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A SUBMISSION OF MICROPROJECT ENTITLED
Prepare a survey report on mobile van use for live telecast of any events.
BY
Sr .no Enrollment no. Name of students
1 DEN22217792 JAYESH RAJENDRA PATIL
2 DEN22213313 BHARAT VIJAY PAWAR
3 DEN22225686 PANDIT RAMDAS PAWAR
4 DEN22127646 PRAKRUT RAJESH DAULATABADKAR
5 DEN22204538 RATHOD ROSHANI SURESH
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. V.U. Shisode
TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD
AND
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
MSBTE, MUMBAI (M.S)
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Following Students of First semester of Diploma in Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering of Institute CSMSS College of Polytechnic (code:1152)
have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in subject Microwave andRADAR (22535)
for the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: Aurangabad
Date:
Sr .no Enrollment no. Name of students
1 DEN22217792 JAYESH RAJENDRA PATIL
2 DEN22213313 BHARAT VIJAY PAWAR
3 DEN22225686 PANDIT RAMDAS PAWAR
4 DEN22127646 PRAKRUT RAJESH
DAULATABADKAR
5 DEN22204538 RATHOD ROSHANI SURESH
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
Mr. V.U. Shisode M. D. Narangale Prof. Ganesh. B.
. Dongare
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us mostthroughoutour
project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Principal of CSMSS College of
Polytechnic Dr. Ganesh B. Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful tothe
H.O.D. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department Mr. M.D. Narangale for his
kindsupport. We are grateful to our Project Guide Mr. V.U. Shisode for nonstop support and
continuous motivation for the project. His help made us possible to complete our project with all
accurate information. A special thanks of our goes to our friends who helped us in completing the
project, where they all exchanged their own interesting ideas. We wish to thanks our parents for
their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we would like to
thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.
Sr.No. Name Of Student Sign
1 JAYESH RAJENDRA PATIL
2 BHARAT VIJAY PAWAR
3 PANDIT RAMDAS PAWAR
4 PRAKRUT RAJESH DAULATABADKAR
5 RATHOD ROSHANI SURESH
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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1. Micro - Project Proposal .......................................................................... 5
2. Rationale .................................................................................................. 7
3. Aims / Benefits of The Micro – Project ................................................ 5-7
4. Course Outcomes Achieved ..................................................................... 8
5. Literature Review .............................................................................. 9- 13
6. Actual Resources Used .......................................................................... 13
7. Actual Methodology Followed… ............................................................14
8. Outcomes of the Micro-Project .............................................................. 14
9. Skill Developed / Learning Outcomes of Micro-Project ........................ 14
10. Applications Of Micro – Project ............................................................ 15
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MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL
Half Wave Rectifier
1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project
To prepare a survey report on Half Wave Rectifier
.
2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed
The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught
and implemented, so that the student demonstrates the following industry oriented COsassociated
with the above mentioned competency:
a. Use specified waveguides in microwave communication system.
b. Maintain passive microwave components and devices.
c. Maintain active microwave components and devices.
d. Interpret RADAR based systems for range detection.
e. Maintain various types of RADAR system for the specified application.
Proposed Methodology
Study of Given Topic.
Collecting more information about given topic.
Collecting required article to build a micro project.
Actual practical performed.
Preparation of report
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4.0 Action Plans
Planned Name of
Sr. Planned
Details of Activities Responsible Team
No. Start Date Finish Date
Member
1 Study of given topic supply 25/8/22 26/8/22 All
Collecting more information about
2 27/8/22 28/8/22 All
given topic.
Collecting components
3 29/8/22 30/8/22 All
required to build a circuit
Actual practical performed
4 1/9/22 2/9/22 All
Preparation of report
5 3/9/22 4/9/22 All
5.0 Resources Required
Sr.No. Name of Resources Remark
1 Internet
2 Proper information
3 Library books
Names of Team Member with Roll No.
Name Of Student Roll No.
JAYESH RAJENDRA PATIL 26
BHARAT VIJAY PAWAR 27
PANDIT RAMDAS PAWAR 28
PRAKRUT RAJESH DAULATABADKAR 29
RATHOD ROSHANI SURESH 30
Mr V.U. Shisode
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
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MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
1.0 Rationale
Microwave communication is the back bone of terrestrial communication and also the sole of
mobile communication. To provide communication at difficult geographical locations and for
specific task microwave links and RADAR are the established telecommunication solution.
This course has been designed to develop skills in the diploma engineers to maintain
microwave and RADAR based telecommunication systems.
2.0 Aims /Benefits of the Micro project
To prepare a survey report on mobile van use for live telecast of any events.
3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved
The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught
and implemented, so that the student demonstrates the following industry oriented COsassociated
with the above mentioned competency:
a. Use specified waveguides in microwave communication system.
b. Maintain passive microwave components and devices.
c. Maintain active microwave components and devices.
d. Interpret RADAR based systems for range detection.
e. Maintain various types of RADAR system for the specified application.
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4.0 INTRODUCTION
Half Wave Rectifier
Definition
A half-wave rectifier converts an AC signal to DC by passing either the negative or positive half-cycle of the
waveform and blocking the other. Half-wave rectifiers can be easily constructed using only one diode, but are less
efficient than full-wave rectifiers.
Since diodes only carry current in one direction, they can serve as a simple half-wave rectifier. Only passing half of
an AC current causes irregularities, so a capacitor is usually used to smooth out the rectified signal before it can be
usable.
Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers
Alternating current (AC) periodically changes direction, and a rectifier converts this signal to a direct current (DC),
which only flows in one direction. A half-wave rectifier does this by removing half of the signal. A full-wave rectifier
converts the full input waveform to one of constant polarity by reversing the direction of current flow in one half-
cycle. One example configuration for full-wave rectification is the full bridge rectifier, