using coaxial cabling, twisted multimode fiber is the best alternative for future-proofing an
pair, or other copper-based cabling. However, the use of AV system.
fiber optic equipment does present unique benefits for
future-proofing an AV system, providing isolation in secure Secure Environments
environments, enabling systems in medical environments, and Secure environments include any system that deals with
routing signals in large venues. sensitive information, such as government and military
briefing rooms, emergency operations centers, or a corporate
Supporting 4K and Ultra HD Video presentation or planning room for proprietary technology.
Manufacturers are introducing new displays and projectors Many of these systems must access information from both
that provide 4K resolutions up to 4096x2160 and Ultra HD - secure and public sources. Secure sources are referred to as
UHD resolutions up to 3840x2160. These are used in a wide “red” signals and can be further divided into various security
variety of applications, including simulation, defense, medical, classification levels. Unclassified public sources are referred
attractions, theater, and other environments. As the need to as “black” signals. Secure systems must protect classified
to support these high resolution video signals continues to information from unauthorized access without hindering
evolve, system designers and integrators should work closely legitimate use of the information by authorized personnel.
with manufacturers to provide a high-performance signal
extension, routing, and distribution system that supports 4K Red / Black Separation
and UHD digital video signals, as well as DisplayPort, HDMI, Protecting classified information requires physically and
DVI, 3G-SDI, and standard definition. Fiber optic systems can electrically isolating secure sources from public access,
support a wide range of signals and often provide a upgrade sometimes referred to as red/black separation. Secure
path where the existing cabling can be reused. systems with black sources must take great care to
ensure that red information does not “leak” out through the
Future-Proofing AV Systems connection to the black source. In a copper‑based system,
As the number of video formats and resolutions continue to red and black signals must remain physically separated.
proliferate, updating an AV system to support a new format or Since fiber optic cables are made of glass, a fiber optic
resolution becomes more difficult and costly. For example, a system provides near-perfect electrical isolation between
copper cabling infrastructure installed for 1080p video may not black and red signals using a fiber optic transmitter and
support emerging 4K and UHD standards. The old cable may receiver, see Figure 1.
need to be removed and new cable installed for these signals.
In response to this challenge, AV professionals are now turning It should also be noted that the fiber optic black signals
to fiber optic cabling to future-proof AV systems. The ability of must be unidirectional. Transmission of any signal from a
today’s fiber optic cable to carry a video signal is, in essence, “red” secure system to an unsecure “black” system is not

Figure 1.
Red / Black Separation Using Fiber Optics

Public Unidirectional Glass Fiber Unidirectional Secure AV

“Black” Fiber Optic Fiber Optic System
AV Source Transmitter Receiver “Red”

­42 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

permitted. Therefore, all fiber optic signals must transmit Fiber optic cabling can meet these challenges when used
in the same direction, whether using TDM or WDM. Fiber with the appropriate fiber optic AV equipment. Fiber provides
optic devices that use WDM or a return fiber for bidirectional the additional benefit of isolating the medical imaging
communications cannot be used to connect a black source to equipment from the AV system. The ability to transmit
a red system. signals long distances over fiber allows AV equipment to
be located outside of the sterile surgical environment, and
Joint Interoperability Test Command Certification enables surgical imagery to be sent to classrooms or lecture
The Joint Interoperability Test Command - JITC is an entity halls in a teaching hospital.
of the US Department of Defense - DoD under the Defense
Information Systems Agency – DISA. JITC evaluates Long Distance Transmission in Large Venues
the technological requirements of all DoD agencies and Large venues, such as stadiums, arenas, hospitals,
organizations, and then develops tests that pertain to the college campuses, corporate campuses, and government
multiple branches of the armed services and government. installations, often involve the need to transmit AV signals
The organization is responsible for planning and conducting over extreme distances. Fiber optic systems can ensure
these operational tests, reporting results, and providing an high quality, pixel-for-pixel image transmission throughout a
evaluation of each unit’s operational effectiveness, suitability, location, between buildings, and even between facilities. For
interoperability, and security. moderate distances within a building, select AV equipment
for multimode fiber. For new fiber installations, OM4
JITC issues the certification letter that allows a product to multimode fiber is recommended. Longer distances between
be listed on the Unified Capabilities Approved Products buildings or campuses require singlemode systems.
List – UC APL. Inclusion on the UC APL validates that a
product has successfully completed interoperability and Switching and Distribution System
information assurance testing for use in command and control, The switching and distribution system is the heart of an AV
conference, training, and briefing room systems. system. The design of a fiber optic switching and distribution
system is similar to other types of AV systems, but with
JITC certification is a rigorous process, which includes some important differences. The ability to transmit video,
stringent testing in accordance with the DoD Unified audio, and control on fiber optic cabling enables enterprise-
Capabilities Requirements - UCR. For certification purposes, wide distribution of AV signals. Fiber optic systems use
Extron products are tested and approved under JITC’s a variety of signal routing architectures, depending on
Video Distribution System category, and Extron has the the application. The following sections summarize basic
most extensive offering of AV products on the UC APL. A topologies for fiber optic distribution systems.
complete list of the approved products is available on the DISA
Approved Products List Integrated Tracking System website.

Figure 2.
Special Needs in Medical Environments
Centralized Switching System
Modern day medical environments present some unique
challenges and opportunities for AV professionals. To
ensure patients receive the best care, medical professionals Video Video
Conference Conference
demand pixel-for-pixel image accuracy for all medical imaging Room Room

equipment and displays. In today’s surgical environments,

medical imaging devices and displays are mounted on Central
Conference Control Conference
booms suspended from the ceiling for convenient use during Room Room Room

a medical procedure. The booms provide limited space

for running cabling to the displays. Additionally, the use of
Training Training
sensitive electronic medical equipment requires that AV cabling Room Room

does not generate any electromagnetic interference — EMI

that could affect the accuracy of the medical readings.
www.extron.com 43
Fiber Optic AV System Design

Figure 3. to the central equipment room for distribution to lecture halls

Distributed Switching System - University Hospital
and classrooms. A video recording system may be located in
Operating Room 1 Assembly/Lecture Hall
the closet or the central equipment room.
Equipment

Equipment
Sources Sources
Closet

Closet
/
Displays
/
Displays Fiber Cabling System
Attenuation in Fiber Optic Cables
Operating Room 2 Classroom 1
Central Laser light tends to become “dimmer” as it travels down
Equipment

Equipment
Sources Equipment Sources
Closet

Closet
/
Displays
Room /
Displays
an optical fiber, see Figure 4. If the light is too dim when it
reaches the receiver, the receiver does not detect the light.
Operating Room 3 Classroom 2
This loss of light is called attenuation, and is due to losses in
Equipment

Sources Equipment Sources

the fiber cabling, connectors, and splices. When designing
Closet

/ Closet /
Displays Displays
or installing a fiber optic system, the maximum amount of
allowable attenuation is determined by calculating the optical
Centralized Switching loss budget.
A centralized switching system, Figure 2, is situated in a
central control room where all signal routing and distribution What is an Optical Loss Budget?
is accomplished. AV signals are physically cabled to a The optical loss budget is the maximum allowable
large switching system in the central equipment room. The attenuation in a fiber system that still enables detection of
switching system is typically configured as separate “rooms” light at the destination. It can be calculated as the difference
or virtual matrix switchers. This type of configuration, known as between the transmitter output power and the receiver
“rooming,” enables local control within each room, as if it had a sensitivity: Optical Loss Budget = Transmitter Output
local switching system. Power - Receiver Sensitivity.

A central control room enables monitoring of all AV signals The optical loss budget may also be provided on the data
throughout the system, and helps simplify maintenance and sheet for the fiber optic equipment and is given in decibels —
upgrades. It also facilitates re-configuration of the system to dB. Extron FOX3 Series products feature an optical link loss
allow for multi-room conferences and multi-purpose rooms budget of 7.4 dB for singlemode products and 9.7 dB for
that can be used as overflow rooms. Although a significant multimode products. This means that the intensity of the light
number of signals must be run to the control room, fiber optic in a FOX3 multimode fiber link can dim by 9.7 dB, or have up
cables are easy to pull since they are small and often contain to 9.7 dB of attenuation, as it passes through connectors,
several fibers. splices, and fiber, and still be detectable.

Distributed Switching Figure 4.

In a distributed switching environment, Figure 3, signal routing Attenuation Causes Light in an Optical Fiber to Dim
equipment is typically located in an equipment closet within
each room, permitting a room to operate independently from Light Travelling Down a Fiber
other rooms. However, AV signals may be routed to a central
equipment room to allow for central monitoring or recording,
or as inputs into another system. In this scenario, fewer signals
Light Intensity

are routed to the central equipment room, as compared to a

completely centralized system. Within a distributed switching
system, fiber optic cables may or may not be used for each
room, depending on the application and distances involved.

Distance Travelled on Optic Fiber

For example, in a university hospital, medical images within an
operating room are routed through a switching system in the
room’s equipment closet. A select number of signals are sent
­44 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
How is the Optical Loss Budget Used in System Design? it is important to minimize losses in optical links. Although
When planning a fiber plant installation, designers sum the patch panels provide a convenient way to re-route fiber
losses in the system to calculate the link loss for each fiber signals, they also can introduce significant losses into a fiber
optic path. Losses in the system come from fiber attenuation, optic system.
connector loss, and splice loss. The losses in an optical link,
expressed as dB, are summed with simple addition as Link For example, the connector loss in a singlemode fiber is 0.5
Loss = Fiber Loss + Connector Loss + Splice Loss. dB, which is equivalent to adding approximately a 1,000
meter length of singlemode fiber to that link. Therefore, it is
Typical values for fiber attenuation, connector loss, and splice recommended to use patch panels and connectors only where
loss are available for calculating the link loss. For optical fiber, necessary, such as a connection point for horizontal cabling to
the attenuation depends on the fiber type and wavelength. AV equipment. Splice enclosures and trays are recommended
Connector loss depends only on the number of connectors. for permanent connections such as transitioning from outdoor
The amount of splice loss depends on the number of splices to indoor cables or repairing damaged fibers.
and whether they are mechanical or fusion splices. Table 1
provides an overview of typical loss values introduced with Optical Losses in an Installed Fiber Plant
fiber optic components. For an existing structured cabling installation, actual link loss
may be provided as part of the documentation package for
The system loss margin is the difference between the loss the cabling infrastructure, or can be measured using an optical
budget and link loss: System Loss Margin = Optical Loss loss test set. An optical loss test set includes a light source
Budget - Link Loss. and a power meter. The light source is used to transmit an
optical signal at a defined power level along an optical link.
The recommended system loss margin is typically 3 dB. The The power meter measures the amount of light received at the
additional margin accounts for uncertainty in the loss calculation, other end of the link. Link loss is calculated as the difference
ensuring that links continue to operate as components age, and between the light source power and the measured power. Link
providing headroom for future splices or repairs. Loss = Light Source Power – Measured Power.

Splices vs. Patch Panels Example of Optical Link Loss Analysis

Patch panels provide a convenient mechanism to re-route An optical link loss analysis adds up all of the losses in the
fiber optic signals without having to pull new cables. Some system caused by fiber cabling, connectors, and splices, and
designers may be tempted to use multiple patch panels to then compares the total loss to the available loss budget. A
maximize flexibility. However, when designing an optical plant, safety margin of 3 dB is recommended.

Fiber Attenuation (dB/km) Splice Loss (dB/splice)

1300 / Connector Loss Fusion Mechanical

Fiber Type 850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm (dB/pair) Splice Splice

Singlemode N/A 0.5 – 1.0 0.2 – 1.0 0.5 0.05 0.3

Multimode 3.0 – 3.5 1.0 – 1.5 N/A 0.75 0.05 0.3

Table 1. Typical Losses in a Fiber Optic System

www.extron.com 45
Fiber Optic AV System Design

Figure 5.
Fiber Optic System with Available Loss Budget of 9.7 dB

500 m
3.0 dB/km

0.75 dB 0.75 dB
Connector Connector
Transmitter Receiver
Fusion Fusion
Splice Splice
0.05 dB 0.05 dB

Power = -3.3 dBm Sensitivity = -13.0 dBm

Wavelength = 850 nm
Data Rate = 10.0 Gbps

Step 1 – Determine Loss Budget

Consider an application using an Extron FOX3 MM extender
A. Transmitter Output Power = -3.3 dBm
to transmit signals over a 500 meter length of fiber with two
B. Receiver Input Sensitivity = -13 dBm
fusion splices, see Figure 5. The installed fiber is OM4‑type C. Total Loss Budget: A - B = 9.7 dB
50 μm multimode fiber with a specified attenuation of 3.0 dB/
Step 2 – Determine Fiber Loss
km. The optical link loss is calculated as shown in Table 2.
A. Operating Wavelength = 850 nm
B. Fiber Attenuation per km = 3.0 dB/
Bandwidth in Fiber Optic Cable (specification) km
C. Cable Length = 0.50 km
In a fiber optic system, digital signals are transmitted down
D. Fiber Loss: B x C = 1.5 dB
optical fibers. The light source is switched on for a digital
one — 1, and off for a digital zero — 0. The bandwidth is a Step 3 – Determine Connector Loss

measure of how fast the light source can switch on and off to A. Number of Connector Pairs = 2
B. Loss per Connector Pair: = 0.75 dB
effectively transmit the digital optical signal. Higher bandwidth 0.75 dB (MM), 0.5 dB (SM)
means digital signals can be transmitted at higher bit rates. C. Total Connector Loss: A x B = 1.5 dB
Higher bit rates translate into an increased information-carrying
Step 4 – Determine Splice Loss
capacity and longer transmission distances. Fiber bandwidth A. Number of splices = 2
depends on the length of the fiber, the fiber type, and the type B. Loss per Splice: 0.3 dB = 0.05 dB
(mechanical), 0.05 dB (fusion)
of light source being used to transmit the signal.
C. Total Splice Loss = 0.1 dB

How Bandwidth Affects System Design and Fiber Length Step 5 – Calculate Optical Link Loss
A. Fiber Loss (Step 2D) = 1.5 dB
In practical systems, singlemode fiber has extremely high
B. Total Connector Loss (Step 3C) = 1.5 dB
bandwidth. The maximum distance a video signal can
C. Total Splice Loss (Step 4C) = 0.1 dB
propagate down a singlemode fiber is limited by its attenuation D. Total Optical Link Loss: A + B + C = 3.1 dB
rather than its bandwidth.
Step 6 – Calculate System Loss Margin
A. Total Loss Budget (Step 1C) = 9.7 dB
Multimode fibers, on the other hand, have much lower B. Total Optical Link Loss (Step 5D) = 3.1 dB
bandwidth than singlemode fibers, due to the nature of C. Total System Loss Margin: A – B = 6.6 dB
multiple mode transmission down the fiber. Different types
The system loss margin of 6.6 dB is adequate for this application.
of multimode fibers have been developed to improve
Table 2. Optical Link Loss Analysis
performance; see Table 1 in the section entitled, Fiber Optic
­46 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Tutorial. AV manufacturers often specify the maximum distance 3. Avoid Adding Excess Attenuation
an optical extender can transmit for a given fiber type. Multiple patch panels may provide convenient points for
re-routing optical signals, but each additional connector
Signal Integrity in Fiber Optic Systems adds attenuation into the signal path. Perform an optical loss
Signal integrity in fiber optic systems involves both the optical analysis during the system design phase to identify potential
and electrical domains. In a fiber optic AV system, a video problems prior to fiber installation. Eliminating high attenuation
signal undergoes multiple conversions between the optical and paths in the design phase helps to avoid costly workarounds
electrical domains. Maintaining signal integrity in a fiber optic during the implementation phase.
AV system ensures pixel-for-pixel image quality. The following
guidelines represent best practices for maintaining signal 4. Avoid Splitting the Optical Signal
integrity in a fiber optic AV system. It is common for AV signals to have multiple destinations in
today’s systems. Passive optical splitters provide a simple and
1. Keep Optical Connections Clean economical method to send an optical signal to two or more
For a singlemode fiber, the diameter of the core carrying places, but can lead to undesirable effects. Splitting optical
the light signal is about the same size as the diameter of signals to multiple outputs drastically reduces the optical
a dust particle. In other words, a single speck of dust can power in each output path. For example, a simple splitter
completely block an optical video signal in a singlemode reduces optical power by 3.5 to 4 dB. This additional loss is
fiber. For multimode fiber, as few as ten dust particles can equivalent to adding up to eight connectors or patch panels,
severely attenuate the signal. When working with fiber optic and is also equivalent to about 4,000 feet of multimode fiber or
connections, it is important to inspect and clean, if needed, nearly five miles of singlemode fiber. Switching and distribution
both the fiber end and the mating connector before making the products designed for fiber optic AV systems are usually OEO
connection. It is also important to note that “dust” caps used types to prevent excessive losses in optical power.
on fiber connectors do not prevent dust from accumulating
on the fiber or mating connector. The purpose of the cap is to 5. Apply Signal Reclocking or Regeneration for Optimal
protect the fiber from damage, not dirt. Signal Integrity
Switching and distributing optical signals requires converting
2. Use OM4 Multimode Fiber for New Installations the optical signal to an electrical signal, routing the signal to
Legacy OM1‑type 62.5 μm and OM2‑type 50 μm multimode one or more outputs, and converting the electrical signals
fibers are considered obsolete by TIA 942-A and should not back to the optical domain. Although these switching and
be used in new installations. They were originally designed for distribution systems provide high quality signal paths, multiple
much slower network signals using LED sources. OM3‑type conversion processes may have a negative impact on signal
multimode fiber, also called laser-optimized multimode fiber, is quality and the accumulation of jitter. An optical signal should
designed for the multi-gigabit signals common in today’s AV be routed through no more than two switching systems,
systems. OM4 multimode fiber meets or exceeds the highest including matrix switchers, switchers, or distribution amplifiers,
performance needs, currently, and has extra capacity to without reclocking or regenerating the signal. Extron FOX3
handle future data rates. Matrix Switchers provide automatic reclocking of optical
signals to ensure optimal signal integrity.■

www.extron.com 47
Notes

­48 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

 Fiber Optic System Designs
Fiber optics, a powerful medium for AV systems, offers the ability to address several needs and challenges beyond the scope of
a traditional coax or twisted pair infrastructure. For example, an application may require presentation of pristine, high resolution
graphics without any pixel loss, and the capability to support higher resolutions and future video formats. Conduit space
often is very limited, and there likely will be restrictions on modifying existing structures to allow for running new cables. Large
environments such as operation centers, auditoriums, and applications calling for AV communication between buildings require
the ability to send AV signals over substantial distances, from thousands of feet up to several miles or kilometers. Furthermore, in
applications such as command and control where content security is essential, it will be necessary to isolate secure content from
the non-secure part of the system.

The following AV system designs represent a cross-section of typical commercial AV environments where the scope, complexity,
and particular needs are optimally addressed with fiber optics. For each system design, a detailed application drawing depicts
signal flow from end-to-end, as well as the types of sources and displays that typically need to be supported.

Operations Center Campus Technology

Knowledge Wall

www.extron.com 49
Operations Center

Overview System Design Solution

A government operations center is used for emergency management Videowall Processing
and network monitoring. This facility supports presentations from a An Extron Quantum® Ultra 610 videowall processor drives the
lectern, videoconferencing, displaying analyst data, and monitoring LED videowall controller with four HDMI signals. The Quantum Ultra
of news reports. A videowall displays sources from up to 16 analyst supports the required custom output resolution and provides presets
workstations located in the room. The system must enforce three based on user-defined selections.
levels of security - unclassified, secret, or top secret depending on
need and attendees in the room. Switching and Signal Distribution
An Extron FOX3 Matrix 160x modular matrix switcher provides
signal distribution and routing of all fiber optic AV signals. Video
Needs Assessment
outputs for the laptop, VC codecs, cameras, and tuners are driven
Staffing A presenter speaks from the lectern and requires by Extron FOX3 T 201 transmitters. PC video and USB signals are
access to a laptop connection, KVM switching, and
driven by FOX3 T 301 transmitters. The videowall processor and
video system controls. 16 analysts can access up to
3 PCs dedicated to their station via KVM selection. the VC codec inputs are driven by FOX3 SR 201 fiber optic scaling
The analysts may only access PCs based on the receivers. Video monitors, keyboards, mice, and CAC readers
current classification of the room after additional are driven by FOX3 SR 301 fiber optic scaling receivers. All FOX3
verification using a CAC reader. transmitters, receivers, and the matrix switcher are capable of 4K/60
Sources 48 computers and 6 videoconferencing codecs are 4:4:4 resolution.
installed in a secure rack room. They divided into
three groups of two based on classification level. Audio System
Four TV tuners monitor various general news outlets. The audio processing system consists of two Extron
PTZ cameras are located on the front wall and on DMP 128 FlexPlus C V AT signal processors and an Extron
the back wall of the operations center. A laptop may XPA U 1002-70V two-channel amplifier powering 16 Extron
be provided by the presenter. SF 26CT ceiling speakers. The DMP 128 audio DSPs manage
Display Content can be displayed on a modular LED video program audio and route audio mixes to the amplifier output. The
Requirements wall with a total video resolution of 7680x2160 DMP 128 units are connected together to expand audio I/O capacity.
based on classification level. Each analyst station They provide AEC - acoustic echo cancellation, auto-mixing, and
has three monitors for displaying content from
DANTE connectivity for the microphone.
unclassified, classified, and top secret PCs assigned
to that station. Control System
Audio Audio from videoconferencing, the presenter's System control is facilitated by an Extron IPCP Pro 555Q xi Control
Requirements voice at the lectern, and news reports must be clear Processor and Extron TLP Pro 1725TG 17" Tabletop TouchLink
and intelligible for all room occupants. Pro Touchpanels located at the commander’s workstation and at
the lectern. The control processor is connected to the AV system
Control Full system control is required at the lectern and
Requirements at the commander’s workstation. Analyst stations components over a secure LAN to enable control and configuration
require KVM switching with enforcement of access of the videowall content and audio settings, as well as enforce security
levels restrictions. access levels. Extron NBP 110 D Network Button Panels are installed
at each analyst station for KVM switching.
­50 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide
Operations Center

RS-232

Logitech Rally HDMI

7680x2160
DirectView LED Video Wall
POWER INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B
12V
--A MAX RS-232 IR RS-232

Camera
R

CAT6
AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Extron
FOX3 T 201
RS-232 Fiber Optic Transmitter
LED Controller

HDMI POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

R
HDMI
AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

RS-232
LOCK

OPEN

HDMI POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Lectern
Extron
MODEL 80

STATUS
PRIMARY POWER

Quantum Ultra 610

REDUNDANT POWER

HDMI
FRONT FANS

REAR FANS

100-240V 0.7A MAX

QUANTUM ULTRA 610

4K Videowall Processor
L R OUTPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

VIDEO WALL PROCESSOR

DEVICES
Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID
1 REMOTE 3D A B
LAN
AUDIO SYNC
FOX3 SR 301

L R USB 2.0 RS-232

R
2 1

HDMI
100mA 500mA
HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN
FLAT PANEL 50-60 Hz

Display CAC Reader Extron

FOX3 SR 301
POWER
12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

R
Extron
Keyboard Mouse Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
FOX3 SR 201 (x8)
Fiber Optic Scaling
Receivers
HDMI POWER
12V
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B
--A MAX RS-232 IR RS-232 R

Laptop
AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Extron Fiber
FOX3 T 201 Fiber
Fiber Optic Transmitter

HDMI
Blu-ray POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

AUDIO

Fiber
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Fiber
Extron
HDMI FOX3 Matrix 160x
Modular Fiber Optic
POWER
CONFIG
POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE 1 2
12V
A B
--A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232 R

FOX3 MATRIX 160X

Extron Matrix Switcher

FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL MATRIX SWITCHER
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN

TLP Pro 1720TG Extron

FOX3 SR 201 Operator Workstation (16)
17" Tabletop TouchLinkPro
Touchpanel Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver
Unclassified Workstation
Extron
FOX3 SR 301
Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver

USB
MODEL 80

100-240V 0.7A MAX

L R OUTPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

DEVICES
Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID
1 REMOTE 3D A B
LAN
AUDIO SYNC
FOX3 SR 301

Mic
L R USB 2.0 RS-232
R
2 1

100mA 500mA
HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN

USB CAC
50-60 Hz

FLAT PANEL

HDMI Display Reader

Secret Workstation
Cable TV Tuner (4)
USB
100-240V 0.7A MAX MODEL 80

L R OUTPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

DEVICES
Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID
1 REMOTE 3D A B
PUSH PUSH
LAN
AUDIO SYNC
FOX3 SR 301

POWER GUIDE MENU RES 480 480p 720p 1080i 1080p DIREC
TV HD
L R USB 2.0 RS-232
R
DIRECTV
SELECT
2 1

100mA 500mA
HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN
50-60 Hz

Cable TV Tuner HDMI POWER

12V
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B
FLAT PANEL

USB CAC
Display Reader
--A MAX RS-232 IR RS-232 R

HDMI
Top Secret Workstation
AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Extron
FOX3 T 201 USB
100-240V 0.7A MAX MODEL 80

L R OUTPUTS
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

DEVICES
Tx Rx G Tx Rx INPUTS
USB HID

Fiber Optic Transmitter

1 REMOTE 3D A B
LAN
AUDIO SYNC
FOX3 SR 301

L R USB 2.0 RS-232

R
2 1

100mA 500mA
HDMI Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN
50-60 Hz

FLAT PANEL

USB CAC
Workstation Computers – Rack Mounted Extron HDMI Display Reader

Unclassified Computers (16) SW4 USB Plus

USB Switcher
USB USB USB OUTPUTS HUB RS-232

USB
HDMI 100-240V 0.7A MAX
L R INPUTS POWER
USB SWITCHED INPUT
USB 3
HOST
EMULATION
Tx Rx
Mouse
CONTROL

RS-232 IR MOUSE
RETURN

PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4
AUDIO

12V CONTACT
1.5A MAX ON
USB 1 USB 2 ON Tx 1 2 3 4

USB Keyboard/Mouse
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx OUTPUTS
1 2
REMOTE 3D A B OFF
USB HID USB 2.0 LAN USB 4 KEYBOARD
RS-232
AUDIO SYNC
PASS THRU
L R RS-232
LOOP OUT
FOX3 T 301

50-60 Hz
HOST HOST Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN
USB Keyboard
USB USB CAC Reader Extron
FOX3 T 301 POWER INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE A B

Fiber Optic Transmitter

12V 12V
--A MAX RS-232 IR RS-232 --A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232
R R

AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Secret Computers (16) POWER

12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B
HDMI HDMI
POWER
12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

R R

AUDIO
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

HDMI 100-240V 0.7A MAX

L R INPUTS
Extron Unclassified Extron
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

USB Keyboard/Mouse FOX3 T 201 VTC Codec FOX3 SR 201

HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx OUTPUTS
REMOTE 3D A B
USB HID USB 2.0 LAN
AUDIO SYNC
L R RS-232
LOOP OUT
FOX3 T 301

50-60 Hz
HOST HOST Tx Rx G S 5V OUT IN OUT IN

Fiber Optic Transmitter Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver

USB USB CAC Reader Extron POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B
POWER
12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

FOX3 T 301
R R

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Fiber Optic Transmitter HDMI HDMI

POWER POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B 12V
A B
12V

Top Secret Computers (16)

--A MAX --A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232
RS-232 IR RS-232 R R

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Extron Secret Extron

HDMI 100-240V 0.7A MAX
L R INPUTS
FOX3 T 201 VTC Codec FOX3 SR 201
CONTROL

RS-232 IR
RETURN
AUDIO

USB Keyboard/Mouse L
AUDIO
R
USB HID USB 2.0
HDMI

LOOP OUT
Tx Rx G Tx Rx
REMOTE

RS-232
3D
SYNC
LAN
A
OUTPUTS
B
Fiber Optic Transmitter Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver
FOX3 T 301

POWER POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE

HOST HOST Tx Rx G S 5V INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL REMOTE A B A B
OUT IN OUT IN 12V 12V
50-60 Hz --A MAX
--A MAX RS-232 IR RS-232 AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232 R
R

USB USB CAC Reader Extron

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

HDMI HDMI
FOX3 T 301 POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUTS FOX3 T 201 CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B
POWER
12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

Fiber Optic Transmitter

R R

AUDIO HDMI
HDMI LOOP OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
LAN

Extron Top Secret Extron

FOX3 T 201 VTC Codec FOX3 SR 201
Fiber Optic Transmitter Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver

www.extron.com 51
Campus Technology

Overview System Design Solution

Universities are centers of research as well as institutions for higher Display Systems
learning. Campuses feature multiple buildings with classrooms, Room display systems include projectors and flat panel displays. The
offices, computer centers, lecture halls, and auditoriums. They are also required resolution is 4K/60. Two Extron MGP 641 4K/60 HDMI Multi-
leaders in the use of technology to enhance the learning experience, Window Processors in the central equipment room enable control
and providing instruction to remote areas and satellite locations. room staff to monitor up to eight images on two displays, providing
centralized support for the connected rooms.
Needs Assessment
Sources and Connectivity
Staffing Professors, adjunct professors, guest lecturers,
Sources include video feeds from classrooms, lecture halls, meeting
and student assistants are the typical users
of the audio-visual systems on a university rooms, and videoconference systems. The typical room includes
campus. A centralized control and equipment a computer, document camera, 4K media player, and pan, tilt,
room allows component and system monitoring and zoom – PTZ cameras. HDMI and DisplayPort inputs enable
for usage and security purposes. Centralized connection of equipment brought in by professors or guest lecturers.
control also enables multicasting video content An Extron IN1804 Four Input 4K/60 Seamless Scaling Switcher
for distance learning, assigning classrooms automatically switches to the active input and scales the image to
for overflow usage, and providing access to
4K/60. An Extron Annotator 401 4K/60 Annotation Processor in
resources that are in remote locations.
the lectern enables marking up electronic images using the attached
Display and Audio Display and audio requirements within touch monitor. Additional shared resources are in the central
Requirements classrooms, lecture halls, and conference equipment room.
rooms vary, depending on the AV functions in
each location. Video signals at resolutions up Switching and Signal Management
to 4K/60 and stereo audio must be transmitted
The Extron FOX Matrix 160x Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher
between the control room and all displays.
provides signal distribution and routing of all fiber optic AV signals.
Multi-Building Classrooms, conference rooms, and Multimode boards are used to connect rooms within the same
Connectivity videoconference areas must allow routing to building as the control room. Singlemode boards are used to transmit
a central control room located in a separate
signals between campus buildings.
building via fiber optic cabling.
Control Interface A control system within each classroom will Signal Distribution and Extension
allow operation of the equipment located within Extron FOX3 T 101 fiber optic transmitters send 4K/60 HDMI video
the classroom environment. with embedded audio from the classrooms, lecture halls, auditoriums,
Special Requirements Distances between buildings require the use and conference rooms to the central equipment room. Extron
of singlemode fiber optic cables to connect to FOX3 R 101 fiber optic receivers convert the optical signals from the
the centralized control room. Multimode fiber matrix into 4K HDMI video for the flat panel displays, projectors, and
can be used for connecting rooms within the recorders throughout the campus. Extron FOX3 SR 201 fiber optic
building that houses the control room. scaling receivers ensure HDMI video signals are the proper resolution
for the CODECs.

­52 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Lecture Hall/Auditorium

Instructor Lectern
PTZ Cameras

IN1804 FOX3 T 101

POWER STANDBY POWER STANDBY

DisplayPort Input
100-240V ~ --A MAX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L IN R L OUT R
CONTACT

RS-232

REMOTE
RESET
/TALLY

AUDIO

LAN
C T C T C T C T C T C T C T G V+ Tx Rx G

Seamless Transmitters

OUTPUTS
INPUTS

1 2 3 4 1A 1B

50-60 Hz
DP HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI/CEC HDMI/CEC
Scaling Switcher POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

42" Instructor Confidence Monitors
HDMI Input
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101 MODEL 80 MODEL 80

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Transmitter

HDMI Input POWER

12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN
Transmitter FLAT PANEL FLAT PANEL

POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN
Transmitter POWER
12V
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

FOX3 R 101 POWER

12V
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

Document Camera
--A MAX --A MAX
R R

HDMI OUT IN
Receivers HDMI OUT IN

POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN
Transmitter
PC

4K Media Player
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

R
FOX3 T 101
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN
Transmitter Projector Projector
ANNOTATOR 401

Annotator 401
INPUT OUTPUTS DEVICES REMOTE
LAN
1 2 1 3
PAIR RESET RS-232

Annotation Processor
2

HDMI HDMI HDMI 900 mA EXT PLUS Tx Rx G

100-240V --A MAX 50-60Hz

with DTP Extension POWER

12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

FOX3 R 101 POWER

12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

R R

HDMI OUT IN
Receivers HDMI OUT IN

FOX3 R 101 POWER

12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

Receiver HDMI OUT IN

Central Equipment Room

Operator Station
• To/From
•
HDMI Input • Lecture Halls,
• Classrooms,
HDMI Input
• Auditoriums
•
IN1804
DisplayPort Seamless
Input Scaling Switcher
100-240V ~ --A MAX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L IN R L OUT R
CONTACT

RS-232
REMOTE

RESET
/TALLY

AUDIO

LAN

C T C T C T C T C T C T C T G V+ Tx Rx G
OUTPUTS
INPUTS

1 2 3 4 1A 1B
POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE
12V
A B
--A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232
HDMI/CEC HDMI/CEC R
50-60 Hz
DP HDMI HDMI HDMI

HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN

FOX3 SR 201 POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE A B

FOX3 T 101
12V
--A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232 R
INPUT FOX3 T 101

Scaling Receiver
POWER A
12V
--A MAX
HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
R

Transmitter
FOX3 SR 201
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Scaling Receiver
INPUT FOX3 T 101
POWER A
12V
--A MAX
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

CONFIG
POWER FOX3 T 101
Transmitter
1 2

FOX3 MATRIX 160X

FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL MATRIX SWITCHER
VC CODEC

FOX3 Matrix 160x

FOX3 R 101 FOX3 R 101 FOX3 R 101 FOX3 R 101

Receiver Receiver Receiver Receiver POWER
12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G OUT IN OUT IN
POWER A POWER A POWER A POWER A LAN
12V 12V 12V 12V
--A MAX --A MAX --A MAX --A MAX
R R R R

HDMI OUT IN

OUTPUT FOX3 R 101

HDMI OUT IN

FOX3 R 101
HDMI OUT IN HDMI OUT IN

FOX3 SR 201 POWER

12V
--A MAX
FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS
AUDIO
CONTROL
RS-232 IR
REMOTE
RS-232
A B

Scaling Receiver
POWER A POWER OUTPUT A
12V 12V
--A MAX --A MAX HDMI
R
Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN
R

FOX3 SR 201
HDMI OUT IN HDMI OUT IN

OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 OUTPUT FOX3 R 101

POWER A POWER A

Scaling Receiver
12V 12V
--A MAX --A MAX
INPUT FOX3 T 101

Recorder Recorder
R R POWER A
12V
--A MAX
R
HDMI OUT IN HDMI OUT IN

OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 OUTPUT FOX3 R 101 HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN
POWER A POWER A
12V 12V
--A MAX

FOX3 T 101
--A MAX
R R

HDMI OUT IN HDMI OUT IN

Transmitter
FOX3 R 101 FOX3 R 101 VC CODEC
Receiver Receiver
100-240V~ --A MAX BACKGROUND OUTPUTS (DTP2/XTP/HDBT) USB AUDIO OUT
INPUT

1B
MGP 641
INPUTS

DTP SIG LINK LAN L R

1 2 3 4 1A POWER OVER TP 1 RESET REMOTE
DTP2 IR RS-232
2
DTP
HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx G
50 – 60 Hz

MGP 641
100-240V~ --A MAX BACKGROUND
INPUT
OUTPUTS (DTP2/XTP/HDBT) USB AUDIO OUT Multi-Window
1B
Processor
MGP 641
INPUTS

DTP SIG LINK LAN L R

1 2 3 4 1A POWER OVER TP 1 RESET REMOTE
DTP2 IR RS-232
2
DTP
HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI OUT Tx Rx G Tx Rx G
50 – 60 Hz

MGP 641
Multi-Window
Processor MODEL 80 MODEL 80

Operator Monitors
FLAT PANEL FLAT PANEL

www.extron.com 53
Knowledge Wall

Overview System Design Solution

A knowledge wall is the center of aggregated information used Display Systems
to make critical decisions related to security, emergency services Four 60-inch (153 cm) displays are mounted to the walls in the main
providers, law enforcement, and military organizations. Multiple command area. Eight thin-bezel LCD displays are configured in a 4x2
sources are displayed on the knowledge wall within the command array as the central knowledge wall.
center. The displayed sources change throughout the day in response
to new situations. Sources and Connectivity
All video sources within the command center include HDMI outputs.
Needs Assessment Computers, CATV / satellite receivers, and videoconferencing codecs
are located within the equipment room. Five additional computers are
Staffing Personnel could include representatives from
various agencies or supporting organizations. located within the command center. Air-to-ground and traffic camera
A large number of people constantly monitor platforms each provide four HDMI feeds for the command center.
incoming video, notices, and other content.
When a situation requires more attention, a Switching and Signal Management
team is formed, utilizing meeting rooms to The Extron FOX3 Matrix 80x fiber optic matrix switcher provides
further analyze the situation and decide on centralized distribution and routing of all video sources to displays
a course of action. Briefing rooms provide a located throughout the facility. Extron FOX3 I/O 88 MM boards
venue for presenting findings to a larger group,
provide fiber optic input and output connections.
or briefing other organizations or individuals.
Display Requirements A videowall, comprised of multiple flat panel Signal Distribution and Extension
displays and several large displays, is needed Extron FOX3 101 Fiber Optic Extenders are used to send and receive
in the main command area for monitoring the 4K/60 HDMI video throughout the facility. Extron FOX3 SR 201 fiber
multitude of data streams coming into the optic scaling receivers ensure HDMI video signals are scaled to the
center. Any source can be switched to one or
proper resolution for video conferencing CODECs.
more displays in the main command area, office
space, meeting rooms, or briefing centers.
Video Signal Processing
Sources and Video feeds may include public broadcasts The Extron Quantum Ultra Connect 128 is a flexible, scalable video
Connectivity from multiple cable TV or satellite receivers, processor with a variety of input, output, and windowing capabilities.
traffic camera systems, security cameras, Configured here to accept up to 12 HDMI video inputs, it displays the
air-to-ground from aircraft or UAV platforms,
data in a variety of scenarios on the 4x2 panel array.
and other sites within the theater of operation.
Videoconferencing codecs in the equipment
The Extron IN1804 Four Input 4K/60 Seamless Scaling Switcher
room provide a channel for communication with
other sites. Additionally, there are computers is installed in meeting rooms. It provides three HDMI inputs, one
that provide data to the system from the DisplayPort input with mirrored HDMI ouptuts. The Extron IN1806 Six
Internet or other information networks. Laptops Input 4K/60 Seamless Presentation Switcher is installed within the
or other portable sources may also be used in briefing rooms, and includes five HDMI inputs, one DisplayPort input,
the meeting and briefing rooms. and an HDMI output with a mirrored DTP2 output.

­54 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Meeting Rooms (4 places) Air to Ground
Briefing Rooms (2 places)
Flat Panel Display Camera Feeds
HDMI Inputs MODEL 80 (4 places) HDMI Inputs
PTZ Camera

Extron
Traffic Camera POWER STANDBY

IN1806
FLAT PANEL
Feeds Switcher
Extron 100-240V ~ --A MAX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L IN R L OUT R
(4 places) INPUTS OUTPUTS (DTP2/XTP/HDBT) AUDIO INPUTS OUTPUTS REMOTE
CONTACT

RS-232

REMOTE
RESET
/TALLY

AUDIO

LAN
C T C T C T C T C T C T C T G V+ Tx Rx G
2 4 6

IN1804
1A 1B

IN1806
L R +48V
1 1 2
SIG LINK
OVER TP AUX MIC/LINE LAN
IR 3 4 2 3 4 RS-232 RESET
1 3 5
OUTPUTS
INPUTS

+48V
1 2 3 4 1A 1B 100-240V 50/60 Hz
--A MAX HDMI/CEC Tx Rx G Tx Rx G
OUT

Switcher
LOOP OUT

DP HDMI HDMI HDMI HDMI/CEC HDMI/CEC

50-60 Hz

(4 places) (4 places) Extron Extron

POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101
Extron POWER
12V
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101
POWER
12V
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101
POWER
12V
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

FOX3 R 101 POWER

12V
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

FOX3 T 101
FOX3 T 101
R --A MAX --A MAX --A MAX --A MAX
R R R R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Receiver Transmitter
Extron
HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN HDMI OUT IN HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Transmitter
FOX3 R 101 Extron Extron
OUTPUT FOX3 R 101
POWER A
12V
--A MAX
R

Receiver HDMI OUT IN

FOX3 T 101 FOX3 T 101 Projector
Transmitter Transmitter

Equipment Room
PC
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

Extron
FOX3 T 101
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Transmitter
1

(6 places)
POWER
12V
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

Extron
CATV/Satellite
--A MAX

FOX3 T 101
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

PUSH PUSH

Transmitter
POWER GUIDE MENU RES 480 480p 720p 1080i 1080p DIREC
TV HD
SELECT
DIRECTV

(6 places)
POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

Extron
FOX3 T 101
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Transmitter

VC CODEC POWER
CONFIG
PRIMARY REDUNDANT

FOX3 MATRIX 80X

(2 places)
FOX3 SR 201 FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL MATRIX SWITCHER
POWER OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE A B
12V
--A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232 R

FOX3 Matrix 80x

HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN

Extron
FOX3 SR 201
Scaling Receiver
POWER FOX3 SR 201 OUTPUTS CONTROL REMOTE
12V
A B
--A MAX AUDIO RS-232 IR RS-232 R

HDMI Tx Rx G Tx Rx Tx Rx G LAN OUT IN OUT IN

Extron
FOX3 SR 201
Scaling Receiver
POWER
12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101
Extron
FOX3 R 101
R

HDMI OUT IN

Receiver
(12 places)

QUANTUM ULTRA CONNECT

VIDEOWALL PROCESSOR

Quantum Ultra Connect 128

POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

Extron
FOX3 T 101
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN

Transmitter
(8 places)

Command Center

POWER
12V
--A MAX
INPUT A
FOX3 T 101

Extron POWER
12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

Extron POWER
12V
--A MAX
OUTPUT A
FOX3 R 101

Extron
FOX3 T 101
R

FOX3 R 101
R

FOX3 R 101
R

HDMI LOOP OUT OUT IN HDMI OUT IN HDMI OUT IN

Transmitter Receiver Receiver

(5 places) (8 places) (4 places)
MODEL 80

FLAT PANEL

Local PC Flat Panel Display

(5 places) (4 places)

4x2 Videowall

www.extron.com 55
Extron Product Solutions

Extron Products Support 4K

High-Performance Video Solutions for 4K and Ultra HD Video
The challenge facing system designers is figuring out how to implement AV systems that support 4K now,
and emerging formats tomorrow. Extron is ready with service, support, and solutions to meet your 4K
requirements and beyond. Extron 4K video solutions provide high-performance signal extension, routing,
and distribution systems for 4K digital video signals. Whether designing for simulation, defense, medical,
theater, themed attraction, or other applications, Extron delivers service, support, and the right solution to
ensure your project is a success.

• Support for DisplayPort, HDMI, DVI, and 12G-SDI video

• Twisted pair, fiber optic, signal processing, streaming, and playback solutions available
• DTP2 and DTP3 products extend 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 and 4K HDR video signals up to 330 feet (100 meters) over a single CATx cable
• IN1800 Series supports 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 switching, signal extension, and scaling
• DTP CrossPoint 4K Series supports 4K matrix switching, signal extension, and scaling
• XTP II CrossPoint® matrix frames, boards, and extenders support resolutions up to 4K
• Analog and digital audio embedding onto HDMI 4K video signals and HDMI audio de-embedding from 4K sources
• Quantum videowall processors support a variety of 4K applications
• VN-Matrix 250 systems stream 4K content with visually lossless quality and minimal latency
• Configure JMP 9600 2K media players into 4K content playback systems
• FOX3 Series extenders transmit 4K video very long distances over fiber optic cabling
• DSC HD-HD 4K Series scalers feature Extron-exclusive Vector 4K scaling engine, and support conversion between HDMI resolutions
up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4

JI
Extron JITC-Certified Product Offerings
Most Extensive Offering of JITC-Certified AV Products in the Industry
Extron offers the most extensive number of AV signal switching, distribution, and processing products
certified by the Joint Interoperability Test Command – JITC for use in a wide range of government
installations. Extron matrix switchers, switchers, distribution amplifiers, extenders, video scalers, and control
processors across the FOX®, XTP®, NAV®, DTP®, Quantum® Ultra, IP Link® Pro, TouchLink® Pro,, and signal
processing product lines are listed on the Department of Defense Information Network Approved Products
List – DoDIN.
CER
• FOX Series products are the most complete line of Fiber Optic Products for end-to-end AV signal distribution over a
fiber optic infrastructure
• XTP Systems® is the only AV technology platform that provides infrastructure for an 8K future, supporting local connectivity and extended
transmission of AV and control over CATx and fiber optic cable
• The NAV® Series is the most advanced PRO AV over IP system to distribute and switch lossless 4K/60 video with 4:4:4 chroma sampling, audio, and
USB over standard IP networks with ultra-low latency. The NAV Series provides a secure, scalable, extendable solution that is easy to configure and
maintain.
• The DTP Systems product family is the AV industry’s most comprehensive 4K integration platform for small to mid-sized systems, providing AV signal
switching, distribution, processing, and control
• Quantum Ultra is a modular 4K videowall processor with high-performance scaling and windowing technology which accommodates a wide range of
applications. It features the Extron Vector™4K scaling engine and HyperLane® video bus capable of carrying a multitude of high-resolution sources
for unmatched real time performance.
• Video Scalers and Signal Processors include all-in-one integration solutions, single and multi‑input scalers, cross conversion scalers, multi-format
presentation switchers, and annotators
• Extron Vector 4K scaling engine embodies several Extron-patented technologies, and delivers uncompromising upscaling and downscaling
performance
• IP Link Pro series high-performance, secure control processors enhance the capabilities of any control system and complete a control ecosystem
that is secure by design. They enable almost any AV device to be controlled, monitored, and accessed from a Local Area Network, Wide Area
Network, or the Internet.
• Extron TouchLink Pro series of customizable touchpanels range in sizes from 3.5" up to 17", and are available in a variety of mounting options including
tabletop, wall mount, and flip-up Cable Cubby enclosures. Several models feature vibrant, capacitive touchscreens with edge-to-edge glass, and a
multisource, high-resolution video preview.

­56 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

 Extron Fiber Optic Product Solutions
FOX3 Systems are the latest generation of fiber optic technology offer best-in-class image quality while preserving
distribution solutions designed, engineered, and manufactured detail present in the original source material.
by Extron to meet the most demanding requirements of
critical video and audio distribution applications. From point- The FOX3 Matrix Series provides leading-edge audio
to-point extension to fully non-blocking matrix applications up functionalities, including audio switching and breakaway,
to 2000x2000 and beyond, FOX3 Systems securely deliver embedding/de-embedding, DMP expansion, Dante®
unrivaled performance and reliability to satisfy even the most integration with AES67 support, as well as local analog
discerning users. audio insertion and extraction. Native integration with
Dante provides bidirectional digital audio transport up to
Supporting data rates up to 18 Gbps, FOX3 matrix switchers 32 stereo-channels over a local area network using standard
and extenders are designed to extend and distribute Internet protocols.
uncompressed or mathematically lossless video images up to
4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling. Maintaining FOX3 extenders incorporate USB switching and extension
a 60 Hz frame rate with a 4:4:4 color space provides smooth to streamline system integration in KVM - keyboard,
frame transitions in full-motion video and ensures the details video, and mouse applications. USB device class filtering
of high-quality computer images, such as CAD drawings, and HID-only ports allow for tailor-made solutions in high
are preserved. FOX3 receivers with VectorTM 4K scaling security deployments.

Extenders Matrix Switchers

Cables & Accessories

www.extron.com 57
Extenders

FOX3 T 101
Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI
The Extron FOX3 T 101 is a compact fiber FEATURES:
optic transmitter for long haul transmission of • Extends HDMI video and embedded audio
HDCP-compliant HDMI video with embedded signals over fiber optic cabling
audio over fiber optic cabling. Engineered • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
FOX3 T 101 MM
for exceptional high-resolution image up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
performance, the transmitter uses Extron sampling over one fiber
all-digital technology to deliver mathematically • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
lossless transmission of images up to 4K/60 include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
@ 4:4:4 over a fiber optic cable. Designed to 10-bit, and two-channel PCM audio
specifically for AV systems, the FOX3 T 101 • HDCP 2.3 compliant
also includes many integrator-friendly features • Buffered HDMI input loop-through
such as Key Minder®, EDID Minder®, internal • User-selectable HDCP authorization
test patterns, a USB-C configuration port, and
remote configuration. A compact, low profile
enclosure allows for discreet installation.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 101 MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . 60-1957-11
FOX3 T 101 SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . 60-1957-12

FOX3 T 201
Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, Audio, and Control
The Extron FOX3 T 201 Fiber Optic Transmitter FEATURES:
provides long haul transmission of HDCP- • Transmits HDMI video, stereo audio, RS-232
compliant HDMI video, audio, RS-232 control, control, and IR control signals over fiber optic
and IR control over fiber optic cabling. cabling FOX3 T 201 MM
Engineered for exceptional high-resolution • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
image performance, the transmitter uses up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
Extron all‑digital technology to deliver perfect sampling over one fiber
pixel-for-pixel, uncompressed transmission • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
of images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
fibers or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ over two fibers
4:4:4 over one fiber. Designed specifically for • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
AV systems, the FOX3 T 201 also includes include data rates up to 18 Gbps and Deep
many integrator-friendly features such as Color up to 12-bit
Key Minder®, EDID Minder®, audio embedding, • HDCP 2.3 compliant
Ethernet monitoring and control, audio gain and • Buffered HDMI input loop-through
attenuation, and real-time system monitoring.
A compact, low profile enclosure allows for
discreet installation.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 201 MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . 60-1600-11
FOX3 T 201 SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . 60-1600-12
FOX3 T 201 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . 60-1600-13
FOX3 T 201 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . 60-1600-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . 70-1098-12

­58 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Extenders

FOX3 T 301
Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, USB, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 T 301 Fiber Optic Transmitter FEATURES:
provides long haul transmission of HDCP- • Transmits HDMI video, USB, stereo audio,
compliant HDMI video, USB, audio, control, RS-232 control, IR control, and 3D sync signals
and 3D sync signals over fiber optic cable. over fiber optic cabling FOX3 T 301 MM
Engineered for exceptional high-resolution • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
image performance, it uses Extron all‑digital up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
technology to deliver perfect pixel-for-pixel, sampling over one fiber
uncompressed transmission of images • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers or 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 video over two fibers
over one fiber. The USB port supports USB • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
3.0 to 1.0 devices while the USB HID port include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
applies device class filtering to restrict the to 12‑bit, and 3D
device types to HID. Designed specifically for • HDCP 2.3 compliant
AV and KVM systems, the transmitter also • Supports USB 2.0 to 1.0 devices and USB 3.0
includes many integrator-friendly features devices that can operate at USB 2.0 data rates
such as Key Minder®, EDID Minder®, audio of up to 480 Mbps
embedding, Ethernet monitoring and control,
audio gain and attenuation, and real-time
system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 301 MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . 60-1522-11
FOX3 T 301 SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . 60-1522-12
FOX3 T 301 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . 60-1522-13
FOX3 T 301 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . 60-1522-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . 70-1098-12

FOX3 T 311
Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, USB HID, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 T 311 Fiber Optic Transmitter FEATURES:
provides long haul transmission of HDCP- • Transmits HDMI video, USB HID, stereo audio,
compliant HDMI video, USB HID, audio, RS-232 control, IR control, and 3D sync signals
control, and 3D sync signals over fiber over fiber optic cabling FOX3 T 311 MM
optic cable. Engineered for exceptional • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
high-resolution image performance, it uses up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
Extron all‑digital technology to deliver perfect sampling over one fiber
pixel-for-pixel, uncompressed transmission of • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers
over one fiber. The USB HID port applies • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
device class filtering to restrict the device include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
types to HID. Designed specifically for AV and to 12-bit, and 3D
KVM systems, the FOX3 T 311 also includes • HDCP 2.3 compliant
many integrator-friendly features such as Key • Device class filtering on USB HID port restricts
Minder®, EDID Minder®, audio embedding, the range of device types to HID
Ethernet monitoring and control, audio gain and
attenuation, and real-time system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 311 MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . 60-1523-11
FOX3 T 311 SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . 60-1523-12
FOX3 T 311 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . 60-1523-13
FOX3 T 311 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . 60-1523-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . 70-1098-12

www.extron.com 59
Extenders

FOX3 R 101
Fiber Optic Extender for HDMI, Audio, and RS-232
The Extron FOX3 R 101 is a compact fiber FEATURES:
optic receiver for long haul transmission of • Receives HDMI video and embedded audio
HDCP-compliant HDMI video with embedded signals over fiber optic cabling
audio over fiber optic cabling. Engineered for • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
exceptional high-resolution image performance, up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma FOX3 R 101 MM
the receiver uses Extron all-digital technology sampling over one fiber
to deliver mathematically lossless transmission • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
of images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over fiber optic include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
cable. Designed specifically for AV systems, to 10‑bit, and two-channel PCM audio
the FOX3 R 101 also includes many integrator- • HDCP 2.3 compliant
friendly features such as Key Minder®, a USB‑C • User-selectable HDCP authorization
configuration port, and remote configuration. • Key Minder continuously verifies HDCP
A compact, low profile enclosure allows for compliance for quick, reliable switching
discreet installation.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 R 101 MM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1600-21
FOX3 R 101 SM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . 60-1600-22

FOX3 SR 201
Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver for HDMI, Audio, and Control
The Extron FOX3 SR 201 Fiber Optic Scaling FEATURES:
Receiver provides long haul transmission • On-Screen Display provides source information
of HDCP-compliant HDMI video, audio, on the workstation display
FOX3 SR 201 MM
RS-232 control, and IR control over fiber • Receives fiber optic signals from FOX3 Series
optic cabling. Engineered for exceptional transmitters and provides scaled HDMI video,
high-resolution image performance, it uses stereo audio, RS-232 control, and IR control
Extron all-digital technology to deliver perfect signals
pixel-for-pixel, uncompressed transmission of • High-performance scaler provides selectable
images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers or output resolutions up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz
mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over one with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
fiber. Designed specifically for AV systems, the • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
FOX3 SR 201 also includes many integrator- up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
friendly features such as Key Minder®, audio sampling over one fiber
de-embedding, Ethernet monitoring and • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
control, and real-time system monitoring. 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
A compact, low profile enclosure allows for over two fibers
discreet installation. • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
include data rates up to 18 Gbps and Deep
Color up to 12-bit

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 SR 201 MM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . 60-1600-21
FOX3 SR 201 SM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . 60-1600-22
FOX3 SR 201 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . 60-1600-23
FOX3 SR 201 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . 60-1600-24
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

­60 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Extenders

FOX3 R 301
Fiber Optic Receiver for HDMI, USB, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 R 301 Fiber Optic Receiver FEATURES:
provides long haul transmission of HDCP- • Supports KVM System Configuration and
compliant HDMI video, USB, audio, RS‑232, Control in a FOX3 Matrix system
IR, and 3D sync signals over fiber optic • Receives HDMI video, USB, stereo audio, FOX3 R 301 MM
cabling. Engineered for exceptional high- RS-232 control, IR control, and 3D sync
resolution image performance, it uses Extron signals over fiber optic cabling
all-digital technology to deliver perfect pixel- • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
for-pixel, uncompressed transmission of up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers sampling over one fiber
or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
one fiber. The USB port supports compliant 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
USB 3.0 to 1.0 devices, while the USB HID over two fibers
port applies device class filtering to restrict • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
the device types to HID. Designed specifically include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
for AV and KVM systems, the receiver also to 12‑bit, and 3D
includes many integrator-friendly features • HDCP 2.3 compliant
such as Key Minder®, audio de-embedding,
Ethernet monitoring and control, and real-time
system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 R 301 MM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1522-21
FOX3 R 301 SM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . 60-1522-22
FOX3 R 301 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . . 60-1522-23
FOX3 R 301 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . . 60-1522-24
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

FOX3 R 311
Fiber Optic Receiver for HDMI, USB HID, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 R 311 Fiber Optic Receiver FEATURES:
provides long haul transmission of HDCP- • Supports KVM System Configuration and
compliant HDMI video, USB HID, audio, Control in a FOX3 Matrix system
RS‑232, IR, and 3D sync signals over fiber • Receives HDMI video, USB HID, stereo audio,
optic cabling. Engineered for exceptional RS-232 control, IR control, and 3D sync signals FOX3 R 311 MM
high-resolution image performance, it uses over fiber optic cabling
Extron all-digital technology to deliver perfect • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
pixel-for-pixel, uncompressed transmission of up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers sampling over one fiber
or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
over one fiber. The USB HID port applies 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
device class filtering to restrict the device over two fibers
types to HID. Designed specifically for AV • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
and KVM systems, the FOX3 R 311 also include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
includes many integrator-friendly features to 12-bit, and 3D
such as Key Minder®, audio de-embedding, • HDCP 2.3 compliant
Ethernet monitoring and control, and real-time
system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 R 311 MM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1523-21
FOX3 R 311 SM Lossless 4K/60 Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . 60-1523-22
FOX3 R 311 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . . 60-1523-23
FOX3 R 311 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . . 60-1523-24
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

www.extron.com 61
Extenders

FOX3 SR 301
Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver for HDMI, USB, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 SR 301 Fiber Optic Scaling FEATURES:
Receiver provides long-haul transmission of • Supports KVM System Configuration and
HDCP-compliant HDMI video, USB, audio, Control in a FOX3 Matrix system
RS-232 control, IR control, and 3D sync • On-Screen Display provides source information FOX3 SR 301 MM
signals over fiber optic cabling. Engineered for on the workstation display
exceptional high-resolution image performance, • Receives fiber optic signals from FOX3 Series
it uses Extron all-digital technology to transmitters and provides scaled HDMI video,
deliver perfect pixel-for-pixel, uncompressed USB, stereo audio, RS-232 control, IR control,
transmission of images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 and 3D sync signals
over two fibers or mathematically lossless • High-performance scaler provides selectable
4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over one fiber. The USB port output resolutions up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz
supports USB 3.0 to 1.0 devices while the with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
USB HID port applies filtering to restrict the • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
device types to HID. Designed specifically for up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
AV and KVM systems, the scaling receiver sampling over one fiber
also includes many integrator-friendly features • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
such as Key Minder®, audio de-embedding, 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
Ethernet monitoring and control, and real-time over two fibers
system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 SR 301 MM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . 60-1749-21
FOX3 SR 301 SM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . 60-1749-22
FOX3 SR 301 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . 60-1749-23
FOX3 SR 301 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . 60-1749-24
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

FOX3 SR 311
Fiber Optic Scaling Receiver for HDMI, USB HID, Audio, Control, and 3D Sync
The Extron FOX3 SR 311 Fiber Optic Scaling FEATURES:
Receiver provides long-haul transmission • Supports KVM System Configuration and
of HDCP-compliant HDMI video, USB HID, Control in a FOX3 Matrix system
audio, control, and 3D sync over fiber optic • Coming Soon On-Screen Display provides
FOX3 SR 311 MM
cable. Engineered for exceptional high- source information on the workstation display
resolution image performance, it uses Extron • Receives fiber optic signals from FOX3 Series
all-digital technology to deliver perfect pixel- transmitters and provides scaled HDMI video,
for-pixel, uncompressed transmission of USB HID, stereo audio, RS-232 control,
images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers IR control, and 3D sync signals
or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 • High-performance scaler provides selectable
over one fiber. The USB HID port applies output resolutions up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz
device class filtering to restrict the device with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
types to HID. Designed specifically for AV • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video
and KVM systems, the FOX3 SR 301 also up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma
includes many integrator-friendly features sampling over one fiber
such as Key Minder®, audio de-embedding, • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
Ethernet monitoring and control, and real-time 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling
system monitoring. over two fibers

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 SR 311 MM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . . . . . 60-1732-21
FOX3 SR 311 SM Lossless 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . . . . . 60-1732-22
FOX3 SR 311 MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Multimode . . 60-1732-23
FOX3 SR 311 SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Scaling Receiver - Singlemode . 60-1732-24
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

­62 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Extenders

FOX3 T 201 PC
PowerCage Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, Audio, and Control
The Extron FOX3 T 201 PC Fiber Optic FEATURES:
Transmitter is a compact single-slot module • Extends HDMI, stereo audio, and RS‑232
designed for the PowerCage 411 enclosure control signals very long distances over fiber
that provides HDMI video, stereo audio, optic cabling
and control signal extension over fiber. • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video up
Engineered for exceptional high resolution to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
image performance, it uses Extron all-digital sampling over one fiber
FOX3 T 201 PC MM
technology to deliver perfect pixel-for-pixel, • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to
uncompressed transmission of images 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers or sampling over two fibers
mathematically lossless 4K/60 video over • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
one fiber. Designed specifically for AV and include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
KVM systems, the transmitter includes many to 12-bit, and 3D
integrator-friendly features such as Key • HDCP 2.3 compliant
Minder®, EDID Minder®, audio embedding, and • Hot-swappable modules designed for the
real-time system monitoring. PowerCage 411 enclosure, part #60‑1492‑02

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 201 PC MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . 70-1224-11
FOX3 T 201 PC SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . 70-1224-12
FOX3 T 201 PC MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . 70-1224-13
FOX3 T 201 PC SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . 70-1224-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

FOX3 T 301 PC
PowerCage Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, USB, Audio, and Control
The Extron FOX3 T 301 PC Fiber Optic FEATURES:
Transmitter is a compact single-slot module • Extends HDMI, USB, stereo audio, and RS-232
designed for the PowerCage 411 enclosure control signals very long distances over fiber
that provides HDMI video, USB, stereo optic cabling
audio, and control signal extension over fiber. • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video up
Engineered for exceptional high resolution to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
image performance, it uses Extron all-digital sampling over one fiber
technology to deliver perfect pixel-for-pixel, • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to FOX3 T 301 PC MM
uncompressed transmission of images 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers or sampling over two fibers
mathematically lossless 4K/60 video over one • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
fiber. The USB port supports compliant USB include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
3.0 to 1.0 devices, while the USB HID port to 12-bit, and 3D
applies device class filtering to restrict the • HDCP 2.3 compliant
device types to HID. Designed specifically for • Hot-swappable modules designed for the
AV and KVM systems, the transmitter includes PowerCage 411 enclosure, part #60‑1492‑02
many integrator-friendly features such as
Key Minder®, EDID Minder®, audio embedding,
and real-time system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 301 PC MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . 70-1190-11
FOX3 T 301 PC SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . 70-1190-12
FOX3 T 301 PC MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . 70-1190-13
FOX3 T 301 PC SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . 70-1190-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

www.extron.com 63
Extenders

FOX3 T 311 PC
PowerCage Fiber Optic Transmitter for HDMI, USB HID, Audio, and Control
The Extron FOX3 T 311 PC Fiber Optic FEATURES:
Transmitter is a compact single-slot module • Extends HDMI video, USB HID, stereo audio,
designed for the PowerCage 411 enclosure and RS-232 control signals very long distances
that provides HDMI video, USB HID, stereo over fiber optic cabling
audio, and control signal extension over fiber. • Supports mathematically lossless 4K video up
Engineered for exceptional high resolution to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
image performance, it uses Extron all-digital sampling over one fiber
technology to deliver perfect pixel-for-pixel, • Supports uncompressed 4K video up to FOX3 T 311 PC MM
uncompressed transmission of images 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with a 4:4:4 chroma
up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over two fibers or sampling over two fibers
mathematically lossless 4K/60 video over one • Supported HDMI 2.0 specification features
fiber. The USB HID port applies device class include data rates up to 18 Gbps, Deep Color up
filtering to restrict the device types to HID. to 12-bit, and 3D
Designed specifically for AV and KVM systems, • HDCP 2.3 compliant
the transmitter includes many integrator- • Hot-swappable modules designed for the
friendly features such as Key Minder®, EDID PowerCage 411 enclosure, part #60‑1492‑02
Minder®, audio embedding, and real-time
system monitoring.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 T 311 PC MM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . 70-1223-11
FOX3 T 311 PC SM Lossless 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . 70-1223-12
FOX3 T 311 PC MM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Multimode . . . . . 70-1223-13
FOX3 T 311 PC SM Uncompressed 4K/60 Transmitter - Singlemode . . . . . 70-1223-14
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Multimode . . . 70-1098-11
LinkLicense FOX3 Uncompressed 4K/60 Upgrade - Singlemode . . 70-1098-12

PowerCage 411
Modular Power Enclosure for FOX3 Fiber Optic Extenders
The Extron PowerCage 411 is a compact 1U FEATURES:
rack-mountable, 4-slot enclosure that supports • Space-saving design with a compact, 1U rack-
Extron FOX3 series fiber optic extenders. mountable enclosure
Engineered with uncompromising quality and • Accommodates up to four modules
proven performance to provide an efficient • Modular, field-upgradeable, and hot‑swappable
way to power, manage, and mount multiple design
extenders, the PowerCage 411 simplifies • Ethernet monitoring and control
integration for large, rack-mounted systems • Dual redundant and hot‑swappable power
as well as user workstations with multiple supplies
computers. The PowerCage 411 features • RS‑232 insertion from the Ethernet port
a redundant, hot-swappable power supply
plus active thermal management to optimize
reliability in mission-critical environments
where continuous, 24/7 operation is essential.
The hot-swappable, modular design allows
for replacing or upgrading boards in the field
at any time, without having to power down
the system. The compact 1U enclosure
includes front panel controls for set-up and
configuration without a computer.

MODEL VERSION PART#

PowerCage 411 Modular Power Enclosure for Fiber Optic Extenders . . 60-1492-02

­64 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Matrix Switchers

FOX3 Matrix 24x

Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher from 8x8 to 24x24
The Extron FOX3 Matrix 24x provides high- FEATURES:
performance switching of 4K/60 video, audio, • LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and
USB, control, and 3D sync over fiber optic Control package
cable. Expandable from 8x8 up to 24x24, this • I/O sizes from 8x8 to 24x24
modular matrix switcher also features RS-232 • Switches 4K/60 video, audio, USB, control, and
insertion from the Ethernet port, extending 3D sync over fiber optic cable
bidirectional control to any FOX3 endpoint. The • Compatible with all Extron FOX3 Series
Ethernet port supports SSH protocol, ensuring transmitters and receivers
communication between the control system • Dante® audio network interface, DMP expansion
and the matrix is encrypted. Dante, DMP port, and analog audio inputs and outputs
Expansion, and analog audio I/O ports enable • RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet control port
audio embedding and de-embedding. Equipped
with many additional integrator-friendly features,
such as a hot-swappable power supply, an
optional redundant hot-swappable power
supply, and system monitoring, the FOX3 Matrix
24x delivers highly reliable, enterprise-wide
switching of fiber optic AV, USB, and control for
mission-critical environments.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 8io MM Configured Matrix - 8x8 Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-04
FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 8io SM Configured Matrix - 8x8 Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-14
FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 16io MM Configured Matrix - 16x16 Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-05
FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 16io SM Configured Matrix - 16x16 Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-15
FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 24io MM Configured Matrix - 24x24 Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-06
FOX3 Matrix 24x no FPC 24io SM Configured Matrix - 24x24 Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . 60-1716-16
FOX3 24x I/O 88 MM 8x8 I/O Board - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-03
FOX3 24x I/O 88 SM 8x8 I/O Board - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-04
LinkLicense KVM Configuration and Control Upgrade, FOX3 24x . 79-2584-01

FOX3 Matrix 40x

Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher from 8x8 to 40x40
The Extron FOX3 Matrix 40x provides high- FEATURES:
performance switching of 4K/60 video, audio, • LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and
USB, control, and 3D sync over fiber optic Control package
cable. Expandable from 8x8 up to 40x40, this • I/O sizes from 8x8 to 40x40
modular matrix switcher also features RS-232 • Switches 4K/60 video, audio, USB, control, and
insertion from the Ethernet port, extending 3D sync over fiber optic cable
bidirectional control to any FOX3 endpoint. The • Compatible with all Extron FOX3 Series
Ethernet port supports SSH protocol, ensuring transmitters and receivers
communication between the control system and • Dante® audio network interface, DMP expansion
the matrix is encrypted. Dante, DMP Expansion, port, and analog audio inputs and outputs
and analog audio I/O ports enable audio • RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet control port
embedding and de-embedding. Equipped with
many additional integrator-friendly features, such
as redundant hot-swappable power supplies
and system monitoring, the FOX3 Matrix
40x delivers highly reliable, enterprise-wide
switching of fiber optic AV, USB, and control for
mission-critical environments.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 Matrix 40x no FPC FOX3 Matrix 40x Frame no FPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1576-02
FOX3 I/O 88 MM 8x8 I/O Board - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-01
FOX3 I/O 88 SM 8x8 I/O Board - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-791-22
LinkLicense KVM Configuration and Control Upgrade, FOX3 40x . 60-1257-01

www.extron.com 65
Matrix Switchers

FOX3 Matrix 80x

Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher from 8x8 to 80x80
The Extron FOX3 Matrix 80x provides high- FEATURES:
performance switching of 4K/60 video, audio, • LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and
USB, control, and 3D sync over fiber optic Control package
cable. Expandable from 8x8 up to 80x80, this • I/O sizes from 8x8 to 80x80
modular matrix switcher also features RS-232 • Switches 4K/60 video, audio, USB, control, and
insertion from the Ethernet port, extending 3D sync over fiber optic cable
bidirectional control to any FOX3 endpoint. • Compatible with all Extron FOX3 Series
The Ethernet port supports SSH protocol, transmitters and receivers
ensuring communication between the control • Dante® audio network interface, DMP expansion
system and the matrix is encrypted. Dante, port, and analog audio inputs and outputs
DMP Expansion, and analog audio I/O ports • RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet control port
enable audio embedding and de-embedding.
Equipped with many additional integrator-
friendly features, such as redundant hot-
swappable power supplies and system
monitoring, the FOX3 Matrix 80x delivers
highly reliable, enterprise-wide switching
of fiber optic AV, USB, and control for
mission-critical environments.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 Matrix 80x no FPC FOX3 Matrix 80x Frame no FPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1553-02
FOX3 I/O 88 MM 8x8 I/O Board - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-01
FOX3 I/O 88 SM 8x8 I/O Board - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-791-22
LinkLicense KVM Configuration and Control Upgrade, FOX3 80x . 79-2586-01

FOX3 Matrix 160x

Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher from 8x8 to 160x160
The Extron FOX3 Matrix 160x provides high- FEATURES:
performance switching of 4K/60 video, audio, • LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and
USB, control, and 3D sync over fiber optic Control package
cable. Expandable from 8x8 up to 160x160, • I/O sizes from 8x8 to 160x160
this modular matrix switcher also features • Switches 4K/60 video, audio, USB, control, and
RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet port, 3D sync over fiber optic cable
extending bidirectional control to any FOX3 • Compatible with all Extron FOX3 Series
endpoint. The Ethernet port supports SSH transmitters and receivers
protocol, ensuring communication between the • Dante® audio network interface, DMP expansion
control system and the matrix is encrypted. port, and analog audio inputs and outputs
Dante, DMP Expansion, and analog audio • RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet control port
I/O ports enable audio embedding and
de-embedding. Equipped with many additional
integrator-friendly features, such as redundant
hot-swappable power supplies and system
monitoring, the FOX3 Matrix 160x delivers
highly reliable, enterprise-wide switching of fiber
optic AV, USB, and control for mission-critical
environments.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 Matrix 160x no FPC FOX3 Matrix 160x Frame no FPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1577-02
FOX3 I/O 88 MM 8x8 I/O Board - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-01
FOX3 I/O 88 SM 8x8 I/O Board - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-791-22
LinkLicense KVM Configuration and Control Upgrade, FOX3 160x . 79-2587-01

­66 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Matrix Switchers

FOX3 Matrix 320x

Modular Fiber Optic Matrix Switcher from 8x8 to 320x320
The Extron FOX3 Matrix 320x provides FEATURES:
high-performance switching of 4K/60 video, • LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and
audio, USB, control, and 3D sync over fiber Control package
optic cable. Expandable from 8x8 up to • I/O sizes from 8x8 to 320x320
320x320, this modular matrix switcher also • Switches 4K/60 video, audio, USB, control, and
features RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet 3D sync over fiber optic cable
port, extending bidirectional control to any • Compatible with all Extron FOX3 Series
FOX3 endpoint. The Ethernet port supports transmitters and receivers
SSH protocol, ensuring communication • Dante® audio network interface, DMP expansion
between the control system and the matrix is port, and analog audio inputs and outputs
encrypted. Dante, DMP Expansion, and analog • RS-232 insertion from the Ethernet control port
audio I/O ports enable audio embedding
and de-embedding. Equipped with many
additional integrator-friendly features, such
as redundant hot-swappable power supplies
and system monitoring, the FOX3 Matrix
320x delivers highly reliable, enterprise-wide
switching of fiber optic AV, USB, and control for
mission-critical environments.

MODEL VERSION PART#

FOX3 Matrix 320x no FPC FOX3 Matrix 320x Frame no FPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-1578-02
FOX3 I/O 88 MM 8x8 I/O Board - Multimode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-1107-01
FOX3 I/O 88 SM 8x8 I/O Board - Singlemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-791-22
LinkLicense KVM Configuration and Control Upgrade, FOX3 320x . 79-2588-01

www.extron.com 67
Matrix Switchers

FOX LinkLicenses
Upgrade FOX3 Series Products with Enhanced Features
Extron FOX LinkLicenses are feature upgrades for a range of Extron FOX3 System products. These LinkLicenses add various capabilities to
FOX3 Systems, such as breakaway switching of USB HID signals, flexible USB control, as well as extension of uncompressed video images up to
4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling over two fibers. FOX LinkLicenses deliver a powerful feature set and streamline system integration
in critical video and audio distribution applications.

LinkLicense for KVM System Configuration and Control • FPC 6000 Front Panel Controller support – Enables keyboard and
• Enables breakaway switching of USB HID signals independent of mouse USB control via an FPC 6000 Front Panel Controller.
the video signal – Allows a user to operate a multi-monitor console
connected to multiple computers with one keyboard and one mouse. • External control system support – Enables a user to switch
keyboard and mouse USB control via an external control system
• Intelligent cross-display switching – Enables a user to switch and touchpanel.
keyboard and mouse USB control between computers by simply
dragging the cursor from one display to another. • Supports up to four displays per workstation in 1x4 or
2x2 configurations
• On screen display control panel activated by a hotkey sequence – A
keystroke command displays a pop-up menu that enables a user LinkLicense for FOX3 Uncompressed Video
to switch keyboard and mouse USB control between computers • Enables FOX3 Series transmitters and receivers to extend
without the need for a touchpanel. Display and keyboard must be uncompressed video images up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with
attached to a FOX3 SR 301/311 series scaling receiver. 4:4:4 chroma sampling over two fibers

• Hotkey Switching - Allows a user to switch the keyboard and • Upgrade kit includes an SFP module and LinkLicense
mouse between computers using a keystroke command on a
workstation keyboard.

­68 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Matrix Switchers

Extron Matrix 1K
Large-Scale Matrix Switcher Program up to 1000x1000 1000
or Larger
When it comes to large-scale matrix switching solutions for fiber
optic, digital, or analog signal routing applications, Extron has you
covered. Through the Extron Matrix 1K program, you can create 720
custom, scalable matrix switchers in all common signal types with
I/O sizes up to 1000x1000 and larger. Extron Matrix 1K switchers
are designed and engineered to your specific project requirements. 576
Matrix 1K digital and fiber optic matrix switchers start at 320x320
INPUTS
and Matrix 1K analog matrix switchers start at 128x128. Regardless
of the size you need, Matrix 1K switchers work with the same ease 432
of control and day in, day out reliability you’ve come to expect
from Extron.
320 ••••••••
To begin the process of configuring your Extron Matrix 1K switcher, ••••••••
••••••••
••••••••
contact your local Extron sales office or Regional Accounts Manager. ••••••••
••••••••
••••••••
An Extron Applications Engineer will be assigned to your project and ••••••••

will work with you to ensure your complete satisfaction. 320 432 576 720 1000
or Larger
OUTPUTS
Extron Matrix 1K Product Commissioning
Extron provides proactive, on-site product commissioning with every
Extron Matrix 1K purchase. Matrix 1K commissioning provides you
with an extra level of service, ensuring that the system you design
and install meets your expectations and those of your client.

Extron Matrix 1K
switchers offer very
large scale routing
capability to handle
the largest, most
complex venues.

Extron Matrix 1K switchers can be custom designed in sizes from 144x144 up to 1000x1000 and beyond.

www.extron.com 69
Cables, Connectors, and Accessories

S3 Fiber Optic Product Commissioning Services

Commissioning to Ensure Optimum System Performance
Exton S3 Fiber Optic Product Commissioning FEATURES:
Services is a proactive program designed to • Pre-installation review to ensure optimally
ensure optimum performance in AV systems designed system
utilizing Extron's Fiber Optic Products. The • Proactive on-site product commissioning
service includes pre-installation design review to ensure installed system meets design
as well as on-site system optimization and requirements
operational training. The program is designed • System optimization, calibration, and training
to help integrators and their customers services for worry free installation, integration,
ensure that a fiber optic AV system meets and performance
performance specifications, prior to the system
going into full operation.

Fiber Optic Product Commissioning Services

include pre-installation design review with
Extron Engineers who are available to assist
integrators throughout the design process.
Once on site, the Engineer optimizes and
calibrates the system to deliver the best
performance possible.

MODEL VERSION PART#

S3 Product Commissioning Product Commissioning Services . . . . . . . . . 03-001-01

About Extron Fiber Optic Products

FOX3 Systems are the latest generation of fiber optic distribution solutions designed, engineered, and manufactured by Extron to meet
the most demanding requirements of critical video and audio distribution applications. From point-to-point extension to fully non-blocking
matrix applications up to 2000x2000 and beyond, FOX3 Systems securely deliver unrivaled performance and reliability to satisfy even the
most discerning users. Supporting data rates up to 18 Gbps, FOX3 matrix switchers and extenders are designed to extend and distribute
uncompressed or mathematically lossless video images up to 4096x2160 at 60 Hz with 4:4:4 chroma sampling.

­70 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Cables, Connectors and Accessories

Quick LC Fiber Optic Connectors

Connectors for Field Termination of Fiber Optic Cables
Extron Quick LC Fiber Optic Connectors are FEATURES:
factory pre-polished, field-installable connectors • Pre-polished, field-installable connectors
for fast, reliable termination of Extron • Compatible with Extron Fiber Optic
multimode and singlemode fiber optic cable. Termination Kit
The precision design and pre-cleaved fiber stub • Re-usable up to two times
with index-matching gel ensure optimum fiber • Wedge clip with visual indicator
alignment and a reliable low-loss connection. • High-performance, low-loss fiber optic
Each connector includes strain relief boots for connectors
terminating Extron Fiber Optic Cable as well
as other standard fiber optic cable sizes that
may exist in a fiber plant. A pre-installed wedge
clip features a visual indicator of a successful
termination when used with a VFL - Visual Fault
Locator. Quick LC Connectors are available as
multimode and singlemode versions.

MODEL VERSION PART#

QLC MM/10 Multimode, qty. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-018-01
QLC SM/10 Singlemode, qty. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-017-01

2LC OM4 MM P
LC to LC Laser-Optimized Multimode Fiber Optic Cable Assemblies - Plenum
Extron 2LC OM4 MM P multimode fiber FEATURES:
optic duplex cable assemblies are available • Laser-optimized OM4 multimode fiber
in various lengths from 1 meter to 60 meters. • Bend-insensitive
Ideal for moderate to long distances up to • OFNP plenum-rated jacket
2 km, Extron laser-optimized multimode fiber • Durable duplex zip-cord cable construction
provides superior bandwidth and ensures pixel- • Terminated with industry standard LC
perfect transmission of high-resolution, video, connectors
audio, and control signals. The 2LC OM4 • Available in lengths from 1 meter (3.3 feet) to
MM P is also a bend-insensitive fiber optic 60 meters (197 feet)
cable featuring a tight bend radius to minimize
bending loss and simplify installation. Laser-
optimized, OM4 performance ensures an AV
fiber optic cable infrastructure that supports the
highest resolutions.

MODEL VERSION PART#

2LC OM4 MM P/1 1 m (3.3') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-01
2LC OM4 MM P/2 2 m (6.6') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-02
2LC OM4 MM P/3 3 m (9.8') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-03
2LC OM4 MM P/5 5 m (16.4') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-05
2LC OM4 MM P/10 10 m (32.8') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-10
2LC OM4 MM P/15 15 m (49.2') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-15
2LC OM4 MM P/20 20 m (65.6') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-20
2LC OM4 MM P/30 30 m (98.4') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-30
2LC OM4 MM P/40 40 m (131') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-40
2LC OM4 MM P/50 50 m (164') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-50
2LC OM4 MM P/60 60 m (197') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-671-60

www.extron.com 71
Cables, Connectors and Accessories

2LC SM P
LC to LC Bend-Insensitive Singlemode Fiber Optic Cable Assemblies - Plenum
Extron 2LC SM P bend-insensitive singlemode FEATURES:
fiber optic cable assemblies are available in • Bend-insensitive singlemode fiber
various lengths from 1 meter to 60 meters. • OFNP plenum-rated jacket
Bend-insensitive fiber features a tight bend • Durable duplex zip-cord cable construction
radius to minimize bending loss and simplify • Terminated with industry standard LC
installation. Singlemode fiber's low-loss connectors
provides extreme performance to transmit AV • Available in lengths from 1 meter (3.3 feet) to
signals over very long distances up to 30 km or 60 meters (197 feet)
18.75 miles.

MODEL VERSION PART#

2LC SM P/1 1 m (3.3') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-01
2LC SM P/2 2 m (6.6') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-02
2LC SM P/3 3 m (9.8') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-03
2LC SM P/5 5 m (16.4') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-05
2LC SM P/10 10 m (32.8') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-10
2LC SM P/15 15 m (49.2') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-15
2LC SM P/20 20 m (65.6') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-20
2LC SM P/30 30 m (98.4') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-30
2LC SM P/40 40 m (131') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-40
2LC SM P/50 50 m (164') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-50
2LC SM P/60 60 m (197') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-670-60

­72 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Standards, Glossary and FAQ's

Standards for Fiber Optic Cables

Several standards apply to fiber optic cables, including flame ratings, performance ratings, and
design standards. Selecting the appropriate fiber optic cable for the application is essential, whether
for indoor or outdoor use, and whether the cable will be installed in risers or plenums. Performance
of fiber optic cables is also an important consideration to ensure compatibility with current fiber optic
AV products, as well as ample bandwidth capability for future system needs.

Fiber Optic Glossary

In use throughout this Guide is the language of the fiber optic world. This lexicon of words, phrases,
acronyms, and abbreviations appropriate to fiber optic technologies, standards, practices, and the
products necessary for fiber optic AV integration is defined in the following Glossary of Terms.

Frequently Asked Questions

Find answers to all of the common questions about fiber optic technology, applications using fiber
optics, system design considerations, Extron fiber optic products, and system installation.

www.extron.com 73
Standards for Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber optic cables are covered by multiple codes and standards including flame ratings, performance ratings, and design
standards. Safety codes and standards specify where cables may be installed, such as vertical runs and air handling spaces,
based on the jacket material and flame rating. Cables are flame-rated for use in risers, plenums, and general use. Performance
standards address and define technical specifications, rules, and guidelines to promote compatibility of components and systems
in telecommunications networks. Cable design and construction codes and standards address requirements for indoor, outdoor,
and combination indoor/outdoor applications.

Table 1.
Flame Ratings for Fiber Optic Cables National Electrical Code Fire Ratings for Fiber Optic Cables

Cables installed within commercial or residential buildings NEC Test

Description
are required to meet minimum flame ratings as established Designation Method
by the National Fire Protection Association — NFPA. The
OFNP OFNP is Optical Fiber Non conductive NFPA 262
NFPA standards include National Electrical Code® — NEC Plenum. OFNP are all-dielectric fiber CSA FT6
Article 770 that mandates how fiber optic cables may be optic cables that are certified for use
in plenum applications. OFNP cables
installed in plenum, riser, and general purpose applications.
can also be used in riser and general
State and local jurisdictions may require compliance purpose applications.
with additional, more restrictive standards. Underwriter’s
OFCP OFCP is Optical Fiber Conductive NFPA 262
Laboratories® — UL, and the Canadian Standards Plenum. OFCP are fiber optic cables CSA FT6
Association — CSA have developed test methods for that contain at least one electrically
conductive component such as a
certification to applicable standards. strength member or vapor barrier.
OFCP cables are certified for use in
Plenum applications refer to cable installations in any plenum applications. OFCP cables
can also be used in riser and general
space used as part of an air handling system, including purpose applications.
heating/air conditioning ducts and air returns. Exposed
OFNR OFNR is Optical Fiber Non conductive UL-1666
cables not installed in conduit are required to have a Riser. OFNR are all-dielectric fiber CSA-FT4
certain minimum fire-resistant and smoke-resistant rating. optic cables that are certified for use
in riser applications. OFNR cables
The term riser refers to a vertical pathway or the space
can also be used in general purpose
between floors of a multistory building. Cables within risers applications.
must also be rated for fire and smoke resistance, but the
OFCR OFCR is Optical Fiber Conductive UL-1666
ratings are less stringent than plenum applications. General Riser. OFCR are fiber optic cables CSA FT4
purpose applications are cables installed on a single that contain at least one electrically
conductive component such as a
floor and cannot be used in riser or plenum applications. strength member or vapor barrier.
NEC‑established ratings are shown in Table 1. OFCR cables are certified for use
in riser applications. OFCR cables
can also be used in general purpose
applications.

OFNG OFNG is Optical Fiber Non conductive UL-1581

General Purpose. OFNG are all- CSA FT4
dielectric fiber optic cables that are
for general purpose use. OFNG fibers
are not rated for riser or plenum
applications.

OFCG OFCG is Optical Fiber Conductive UL-1581

General Purpose. OFCG are fiber CSA FT4
optic cables that contain at least one
electrically conductive component
such as a strength member or vapor
barrier. OFCG cables are certified for
general purpose use and are not rated
for riser or plenum applications.

­74 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Standards for Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber Performance Standards

Performance standards have been defined by multiple fiber. Each signal operates at a unique wavelength in the range
organizations, including: of 850 nm to 953 nm.

• ISO - International Organization for Standardization Singlemode Fiber Standards

• IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission OS1 and OS2 are standard designations that identify
• TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association singlemode fibers. ISO/IEC 11801 specifies performance
• ITU - International Telecommunication Union requirements for OS1, and ISO/IEC 24702 specifies for OS2,
as listed in Table 3.
Multimode Fiber Standards
Multimode fibers are categorized by their bandwidth OS1 is the original type of singlemode fiber, and is the most
performance as it relates to modal dispersion. Most of the commonly installed type for long distance applications. In
performance specifications have been reconciled to the ISO/ anticipation of future higher bandwidth needs, it also exists as
IEC specifications. ISO/IEC 11801 identifies five categories dark fiber in many facilities.
for multimode fibers —OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, and OM5 —
based on performance criteria as shown in Table 2. OS2 fiber is a newer singlemode fiber type that is specified
for transmission at the 1383 nm wavelength. It is designed
OM1 and OM2 fibers are legacy standards for multimode fiber for use with CWDM systems due to low attenuation at this
that are used on 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps networks. These wavelength. OS2 fiber is defined as an "outdoor" cable,
fiber types are designed for use with LED light sources, and but can also be used indoors. ISO standards only define
are considered obsolete by TIA-942-A. attenuation for OS2 in loose tube cables that are common in
outdoor applications, OS2 fiber attenuation tends to be higher
OM3 and OM4 define standards for laser-optimized multimode in tight-buffered cables used for indoor applications.
fiber. They are used for networks operating up to 10 Gbps with
850 nm VCSEL light sources. OM4 is recommended for new OS1 and OS2 fiber have similar performance capabilities,
installations of multimode fiber. however, OS1 fiber has higher attenuation at wavelengths near
1383 nm, and may not be suitable for CWDM applications.
OM5 fiber is laser-optimized fiber designed for shortwave Due to the large installed base of OS1 fiber, many CWDM
wavelength division multiplexing - SWDM. SWDM is the applications avoid using wavelengths around 1383 nm. The
combining of multiple signals, typically four, onto a multimode differences between OS1 and OS2 are summarized in Table 4.

Table 2.
ISO/IEC 11801 Optical Fiber Categories
Max Attenuation Overfill Launch Effective Mode Equivalent or
Core Diameter (dB/km) Bandwidth (MHz-km) Bandwidth (MHz-km) Related Performance
Category (µm) 850 / 1310 nm 850 / 1310 nm @ 850 nm Standards
TIA 492-AAAA
OM1 62.5 3.5 / 1.5 200 / 500 N/A IEC 60793-2-10, A1b
ISO/IEC 11801 OM1
TIA 492-AAAB
IEC 60793-2-10, A1a.1
OM2 50 3.5 / 1.5 500 / 500 N/A
ISO/IEC 11801, OM2
ITU G.651.1
TIA 492-AAAC
OM3 50 3.5 / 1.5 1500 / 500 2000 IEC 60793-2-10, A1a.2
ISO/IEC 11801, OM3
TIA 492-AAAD
OM4 50 3.5 / 1.5 3500 / 500 4700 IEC 60793-2-10, A1a.3
ISO/IEC 11801, OM4
TIA-492AAAE
OM5 50 3.5 / 1.5 3500 / 500 4700 IEC 60793-2-10, A1a.4
ISO/IEC 11801, OM5

www.extron.com 75
Standards for Fiber Optic Cables

Table 3. Table 4.
OS1 and OS2 Fiber Specifications OS1 and OS2 Fiber Comparison
Maximum Attenuation (dB/km) Equivalent or Related OS1 Fiber OS2 Fiber
Performance May not be suitable for Can be used for CWDM applications
Category 1310 nm 1383 nm 1550 nm Standards CWDM applications
IEC 60793-2-50, B1.1 1.0 dB/km maximum 0.4 dB/km maximum attenuation at
OS1 1.0 N/A 1.0 ITU G.652.A attenuation at 1310 nm and 1310 nm, 1383 nm, and 1550 nm
ITU G.652.B 1550 nm wavelengths wavelengths
(loose tube cables only)
IEC 60793-2-50, B1.3
OS2 0.4 0.4 0.4 ITU G.652.C See manufacturer’s datasheets for
ITU G.652.D attenuation in other cable types.

Fiber Cable Standards

The IEC and the Insulated Cable Engineers Association have
published cable design and test standards for indoor and outdoor
installations as shown in Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Table 5.
Indoor Cable Standards
IEC 60794-2-11:2019
Detailed specification for simplex and duplex cables for use in premises cabling.
and BS EN 60794-2-11:2019

IEC 60794-2-21:2019
Detailed specification for multi-fiber optical distribution cables for use in premises cabling.
and BS EN 60794-2-21:2019

IEC 60794-2-31:2019
Detailed specification for optical fiber ribbon cables for use in premises cabling.
and BS EN 60794-2-31:2019

ANSI/ICEA S-83-596 Standard for Optical Fiber Premises Distribution Cable

Table 6.
Outdoor Cable Standards
IEC 60794-3-12:2021 Detailed specification for duct and directly buried optical telecommunication cables for use
and BS EN 60794-3-12:2013 in premises cabling.

IEC 60794-3-21:2015 Detailed specification for optical self-supporting aerial telecommunication cables for use in
and BS EN 60794-3-21:2016 premises cabling.

ANSI/ICEA S-87-640 Standard for Optical Fiber Outside Plant Communications Cable

Table 7.
Indoor / Outdoor Cable Standards
ICEA S-104-696 Standard for Indoor / Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable

Table 8.
Cable Test Standards
ISO/IEC 14763-3 Detailed Specification for testing fiber optic cabling

­76 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Fiber Optic Glossary

10 Gbps Passive Optical Network — XG-PON Angled Physical Contact — APC

An ITU-T G.987 standard PON architecture with data rates of A specific technique for singlemode fiber applications where the
10 Gbps downstream and 2.5 Gbps upstream. end-face of the fiber or ferrule is cut and polished at an 8° angle
in order to increase contact surface area and help minimize return
40 Gbps Passive Optical Network - NG-PON2 loss. APC connectors are typically green in color and are not
An ITU-T G.989 standard PON architecture with data rates of used in multimode applications. They are also rarely used in digital
40 Gbps downstream and 10 Gbps upstream. applications. APC polished connectors are not compatible with
UPC, SPC, or PC polished connectors. Intermixing APC polished
connectors with UPC/SPC/PC polished connectors can damage
A the fiber optic cable or equipment.

Aramid Yarn
Absorption A woven strength member, with Kevlar® as a common brand,
A source of attenuation of light as it passes through fiber, similar to incorporated into fiber optic cable that provides tensile strength
the resistive loss of an electrical signal as it passes through copper and protection.
cable. Light interacts with the molecular structure of the glass and
impurities within the fiber. These interactions release phonons,
Arc
converting the light into heat.
In fiber optics, the discharge that occurs between the two
electrodes of a fusion splicer.
Acceptance Angle
In fiber optics, this is the maximum allowable angle of incidence
ATM Passive Optical Network – APON
for light entering a fiber measured from the center axis of the fiber.
An ITU-T G.983 standard PON architecture based upon
Incoming light must be directed below this angle in order to enter
asynchronous transfer mode – ATM. APON was the first standard
the core of the fiber and propagate along its length through total
PON architecture, but has since been replaced by broadband
internal reflection.
PON.
Aerial Cable Attenuation
An optical fiber cable designed for outdoor installations on aerial
In fiber optics, this is the loss of optical power as light passes
support structures such as poles. Aerial cables are specifically
along a fiber optic path. This loss can occur due to absorption,
designed to withstand adverse conditions such as wind and ice
scattering, or excessive bending within the fiber, and can also be
loading, pollution, UV radiation, thermal cycling, stress, and aging.
attributed to optical components such as connectors, splices, and
splitters. Attenuation is usually expressed in decibels per kilometer
Air Blown Fiber — ABF — dB/Km.
Optical fiber installed through special tube cables by means
of using pressurized air or nitrogen to “blow” bundles of fibers
Avalanche Photodiode — APD
through individual tubes within the cable. Tube cables are usually
A type of photodetector, or optical signal transducer that converts
pre-installed at the premises before installation of air blown fiber.
light into an electrical signal. APDs are used in fiber optic receivers.
Air Polish
The first polishing step in the epoxy and polish method for fiber
termination. A fine-grit film is used to grind down the fiber stub
B
after the scribe-and-cleave step.
Back Reflection
All Dielectric Light within an optical fiber that is reflected back toward the
In fiber optics, this denotes the presence of only dielectric, or non- source. This typically occurs at interfaces between the fiber and
metal elements. the connector where an air gap causes the reflection.

Anaerobic Backscattering
For fiber optics, this describes a method of bonding optical fibers The portion of light within an optical fiber that is reflected back
via a non-heat, intrinsic chemical reaction within an adhesive toward the source. An OTDR relies on backscattering to indirectly
material. An anaerobic adhesive does not require air to cure. measure insertion loss, check for faults, and verify splices.

Angle of Incidence Bend-Insensitive Fiber

The angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line A special type of fiber optic cable that tolerates bends and
perpendicular to that surface at the point of incidence, called the stresses with minimal effect on optical loss. Bend-insensitive fiber
normal. is available in both multimode and singlemode varieties.

Bend Loss
In fiber optics, the attenuation of light as it passes through a fiber
with excessive bends. Macrobending and microbending both
contribute to bend loss.

www.extron.com 77
Fiber Optic Glossary

Bend Radius Cladding

The amount of bow in a cable, pipe, or tubing, measured to the The outer layer surrounding the core of a fiber that serves as an
inside curvature, beyond which may cause undesirable effects. optical barrier as well as protection for the core. The index of
Bending a fiber optic cable beyond its specified minimum bend refraction for the cladding is always lower than that of the core in
radius may introduce attenuation or cause damage to the fiber. order to maintain total internal reflection, ensuring that the light
travels within the core.
Bit Error Rate — BER
The fraction of bits that were transmitted with errors, expressed as Cleave Tool
the ratio of incorrectly-to-correctly transmitted bits. BER is used to Also known as a scribe tool, this specialized tool is used to break
assess transmission accuracy in a fiber optic system. off a portion of an optical fiber by scoring, or scribing the fiber.
Optimally, this tool produces a clean, precise cut with a flat end-
Bit Rate face that is at a 90° angle to the fiber axis.
The rate of digital data transmission, commonly expressed in bits
per second — bps, kilobits per second — kbps, Megabits per Cleaving
second —Mbps, and Gigabits per second — Gbps. The process of cutting the end of an optical fiber after it has been
scored or scribed using a cleave or scribe tool.
Breakout Cable
In fiber optics, a cable comprised of a bundle of jacketed fibers, Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing – CWDM
with the fibers separated from the bundle at one end to facilitate The multiplexing or combining of several wavelengths as
installation into panels and other equipment. The fibers are defined by ITU-T G.694.2 into a single optical signal. CWDM
individually jacketed for enhanced protection. is distinguished from Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
— DWDM in that it has a much greater separation between
Breakout Kit wavelengths, 20 nm.
In fiber optics, a kit used to create a breakout cable from bundled
fiber optic cable. Coating
An acrylate layer over the fiber that provides protection from
Broadband Passive Optical Network — BPON moisture as well as possible damage during the manufacturing
An ITU-T G.983 standard PON architecture that is an improved process. Also known as a buffer coating.
version of APON with data rates of up to 1,244 Mbps downstream
and 622 Mbps upstream. Compression
A process in which digital data is reduced to meet system
Buffer Coating bandwidth requirements, but without negatively affecting the
A plastic coating applied to an optical fiber that provides capability to convey image, video, audio, or the contents of a data
protection from moisture or damage, as well as handling during file.
the manufacturing of fiber optic cable.
Core
Buffer Tube The center of an optical fiber in which light travels. The core’s
Additional plastic tubing around the buffer coating of an optical index of refraction is always greater than that of the cladding
fiber that provides added protection. This tubing is typically surrounding it. This difference is to maintain total internal reflection,
color-coded for easier identification during installation and keeping the light within the core.
troubleshooting.
Coupling Efficiency
Butt Closure The ratio or percentage of optical power from a light source
A sealed enclosure designed to protect fiber optic splices that is available for transmission down an optical fiber. Coupling
and terminations. efficiency is a function of the line width of the optical beam and
the numerical aperture of the fiber. A smaller line width or larger
numerical aperture results in a higher coupling efficiency.
C
Coupling Loss
The loss of optical power as light passes through a junction,
Cable Jacket expressed as the ratio of the optical power measured at the
An outer protective covering on a fiber optic cable that is often junction, such as a coupler, to the total optical power entering
color-coded for easy identification of mode type. the system.

Chromatic Dispersion — CD Critical Angle

A factor that reduces fiber bandwidth as a result of separation of An important angle of incidence for light as it meets a boundary
the incoming light into components of various wavelengths, which between two refractive materials. Above this angle, total internal
travel at different speeds along the fiber. This effect occurs in both reflection occurs. In an optical fiber, light that strikes the boundary
multimode and singlemode fiber at very long distances. between the core and cladding greater than the critical angle is
internally reflected within the core as it travels along the fiber.

­78 Extron Fiber Optic Design Guide

Fiber Optic Glossary

Curing Oven Detector

A specialized oven used to thermally cure epoxy for attaching a A device within fiber optic receivers that converts optical energy to
fiber optic connector ferrule onto the optical fiber. electrical energy.

Cutoff Wavelength Differential Mode Delay — DMD

In singlemode optical fiber applications, the wavelength below A limiting factor in the performance of transmissions over
which the fiber transmits as multimode instead of singlemode. multimode fiber, in which there is a differential in the arrival times
at the receiver of various modes along the fiber. This differential is
caused by model dispersion which is inherent in multimode fiber.
D
Dispersion
A limiting factor in optical fiber transmission performance, where
Dark Fiber a light pulse is broadened, or separated into modes or individual
A term in fiber optics to denote fiber that is installed at a facility but
wavelengths. Dispersion limits transmission bandwidth and
reserved for future use.
distance capability. The two major types of dispersion are modal
dispersion and chromatic dispersion.
Data Compression
A mathematical algorithm for compressing or encoding data to fit
Dispersion Compensating Fiber — DCF
within given bandwidth requirements for transmission or storage.
A special type of fiber designed to exhibit a large negative
dispersion. DCF is typically used in long-haul telecommunication
Data Link systems to compensate for dispersion in optical fiber.
A fiber optic system comprising the cable, transmitter, and
receiver for transmission of data between two locations.
Dispersion Shifted Fiber — DSF
A singlemode optical fiber with its optimal dispersion wavelength
dBm shifted, through the addition of dopants, to a wavelength that
dB referenced to 1 milliwatt. To convert into an equivalent voltage delivers optimal attenuation.
level, the impedance must be specified. For example, 0 dBm into
600 ohms gives an equivalent voltage level of 0.775 V, or 0 dBu;
Distributed Feedback — DFB Laser
however, 0 dBm into 50 ohms, for instance, yields an equivalent
A standard laser diode that uses a laser oscillator comprised of
voltage of 0.24 V. Since modern audio engineering is concerned
a diffraction grating and two mirrors with an amplifying medium
with voltage levels, as opposed to power levels in the early years
between them. A DFB laser is constructed as an edge-emitting
of telephone, the convention of using a reference level of 0 dBm
semiconductor laser diode that typically operates at 1310 nm or
is academic. But in the AV industry, many people still refer to
1550 nm for singlemode fiber. DFB lasers are also available at
0.775 V, rms, (600 r) as 0 dBm, which should be more accurately
standard CWDM and DWDM wavelengths between 1270 nm and
called 0 dBu. In fiber optics, dBm is dB referenced to 1 mW of
1610 nm.
optical power.
Distribution Cable
Dead Zone Fiber optic cable comprising a bundle of tight-buffered
A region within a fiber optic system where an OTDR —
fibers, surrounded by strength members, encased within an
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer cannot effectively make
outside jacket.
measurements.
Distribution Panel
Decibel — dB For fiber optic applications, this is both a patch panel and splice
The standard unit used to express gain or loss of power between
panel, usually installed at a hub or entrance facility.
two values. A decibel is 10 times the logarithm of a ratio of two
power values. When comparing voltage or pressure, the values in
Dopant
the ratio are squared or the log is multiplied by 20 instead of 10.
A substance added to a semiconductor or fiber optic glass during
An extension is placed behind the ‘dB’ when one of those values
the manufacturing process to cause a change in the properties.
is a fixed reference (i.e. dBV, dBu, dBSPL).
Dynamic Range
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing — DWDM
The highest and lowest potential signal levels on a given device.
The multiplexing or combining of several wavelengths as defined
Also applies to fiber optic applications in terms of the ratio
by ITU G694.1 into a single optical signal. DWDM is distinguished
between the most — or strongest — and least — or weakest —
from Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing — CWDM in
observable optical signals.
that the separation between wavelengths – 0.8 to 1.6 nm – is
much smaller.

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E Fan-Out Kit
In fiber optics, a kit designed for use with loose tube cable with
bare fiber bundles in each buffer tube. The kit enables termination
Effective Modal Bandwidth — EMB as well as protection of these bare fibers.
In fiber optics, the modal bandwidth of a multimode fiber when
using a laser as a light source. EMB is also referred to as laser Fault
launch bandwidth. In fiber optics, any part of an optical fiber that deviates from
normal performance.
Electrode
In a fusion splicer, the component which discharges electricity to Fault Finder
enable two optical fibers to be fused or welded together. A simplified optical time domain reflectometer — OTDR, an
instrument used to detect breaks within a run of optical fiber. Also
Electromagnetic Interference — EMI known as a Fiber Break Locator.
A disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either
induction or radiation of energy from an electric or magnetic field Ferrule
emitted by an external source. A precision tube which centers an optical fiber and provides
stabilization and precise alignment. A ferrule may be part of a
Encircled Flux - EF connector or a mechanical splice.
A method of characterizing the light at the end of a test reference
cable when performing fiber optic loss measurements in Ferrule Connector — FC
multimode fiber as specified in TIA-526-14-B. A screw-type optical fiber connector that features a keying
mechanism. FCs are typically designated as FC/PC, FC/
End Finish SPC, FC/UPC, or FC/APC to denote physical contact, super
The end-face of an optical fiber at the ferrule finished or polished physical contact, or ultra physical contact, angled physical
to be smooth in order to minimize signal loss or back-reflection. contact, respectively.
PC, SPC, UPC, and APC polishing finishes are available for
singlemode connectors. Fiber
The basic optical transmission element. The components of a fiber
Entrance Facility include the core, surrounded by the cladding, and then a coating
In fiber optic applications, the entrance to a building for fiber for protection. Specific optical properties of the core and cladding
optic cables. enable light to be contained within the core as it travels along the
fiber.
Epoxy
An adhesive that bonds between surfaces by means of a chemical Fiber Break Locator
reaction in which the adhesive cures as it dries. Epoxy is used in An instrument used as a simplified method of locating breaks
fiber optic applications to adhere a connector ferrule to the fiber. within an optical fiber. Also known as a Fault Finder.

Ethernet Passive Optical Network — EPON Fiber Coating

An IEEE 802.3 standard PON architecture for transmitting A coating surrounding the cladding of an optical fiber during
standard gigabit Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 Gbps the draw process to protect the fiber from handling and the
upstream and downstream rates. Also referred to as Gigabit environment.
Ethernet PON or GEPON.
Fiber Distribution Unit — FDU
Extrinsic Joint Loss An enclosure that houses and organizes groups of optical fibers.
The portion of optical signal loss at a joint that is not intrinsic to the
optical fibers, usually caused by misalignment between the fibers, Fiber Optic Cable
end separation, and imperfections in the end finish of either fiber. A telecommunications cable comprising one or more optical
fibers.

F Fiber Optics
The transmission of light through optical fibers for
Fabry‑Perot — FP Laser telecommunications applications.
A standard laser diode that uses a laser oscillator comprised of
two mirrors with an amplifying medium between them. An FP laser Fiber Plant
is constructed as an edge-emitting semiconductor laser diode that All the installed fiber, splices, patch panels, and connectors in a
operates at 1310 nm for singlemode fiber. structured cabling installation.

Fiber Surface Finish

A term describing or denoting the quality of the polishing at the
end of a fiber.

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Fiber to the Building/Business – FTTB G

Fiber optic service to a business or building.

Fiber to the Curb — FTTC Gain

Fiber optic service to a node within a residential neighborhood. (1) A general term for an increase in signal power or voltage
The node in turn feeds several homes via copper wiring. produced by an amplifier. The amount of gain is usually expressed
in decibels above a reference level. Opposite of attenuation. (2)
Fiber to the Desk — FTTD The amplification of a signal, unit, or system. Expressed in the unit
Fiber optic runs to individual desktops. of measurement appropriate to the signal or system. (3) In fiber
optics applications, the measurement of back reflections using an
Fiber to the Home — FTTH Optical Time Domain Reflectometer — OTDR, due to a mismatch
Fiber optic service to individual homes. in core sizes between adjoining optical fibers.

Fiber Channel Gainer

An industry standard for connecting computers for gigabit-speed In fiber optic applications, a backscatter measurement condition
transmission over twisted pair and optical fiber at distances up to with an OTDR that indicates a perceived increase in power.
10 km. A gainer occurs when two fibers with different backscattering
characteristics are spliced together.
Figure 8
In fiber optics, a method of polishing the end of a connector in a Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network – GEPON
figure 8 pattern to minimize scratches. An IEEE 802.3 standard PON architecture for transmitting
standard gigabit Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 Gbps
Fillers upstream and downstream rates. Also referred to as Ethernet
Non-conducting materials incorporated into the construction of a PON or EPON.
fiber optic cable to add roundness, flexibility, tensile strength, or a
combination of all three. Gigabit Passive Optical Network — GPON
An ITU-T G.984 standard PON architecture with a downstream
Flat Polish rate of 2.488 Gbps and an upstream rate of 1.244 Gbps.
In fiber optics, a condition at a ferrule where the end-faces of a
fiber optic cable and the ferrule tip are polished flat. Graded Index Fiber
An optical fiber in which the index of refraction within the core of
Frequency Modulation — FM a multimode fiber decreases with the radius from the fiber axis.
A method of combining an information signal with a carrier signal The index of refraction usually follows a parabolic profile from the
so that it may be transmitted. FM radio is frequency modulated. fiber axis to the cladding, effectively addressing modal dispersion
Audio is encoded on the carrier by varying the frequency in throughout the fiber link.
response to the audio.
Graded Index Plastic Optical Fiber – GI-POF
Fiber Optic Transmission System — FOTS A plastic multimode optical fiber with an index of refraction within
A type of data transmission using electromagnetic energy in the the core that decreases from the fiber axis to the cladding. The
form of light waves. index of refraction usually follows a parabolic profile from the
fiber axis to the cladding, effectively addressing modal dispersion
Frequency Division Multiplexing — FDM throughout the fiber link.
The combining of two or more signals into a single carrier signal
for transmission through FM — frequency modulation. Each signal
modulates the carrier signal at a different region of the frequency I
spectrum.
Index Matching Gel
Fresnel Reflection A special gel with an index of refraction similar to that of the
The partial reflection of light that occurs at the boundary between optical fiber core. It is applied at the fiber end-face to minimize
two materials with different indexes of refraction. In fiber optics, loss due to Fresnel reflection in mechanical splices or cleave and
this is considered a loss when light is partially reflected at a glass- crimp connectors.
air interface.
Index Matching Material
Fusion Splicer Material with an index of refraction similar to that of the optical
An instrument that is used to bond, or fuse two optical fibers fiber core. They are applied at the end-faces of adjoining optical
together by heating, usually generated by a high intensity fibers to minimize losses due to Fresnel reflection.
electrical arc.

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Fiber Optic Glossary

Index of Refraction J
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in
a material. Also known as the refractive index.
Jacket
Injection Laser Diode — ILD Outer protective covering of a wire or cable.
A laser in which the lasing, or stimulated emission of coherent
light, occurs at the p-n junction of a semiconductor.
K
Inline Splice Closure
An enclosure which houses the spliced fiber optic cable and Kevlar®
provides cable ports at opposite ends. A brand name from DuPont for aramid yarn, used in the
construction of cables to provide strength and strain relief.
Innerduct
A duct, usually non-metallic, that may be placed within cable trays
or HVAC ducts, to be used as conduit for installation of fiber optic
cables.
L

Insertion Loss Lapping Film

The loss of optical power as a result of incorporating components Sheets of film used for polishing ferrule end-faces, comprising
such as connectors, couplers, or splices into an optical a film backing with mineral particles at various ratings for grit
fiber system. or coarseness.

Inspection Scope Laser

A microscope specifically for inspecting fiber optic connectors. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. An
optical source that generates coherent light within a narrow band
Interbuilding Backbone of wavelengths.
A backbone network that provides communication between
buildings, such as on a university or corporate campus, or military Laser Chirp
installation. A sudden change in the center wavelength of a laser, caused by
reflected or crosstalk optical energy entering the lasing chamber.
Intermediate Cross-Connect — IC
A cross-connect, usually a patch panel, used to provide backbone Laser Diode
cabling between the MC - Main Cross-Connect and HC - A semiconductor device that produces coherent light within a
Horizontal Cross-Connect. narrow band of wavelengths.

Intermediate Distribution Frame — IDF Laser-Optimized Multimode Fiber

In telecommunications applications, a metal rack, located in an A multimode fiber with higher bandwidth than legacy multimode
equipment room or closet, that provides connection between fiber, designed for transmission with laser based sources
interbuilding cabling and the intrabuilding cabling. operating at 850 nm such as VCSEL.

Intersymbol Interference — ISI Light

In fiber optics, the interference between adjacent digital bits in a The region of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived
serial digital stream caused by pulse spreading in an optical fiber. by human vision, also known as the visible spectrum, which
Pulse spreading in an optical fiber due to dispersion in an optical covers the wavelength range between about 0.4 µm to 0.7 µm.
fiber. In laser and optical communications, this term denotes a broader
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, from the near-ultraviolet
Intrabuilding Backbone region of approximately 0.3 µm, through the visible region, and
The backbone network within a building that provides into the infrared region to 30 µm.
communications to individual offices and users.
Light Emitting Diode — LED
Intrinsic Coupling Losses A semiconductor device that emits incoherent, narrow-spectrum
Losses due to inherent differences in the characteristics of the light within the p-n junction.
optical fibers being spliced.
Light Source
Information Transport System — ITS In fiber optics, a generic term for the optical signal transmitter in
Information Transport System or Intelligent Traffic System. an optical loss test set - OLTS.

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Lightguide Mechanical Splice

Also known as an optical waveguide or optical fiber, a glass A splice between optical fibers accomplished by using a
or plastic fiber with the ability to guide light along its axis. It mechanical fixture and an index gel, rather than by thermal fusion.
comprises a core at the center, surrounded by a cladding with a
lower refractive index to keep the light within the core through total Messenger Wire
internal reflection. A wire that is used as the supporting element of a suspended
aerial cable. This wire may be an integral part of, or external to
Link the cable.
An optical cable with connectors attached to the transmitter and
receiver. Microbend
A localized defect in an optical fiber at the core-cladding boundary,
Loose Tube Cable caused by mechanical stress that results in sharp, microscopic
A type of fiber optic cable in which the fiber is encased within a curvatures in the fiber.
loosely surrounded buffer tube underneath the jacketing. The tube
is usually for protection in outdoor installations. Microbending Loss
Loss in an optical fiber due to sharp, microscopic curvatures,
Loose Tube Gel Filled – LTGF caused by imperfections in fiber coating, cabling, packaging, and
A Loose Buffer Cable that is filled with an insulating gel material. installation, such as cinching fibers too tightly with a tie wrap.

Loss Micron — μm
In fiber optics, the loss of optical power in connectors, splices, A micron, or a millionth (10-6) of a meter.
and fiber defects as light passes through a fiber optic system.
Mid-Entry
Loss Budget In fiber optics, the opening up of a fiber optic cable mid-span in
A specified, maximum tolerable loss of optical power, or order to access the fibers inside.
attenuation of light, as it passes through a fiber optic system. The
loss budget is calculated as the difference between the transmitter Military Tactical Cable
output power and the receiver sensitivity. Heavy-duty cable designed for rugged installations in
adverse environments.
Lucent Connector – LC
A high-density optical fiber connector becoming more popular and Mini Zipcord
replacing the popular SC due to the smaller size. LCs are used on A 2 to 3 mm diameter fiber optic cable with two jacketed fibers
Extron fiber optic products. that can be separated.

Modal Bandwidth
M In fiber optics, the bandwidth-length product, measured in MHz-
km at a specified wavelength, of an optical fiber due to modal
dispersion.
Macrobending
A term that describes a macroscopic deviation of an optical fiber’s
Modal Dispersion
axis from a straight line due to bending, to the extent that optical
In fiber optics, the dispersion of a single optical pulse into various
loss occurs. Excessive macrobending enables the light traveling
modes which arrive at the light receiving device at different times.
down the core to strike the core-cladding boundary at an angle
This limits the performance of multimode optical fiber.
of incidence less than the critical angle. A portion of the light
transmits into the cladding and is lost.
Mode
A path for light within an optical fiber. Singlemode fiber comprises
Main Cross-Connect – MC
a single path, while in multimode fiber, there are multiple
The central portion of a facility’s backbone cabling that provides
light paths.
connectivity between equipment rooms, entrance facilities,
horizontal cross-connects, and intermediate cross-connects.
Mode Field Diameter — MFD
A measure of the spot size or beam width of light propagating
Main Distribution Frame – MDF
in a singlemode optical fiber. Usually this is 20% larger than the
A signal distribution frame that connects lines from the outside
diameter of the core.
and lines on the inside.
Mode Filter
Matched-Clad Optical Fiber
A device that removes higher-order modes in multimode fiber.
A singlemode optical fiber with a cladding of uniform refractive
index, favored for being less susceptible to bending and
splice losses.

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Multimode Fiber — MMF Output Power

An optical fiber that allows for the propagation of more than one In fiber optics, this is the radiant power, expressed in watts
mode or light path. Multimode fiber is typically used for shorter or dBm.
distance links within a building or on a campus.
Overfilled Launch Condition — OFL
Multiple Termination Plug — MTP In fiber optics, a condition where the incoming light has a spot size
A small form factor – SFF plug for multiple fibers. and numerical aperture–NA larger than acceptable by the fiber.
Typically associated with LED transmission and multimode cable.

N
P
Nanometer — nm
A nanometer, or one billionth (10-9) of a meter. Passive Optical LAN — POL
A fiber optic network for enterprise local area networks that is
Non-Blocking Matrix Switching based upon gigabit passive optical network technology.
Allows any input to be switched to one or more outputs, including
multiple signal switches occurring simultaneously. Passive Optical Network — PON
A fiber optic network architecture comprising non-powered optical
Numerical Aperture — NA components, including singlemode fiber, splitters, and couplers
The sine of the acceptance angle, a critically defined angle in fiber-to-the-premises – FTTx applications. Cable television
measurement from the center axis of the fiber. Incoming light must companies and other providers use PONs in the optical access
be directed below this angle in order to enter the core of the fiber network to deliver voice, data, and video services to homes
and propagate along its length through total internal reflection. and businesses.

Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber — NZDS Fiber Photodetector

A singlemode fiber with the zero-dispersion wavelength A device that senses incoming light and outputs an electrical
slightly beyond the spectral region for transmission in order to signal in response to the light.
improve performance.
Photon
An elementary unit of light with both waveform and particle
O properties.

Physical Contact — PC
Optical Access Network — OAN In fiber optics, the point at which a glass surface, such as that of
Fiber optic cables, splitters, and couplers installed between
a fiber, physically touches another glass surface, usually that of a
service providers and customers.
connector. PC polished connectors can be used with SPC or UPC
polished connectors but are not compatible with APC polished
Optical Density connectors. Intermixing APC polished connectors with UPC/
The property of a material that causes light to travel at a slower SPC/PC polished connectors can damage the fiber optic cable or
speed than that of light traveling through a vacuum. equipment. Multimode applications always use PC, SPC, or UPC
polished connectors.
Optical Distribution Network — ODN
A fiber optic network within an OAN that delivers a single optical Physical Plant
signal from a service provider to multiple nodes or terminals. Infrastructure components including cable, connectors, splices,
panels, splitters, repeaters, and regenerators necessary to
Optical Loss Test Set — OLTS propagate the light signal between the transmitters and receivers
Test equipment for singlemode or multimode optical fiber of a fiber optic system.
comprising a light source and a power meter, used to measure
optical signal loss along the fiber and any connectors in between. Pigtail
A short length of cable with one end terminated with a connector
Optical Return Loss — ORL and the other end spliced or hard-wired to existing cable
A measure, in dB, of the amount of optical power reflected within or equipment.
a fiber optic pathway due to the fiber and optical components.
Pigtail Assembly
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer — OTDR A short length of fiber optic cable with one end terminated with
An instrument in fiber optics used to measure backscattered light a connector, and the other end fixed to a transmitter, receiver, or
in the detection of loss and defects along a span of optical fiber. long length of cable via a splice.

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Pitting Pulse Code Modulation — PCM

In fiber optics, an undesirable end-face polishing condition A method used to convert an analog signal into noise-free digital
resulting from the use of lapping film that has been contaminated data that can be stored and manipulated by computer. For
with fiber optic and grit particles. Pitting can also denote small example, PCM of a 4 kHz bandwidth analog signal that takes an
cracks in the end-face due to exposure of cleaning agents to 8-bit sample 8,000 times each second results in 64 Kbits of data
intense light through a fiber. per second.

Plastic Optical Fiber — POF Pulse Spreading

Optical fibers in which the core and cladding are made of plastic. The dispersion of an optical signal as it traverses along an optical
The diameter of the core is often larger than that of glass fiber. fiber. Also known as Pulse Dispersion.

Plug Pulse Width

In AV and fiber optics, this is also known as the male connector. The time during which a source, such as a laser, is in an “on” state.

Polarization Mode Dispersion

In fiber optics, the effect of light traveling at different speeds
R
dependent upon the orientation of the light wave as it travels
down the fiber. Polarization mode dispersion primarily affects Receive — Rx
singlemode fiber over very long distances. In fiber optics, to detect an optical signal from a fiber optic cable
using a photodetector, such as a PIN diode, APD, or PIN-FET, and
Polishing Paper convert it to an electrical signal. The receive port of a transceiver.
A plastic polishing sheet for optical fiber or connector end-faces
with fine grit on one side. Receiver
In fiber optics, this is the device at the receiving end of a fiber
Polishing Puck optic system that converts an optical signal to an electrical
A fixture for optical fiber end-face polishing, used to support signal, and houses the necessary signal processing to output
a fiber optic connector ferrule in place, properly aligned to the telecommunications, data, or AV signals.
lapping film.
Receiver Sensitivity
Positive Intrinsic Negative Diode — PIN Diode The minimum optical power necessary for the photodetector in
A type of photodiode or optical signal transducer that converts a receiver to achieve a specified BER - Bit Error Rate or other
light to an electrical signal, used in fiber optic receivers. performance specification such as signal-to-noise ratio.

Positive Intrinsic Negative Field Effect Transistor — PIN-FET Reflectance

A type of photo-detector or optical signal transducer that converts In fiber optics, the ratio of optical power reflected to the incident
light to an electrical signal, used in fiber optic receivers. The PIN- power at a connector junction or other component or device. It is
FET is a hybrid device that combines a PIN diode with a high- expressed as a negative value in decibels – dB.
speed FET.
Reflections
Power Meter With video signals, reflections can be caused by energy that is not
A device that measures the power at the end of a fiber. absorbed by the load, or a termination, and is reflected, possibly
combining with the original signal. Reflected signals can occur
Precision Cleaver when the impedance does not match due to wrong termination
A fiber optic tool used to trim an optical fiber for termination or or mixing of cable impedance. Some of the undesirable results of
splicing. Precision cleavers scribe and cleave the fiber in a single reflection include Y/C delays, color smearing, ghosts, and ringing
step to produce a clean, flat fiber end for low-loss terminations on luma but not on color. In fiber optics, abrupt changes in the
and splices. These cleavers can be used to trim all types of glass direction of light at an interface between two dissimilar media so
fiber, including singlemode and laser-optimized multimode fibers. that the light returns to its origin.

Profile Alignment System — PAS Refraction

A technique for fusion splicing that employs a high-performance The change in direction of light as it passes from one medium to
camera to precisely align the cores of two optical fibers. another, dissimilar medium. Refraction also occurs as light passes
through a graded-index medium in which the refractive index
Pulse Broadening varies within the medium.
An increase in the duration of a pulse.
Refractive Index
Also known as the Index of Refraction, the ratio of the speed of
light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material.

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Repeater/Regenerator Scribe
A repeater is a device that detects a weak signal and boosts its Scratching the surface of the fiber so that it can be precisely and
power for continued transmission. A regenerator receives a signal cleanly cut at a right angle to the fiber axis.
and regenerates or reconstructs its waveform for transmission.
Scribe Tool
Return Loss A device consisting of a scribing blade, usually made from
A measure of reflected energy in decibels at a specific frequency diamond or tungsten carbide, used to scribe, or score a fiber to
and cable length. allow for a clean break and a smooth end-face.

RFI Service Loop

Radio Frequency Interference. High frequency interference from A deliberately allotted slack of fiber optic cable, in a splice tray,
transmissions such as telephones, microwaves, and television closure, vault, or communications output, to accommodate
stations. future needs.

Ribbon Cable Sheath

A cable with several copper wires or optical fibers, each jacketed Also known as a cable jacket, the outer protective covering of wire
side-by-side in a flat, ribbon-like structure. or fiber optic cable.

Ribbon Splice Short Wavelength Division Multiplexing - SWDM

The splicing of individual optical fibers of a ribbon cable, with each SWDM is the combining of multiple signals, typically four, onto a
fiber spliced on a groove of a substrate or etched silicon chip. multimode fiber. Each signal operates at a unique wavelength in
Each groove is spaced evenly and a flat cover holds the fibers in the range of 850 nm to 953 nm.
place on the substrate.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio — SNR
Ripcord Also stated as "S/N ratio". The ratio is expressed in decibels as a
A cord of strong yarn, situated under the cable jacketing, used to ratio between the signal level and that of the noise accompanying
facilitate stripping and removal of the jacket. the signal. The higher the S/N ratio, the better the quality of the
signal.
Riser
A type of cable designed for vertical runs in shafts spanning Simplex Cable
multiple floors in a building. A cable comprising a single optical fiber.

Singlemode Fiber — SMF

S An optical fiber with a small core, through which only a single
mode can propagate.
Sag
Source
A measure of the amount of sag in a fiber optic cable, taken at the
The optical source in a fiber optic system, usually an LED or
midpoint of a span of cable between two points of support.
laser diode.
Sag Section
Speed of Light
A section defining a span of fiber optic cable between two points
2.998 x 108 meters per second in free space.
of support.
Splice
Sag Span
A permanent connection between the ends of two optical fibers
A span selected within a sag section, used as a control to
by mechanically joining them together, or heating to fuse them
determine the proper sag, and therefore, tension of a fiber optic
together.
cable. At least two, and normally three sag spans in a sag section
are required to sag a section properly.
Splice Closure
A housing designed to protect splices in an optical fiber from
Sag Tension
damage, sealing them from the external environment.
The tension at which a fiber optic cable is designed to be installed.
Splice Organizer
Scattering
A device that facilitates the splicing of optical fibers, and serves as
The change in direction of light rays or photons after striking small
their permanent storage.
atomic particles, including the molecular structure of the glass,
within the core of the fiber. Scattering is the primary source of
attenuation in optical fiber.

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Splice Panel Telecommunications Closet

A rack or wall-mounted panel that allows fiber optic cables to be An enclosed, secure space for housing telecommunications
organized and spliced. The panel holds splice trays, cable routing, equipment, cable terminations, and cross connects.
and slack storage.
Termination
Splice Protector (1) A load or impedance at the end of a cable or signal line used to
In fiber optics, a device used to provide protection and mechanical match the impedance of the equipment that generated the signal.
strength to a fusion splice, so that it can be handled and The impedance absorbs signal energy to prevent signal reflections
organized into a splice tray or other storage. from going back toward the source. For video signals, termination
impedance is typically 75 ohms; for sync signals, it is usually
Splice Tray 510 ohms. (2) A connector at the end of a cable.
A container that is used to secure, organize, and protect individual
spliced optical fibers. Termination Tools
Tools used in the preparation and installation of connectors on
Stapler Cleaver cables or optical fibers.
A low-cost tool used to trim standard multimode fiber in
preparation for termination. Also called a pocket cleaver or Terminator
beaver tail cleaver, this stapler-shaped tool is not recommended A device that provides termination for a signal line or several signal lines
for singlemode or laser-optimized multimode fiber. For a more at the end of a cable. Usually a close-tolerance resistor for each signal,
meticulous trim, use a precision cleaver. a terminator is often mounted in its own enclosed connector, making it
easy to install. In fiber optics, an optical plug used to fully terminate the
Step Index Fiber optical path so no light is reflected back toward the source.
A fiber in which the refractive index is uniform throughout the core.
On the other hand, for a graded index fiber, the refractive index of Tight-Buffered Cable
the core radially varies between the fiber axis and the cladding. A fiber optic cable for indoor use in which the buffer coating tightly
surrounds the cladding for extra protection and provides color-
Straight Tip — ST coded identification.
A popular legacy fiber optic connector with a twist lock design
similar to a BNC. The ST connector has a 2.5 mm ferrule. Time Division Multiplexing — TDM
A digital transmission scheme where the channel is divided into
Stripper two or more time slots or subchannels, such that the subchannels
A tool used to remove the jacket that surrounds a cable or an are taking turns in the bit stream. Multiple digital signals are
individual wire within the cable. In fiber optics, a stripper is used to multiplexed into a serial digital stream. The serial digital stream
remove the buffer coating from an optical fiber. is transmitted to the receiver where it is de-multiplexed into the
individual digital signals.
Subscriber Connector — SC
A popular fiber optic connector that features a snap — push-pull Total Internal Reflection
— coupling type. Being replaced by the LC in most applications. The total reflection of light as it reaches a boundary between
two optical media at an angle of incidence greater than the
Super Physical Contact — SPC critical angle.
In fiber optics, a specific end-face polish for a connector to
achieve typically a -50 dB return loss in singlemode applications. Transceiver
SPC polished connectors can be used with PC or UPC polished A device that can operate as a transmitter, receiver, or both.
connectors but are not compatible with APC polished connectors.
Intermixing APC polished connectors with UPC/SPC/PC polished Transmit — Tx
connectors can damage the fiber optic cable or equipment. In fiber optics, to send an optical signal down a fiber optic cable
Multimode applications always use PC, SPC, or UPC polished using a light source, such as an LED or laser. The transmit port of
connectors. a transceiver.

Transmitter
T A device that converts from one signal type to another for
transmission. In fiber optics, the component or subsystem that
converts an electrical signal to an optical signal and launches the
Tap optical signal down a fiber optic cable using a light source, such
A fiber optic device that extracts a signal from an optical fiber by
as an LED or laser.
diverting a fraction of the light into another fiber.
Tunable Laser
Tee Coupler A laser in which its central wavelength can be varied or optimized
A T-shaped fiber optic coupler with one input and two outputs.
as desired for a particular application.

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Fiber Optic Glossary

U Wavelength Division Multiplexing — WDM

The combination of two or more optical signals at different
wavelengths for transmission within a single optical fiber.
Ultra Physical Contact — UPC
In fiber optics, a specific endface polish for a connector to achieve Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network —
typically a -60 dB return loss in singlemode applications. UPC WDM PON
has become the most common polish for fiber optic connectors A non-standard version of a PON that uses CWDM and DWDM
in digital applications. UPC polished connectors can be used with technologies in an Optical Access Network — OAN.
PC or SPC polished connectors but are not compatible with APC
polished connectors. Intermixing APC polished connectors with White Light
UPC/SPC/PC polished connectors can damage the fiber optic A blend of multiple colors of the visible portion of electromagnetic
cable or equipment. Multimode applications always use PC, SPC, spectrum, resulting in light that is white in color to the human eye.
or UPC polished connectors.
Wideband Multimode Fiber - WBMMF
Underfilled Launch Condition — ULC WBMMF is a multimode fiber defined by the ANSI/TIA-492AAAE
In fiber optics, a condition where the incoming light only fills a standard to enable high-speed data transmission at wavelengths
small percentage of the fiber core. in the range from 850 nm to 953 nm, compared to OM4 which
is only defined for use at 850 nm. WBMMF has an effective
modal bandwidth of at least 4700 MHz-km at 850 nm to
V maintain backwards compatibility with OM4 fiber, and an effective
modal bandwidth of at least 2470 MHz-km at 953 nm for Short
Vault Wavelength Division Multiplexing – SWDM. WBMMF is also
A storage product that houses fiber optic cable slack and referred to as OM5 fiber.
splice trays.

VCSEL Z
Vertical Cavity Surface Emission Laser. A high speed, low cost
laser diode that emits perpendicular to the surface of the chip, Zipcord
rather than from an edge. A cable comprising two jacketed wires or optical fibers that are
conjoined together and can be separated.
Visible Light
The region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the
human eye, from 380 to 770 nm.

Visual Fault Locator — VFL

A fiber optic light source that emits a visible laser light, usually
around a wavelength of 635 nm. A VFL is used during fiber
termination for locating breaks in fiber optic cables, for locating a
fiber within a bundle, and other similar applications.

Waveguide Dispersion
The distortion of an electromagnetic signal, or in the case of fiber
optics, light as it encounters a waveguide and is dispersed into
multiple components of different modes or wavelengths.

Wavelength
The distance from one peak to the next between identical points
in adjacent waves of electromagnetic signals propagated in
space or along a wire. Wavelength is usually specified in meters,
centimeters, or millimeters. In the case of infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, and gamma radiation, the wavelength is usually
specified in nanometers (10e-9 meter) or Angstroms (10e-10 meter).
Wavelength is inversely related to frequency. The higher the
frequency of the signal, the shorter the wavelength.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Fiber Optic Technology

What is optical fiber? What wavelengths are used with multimode fiber?
Optical fiber is a glass or plastic filament that guides a light wave Multimode fiber is capable of transmitting a wavelength at or around
along its path. 850 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm. The most common wavelengths
used on legacy OM1 and OM2 fiber are 850 nm and 1300 nm
What is multimode fiber? due to the availability of low cost semiconductor light sources and
photodetectors. OM3 and OM4 laser-optimized multimode fibers
Multimode fiber is optical fiber that allows light to travel down multiple
have been designed for minimum modal dispersion and maximum
paths, also referred to as modes. It features a core diameter of 50 to
bandwidth performance at 850 nm using a VCSEL light source.
62.5 microns. Multimode fiber can be used to transmit AV signals in
Longer wavelengths, such as 1310 nm and 1550 nm, result in a
short to intermediate-distance applications, such as within a building.
significantly reduced bandwidth and are not typically used for high-
speed multimode applications.
What is singlemode fiber?
Singlemode fiber is optical fiber that allows light to travel down a What wavelengths are used with singlemode fiber?
single path known as the fundamental mode. It features a core
The most common wavelengths are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. At
diameter of 8 to 10 microns. Singlemode fiber can be used to
1310 nm, chromatic dispersion is near zero, and at 1550 nm,
transmit AV signals over extreme distances up to many miles or
attenuation is near its minimum. CWDM and DWDM wavelengths
kilometers.
are also used in singlemode fiber. CWDM wavelengths range from
1271 nm to 1610 nm, and DWDM wavelengths range from 1510 nm
How is an AV signal transmitted down a fiber? to 1610 nm. In OS1 singlemode fiber, wavelengths around 1390 nm
A fiber optic transmitter converts the AV signal into an optical signal, should be avoided due to high attenuation caused by absorption.
using a VCSEL or laser diode as a light source. A glass fiber guides OS2 singlemode fiber is capable of transmitting any wavelength
the optical AV signal along its path. A photodetector in a fiber optic above its cutoff wavelength.
receiver at the far end of the fiber converts the optical AV signal back
into an electrical AV signal. What is the cutoff wavelength for singlemode fiber?
The cutoff wavelength for singlemode fiber is the minimum
What is a light-emitting diode? wavelength that supports one mode of propagation. Above the cutoff
A light-emitting diode — LED is a semiconductor device that emits wavelength, singlemode fiber propagates only one mode. Below
light when an electrical current passes through it. An LED that emits the cutoff wavelength, singlemode fiber propagates more than one
visible light is used in a variety of applications, including signage, mode, similar to multimode fiber. Therefore, singlemode fiber must
area lighting, numerical displays, and indicator lights on electrical use wavelengths greater than the cutoff wavelength, which is typically
equipment. In fiber optics, an LED is used as a light source for low- around 1250 nm.
speed signals such as, TOSLINK or 100BASE-SX Ethernet, due to
its low cost. An LED is not recommended for transmitting high speed How is an electrical AV signal converted into an
video signals over fiber.
optical AV signal?
An electrical AV signal is converted into an optical AV signal using
What is a laser diode?
an optical transmitter or an electrical-to-optical converter. An optical
A laser diode is a semiconductor device that emits a narrow beam of transmitter uses a laser diode as the light source, varying the intensity
coherent light, such as the beam of light from a laser pointer. In AV of the laser light in accordance with the electrical signal. For an analog
fiber optic transmitters, laser diodes are used as the light source for signal, the intensity of the light source varies with the voltage or
transmitting video, audio, and control signals. current of the electrical signal. For digital signals, the light intensity is
high or low, which represents logical ones or zeros.
What is a VCSEL?
VCSEL stands for Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser. A VCSEL is How is an optical AV signal converted back into an
a special type of laser diode that has lower manufacturing costs than electrical AV signal?
other types of laser diodes. It can be mass-produced with high yield An optical signal is converted back into an electrical signal using
rates and has a smaller PCB footprint, making it ideal for use in fiber an optical receiver or an optical-to-electrical converter. The optical
optic transmitters to send high resolution video, audio, and control receiver uses a photodetector to receive the optical signal and
signals. convert it into an electrical signal.

What is a photodetector?
A photodetector is a semiconductor device that converts an optical
signal into an electrical signal. A photodetector is used in a fiber optic
receiver to convert optical AV signals.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Fiber Optic Applications

How far can I transmit an AV signal on an What are the advantages of fiber optic AV systems
optical fiber? in hazardous environments?
Optical AV signals can be transmitted for several kilometers or miles There are often explosive or flammable vapors or gases in hazardous
on singlemode fiber, and hundreds of meters or thousands of feet on environments. If a copper wire carrying an electrical signal breaks,
multimode fiber. Typically, multimode fiber is used within buildings, there is usually a spark, which can ignite the vapors in this type of
between floors or on the same floor, while singlemode fiber is environment. Since fiber optic cables carry light, they do not spark if
designed for long haul transmission between buildings on a campus broken. For this reason, fiber optic cable is often used in hazardous
or between facilities. environments.

What AV applications require fiber technology? What are the advantages of fiber optic AV systems
Fiber optical technology is ideal when transmitting video, audio, in electrically noisy environments?
and control signals over long distances, in secure or hazardous Heavy equipment, such as industrial machinery, air conditioners, and
environments, or anywhere future-proofing an AV system is motors emit strong electrical signals that can interfere with AV signals
important. Long distance transmission makes fiber optic products carried in nearby copper wires. Made of glass, fiber optic cables
ideal for installation in stadiums, college campuses, medical facilities, do not pick up stray electrical signals, and are immune to electrical
corporate campuses, performing arts centers, concert halls, and interference.
office buildings. Low signal emissions make fiber optic products
preferred for secure environments such as military or government How can fiber optic technology future-proof an
applications. Fiber optics is the ideal technology for multi-gigabit
AV system?
digital video standards, ensuring that an AV system is upgradable to
future standards. The transition to digital video standards and higher resolutions has
revealed the many limitations of copper cabling. High resolution digital
video signals run at multi-gigabit data rates, pushing copper cabling
What are the advantages of fiber AV systems in large
to its limits. Installing fiber optic cables in today's systems provides a
venues and long haul transmissions? path for future video signals, including emerging 8K video standards.
Optical fiber is low-loss compared to electrical wire, and can transmit Fiber optic cable is an ideal cabling solution for the multi-gigabit data
a signal over very long distances without the need of a repeater. rates and long distances required in future AV systems.
Comparatively, optical transmission is lower in cost than electrical
transmission for long distances. When should singlemode fiber be used in an
AV system?
What are the advantages of fiber optic AV systems
Singlemode fiber is ideal for long haul transmissions of up to 20 km
in government applications? (12.43 miles). It is ideal for transmitting signals between buildings
Copper wires emit electrical signals that can be picked up with on a college or corporate campus. It can also be used for long haul
special listening equipment. To avoid these emissions, secure areas transmission between separate facilities.
in government buildings and at military installations are electrically
isolated from other parts of the facility to prevent any stray electrical When should multimode fiber be used in an
emissions. Since optical fiber is immune to electrical interference and
AV system?
has zero electrical emissions, it is preferred over copper wire to carry
sensitive information. To intercept an optical signal traveling down a Multimode fiber is used to transmit signals for hundreds of meters
fiber, the connection must be interrupted, which is easily detectable. or thousands of feet. It is ideal for transmitting signals between
Since optical fiber is made of glass, it can also be used to transmit floors of a building, or from an equipment room to a wide variety of
information between secure facilities that are electrically isolated. presentation rooms and spaces.

What are the advantages of fiber optic AV systems What type of multimode fiber should be used for
in medical applications? new installations?
Medical systems need to isolate electrical equipment from the patient OM4 or OM3 laser-optimized multimode fiber is recommended for
for safety, usually have space constraints for cable runs, and must all new installations, and OM4 is preferred. The resolution and color
limit the effect of electrical interference on other sensitive medical depth of video signals continue to climb. OM4 or better fiber optic
equipment. Additionally, high-voltage video displays must be isolated cable provides a level of future-proofing as video resolution and data
from medical imaging machines. Often, the displays are mounted rates continue to rise. OM1 and OM2 fiber are for legacy applications
on booms so that they can be adjusted for optimal viewing by the only, and are considered obsolete by TIA-942-A.
surgeon and other medical staff. This type of mounting system
requires that the cabling medium be small but also strong. Since fiber
optic cables are made of glass, they isolate displays from medical
imaging devices, are small enough to fit inside of mounting booms,
and emit no electrical signals that could affect other equipment.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What type of multimode fiber should be used when What if I am installing equipment that uses
adding to an existing installation? a different connector than the existing fiber
Mixing multimode fiber with different core sizes in a single fiber run is infrastructure?
usually not recommended. If existing fiber runs are being extended The ST and SC connectors have often been standardized for
through fusing or connecting fibers together, the same fiber core size legacy fiber installations. However, the LC connector is preferred for
is normally used. However, if the installed fiber does not have the modern installations due to its compact size, self-locking feature, and
capacity to handle signals due to the upgrade, it may be necessary to alignment capability. The recommended solution is to terminate each
install OM4 or OM3 cable. end of the cable with the appropriate connector type. Alternatively,
an adapter can be used with a patch cable to convert from one
Why is singlemode fiber less costly than connector type to another.
multimode fiber?
Singlemode fiber has a step index core, while multimode fiber has What is an optical loss budget?
a graded index core with very tight performance requirements. An optical loss budget is the maximum amount of optical loss or
Therefore, singlemode fiber is less costly to manufacture. attenuation allowable in a fiber optic link. It is calculated as the
difference between the output power of the transmitter and the
Why not always use singlemode fiber? sensitivity of the receiver.
Laser light sources and photodetectors used for singlemode
applications are significantly more expensive than those used for How is an optical loss budget used in
multimode. This difference translates into higher equipment costs for AV system design?
singlemode systems. The total amount of loss in the fiber optic link is calculated by adding
up attenuation caused by glass fiber, connectors, splices, and
other optical components. This number is subtracted from the loss
budget to determine the loss margin. A loss margin of at least 3 dB
is recommended to account for future cabling repairs and aging of
optical components.

Design Considerations What types of fiber optic cables are available for
AV applications?
Fiber optic cables are available in many different construction types
Can singlemode and multimode fiber be intermixed? depending on the application. As with other types of indoor cable,
Developing a system that uses both singlemode and multimode fiber optic indoor cables are available as riser or plenum-rated.
fiber is possible if using a switching system that supports both fiber Outdoor cables are available as aerial cables or direct burial. Armored
types, such as the Extron FOX3 Matrix Series. Singlemode fiber must cables are also available to provide extra protection from rodents
be connected to a singlemode port, and multimode fiber must be or tampering.
connected to a multimode port. Directly connecting singlemode and
multimode fiber is not recommended as the difference in core sizes What is dark fiber and how is it used for
introduces losses into the system. AV systems?
Dark fiber is pre-installed fiber optic cable that was installed for
What are the types of fiber optic connectors? future use but is not currently being used. Structured cabling is often
Common types of fiber optic connectors include the ST, SC, FC/PC, installed with extra fiber optic cables for future expansion. If available,
FC/ APC, and LC. The LC connector is very popular due to its high dark fiber can be used to install new AV equipment without the
performance, small size, and ease of use. Multi-fiber connectors are added cost of installing new fiber. When signals are being transmitted
also gaining popularity. The MTP/MPO are the preferred connector between floors of a building or between buildings on a campus, the
type for 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps data transmission standards. availability of dark fiber will simplify the installation.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Extron Products
What types of fiber optic products does What training does Extron offer for using fiber optic
Extron offer? technologies in AV systems?
Extron offers fiber optic matrix switchers, extenders, cables, and Extron offers advanced fiber optic training as part of the School
accessories. Extron products enable long-haul transmission of 4K/60 of Emerging Technologies. The School of Emerging Technologies
video, audio, RS-232 and IR control, as well as USB signals over fiber provides in-depth instruction designed to allow system designers
optic cable at extreme distances up to 20 km (12.43 miles). and integrators to master additional AV technologies within a short
time span. The training concentrates on new as well as evolving
What types of fiber do Extron fiber optic technologies, helping to refine digital AV system design by teaching
products support? concepts and techniques for different technologies. The student-
instructor ratio is kept low to ensure that each class member receives
Extron fiber optic products include models for both multimode fiber at individual attention. The School of Emerging Technologies provides
850 nm wavelength and singlemode fiber at 1310 nm wavelength. instructor-led training and demonstration, along with hands-on
experiences in real-world scenarios to reinforce understanding of
What are the advantages of Extron all-digital the technologies.
technology?
Extron FOX3 Series all-digital technology delivers perfect pixel-for-
pixel, uncompressed transmission of images up to 4K/60 @ 4:4:4
over two fibers or mathematically lossless 4K/60 @ 4:4:4 over one
fiber.

What is the advantage of LC-type connectors on Installation

Extron products?
The LC-type connector used on Extron products is very popular What skills are needed to install optical fiber for
in fiber optics, due to its high performance, small size, reliable AV systems?
connectivity, and precise core alignment. The skills needed to install fiber optic cabling are similar to the
skills required for installing copper cabling. Fiber optic cables are
What types of fiber optic cabling products does constructed with strength members to allow pulling for long cable
Extron offer? runs. Field termination kits are available that make fiber termination as
Extron offers fiber optic bulk cables and factory-terminated fiber easy as terminating coaxial cable. Also, as with electrical installations,
optic cable assemblies in both OM4 laser-optimized multimode and installers need to be trained prior to working with fiber cables.
singlemode varieties. All Extron fiber optic cables are bend-insensitive
to simplify installation and reduce bend-induced losses. Extron How far can I bend optical fibers during installation?
cables also include an ONFP-rated jacket for installation in plenum or Manufacturers specify the minimum bend radius for optical fiber. It is
riser spaces. extremely important not to bend the fiber beyond the manufacturer's
recommendation. If the specifications are unknown, the rule of thumb
What is the advantage of Extron bend-insensitive is that the minimum bend radius is 20 times the cable diameter
fiber optic cabling? for standard fiber optic cable. Many newer cables are using a
special fiber construction called bend-insensitive fiber, which has an
Extron multimode and singlemode fiber optic cables are bend-
extremely tight bend radius.
insensitive to simplify installation and reduce bend-induced losses.
Fiber optic bend losses are negligible down to a 7.5 mm fiber
bend radius. What happens if I bend a fiber too far?
Bending fiber beyond the minimum bend radius causes loss in the
What is the advantage of Extron OM4 laser- fiber optic signal, and could potentially damage the fiber.
optimized fiber optic cabling?
Extron multimode fiber optic cables meet or exceed OM4
performance ratings, making it the highest performance fiber optic
cable available. It has the information-carrying capacity to handle the
highest resolution video resolutions in use today, and is designed to
handle even higher resolution video signals of the future.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Installation
What considerations exist when connecting fibers What is a mechanical splice?
using a connector? A mechanical splice is a device that holds two fiber ends in a precisely
Special care must be taken when connecting and disconnecting aligned position to enable light to pass from one fiber to another.
optical cables to avoid damaging the fiber or the connector on the Index matching gel is used to hold the cores together.
device. Dust caps should be used when a fiber cable is disconnected
to protect from damage. The fiber and connector should be What is a fusion splice?
inspected and cleaned, if needed, prior to mating. Also, there should A fusion splice involves a splicing machine to align the fibers and fuse
be no optical signal in the cable or out of the connector when or weld them together using an electric arc. This produces a very low-
disconnecting, connecting, or during cleaning. loss connection that is superior to a mechanical splice. However, the
equipment required for fusion splicing is more costly.
When do I clean the fiber optic connectors?
Both the fiber and connector ends should be inspected and cleaned, How do you identify the type of dark fiber installed
if needed, immediately before mating. Ensure that no optical signal is if it is poorly documented?
present in the fiber during cleaning.
The color of the fiber jacket may identify the type of fiber. Multimode
jacketing is orange, aqua, or violet while singlemode is yellow. Cable
Why do I need to inspect and clean fiber optic markings may also help identify the manufacturer and type of cable.
connectors? Manufacturer data sheets can provide performance specifications,
Even in clean environments, a single dust particle could completely and an optical loss test set or OTDR helps to determine losses
block an optical signal. The size of a dust particle is about the same in the fiber link. However, field testing to determine performance
size or larger than the core of a singlemode optical fiber. specifications is not an option.

What do I use to clean fiber optic connectors? What cable markings are used for plenum-rated
Special solvents, cleaners, lint-free wipes, and swabs are available. fiber optic cable?
The swabs are for cleaning inside of the connector on an instrument. Plenum-rated fiber optic cable should be marked as OFNP, which
Always follow the manufacturer's cleaning recommendation. stands for Optical Fiber Non-conductive Plenum. If the fiber optic
cable includes a metallic armor, it is marked as OFCP for Optical Fiber
Can fiber optic light cause harm? Conductive Plenum.
Although the light used for fiber optic transmission is in the infrared
range and is not visible to the human eye, it can still cause damage. What cable markings are used for riser-rated
Laser light is a concentrated beam that can cause injury or blindness. fiber optic cable?
Avoid looking into a fiber if it is unknown whether there is an active Riser-rated fiber optic cable should be marked as OFNR, which
light source. stands for Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser. If the fiber optic cable
includes a metallic armor, it is marked as OFCR for Optical Fiber
How do you repair a broken fiber? Conductive Riser.
Common methods for repairing broken fibers include fusion splicing,
mechanical splicing, or connector splicing. The most appropriate
method depends on the optical loss budget, the application type,
what equipment is available, and the skills of the repair technician.
In most cases, a fusion or mechanical splice is used for repairs.
A connector splice is generally used when another component or
device must be installed in line with the fiber.

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Notes

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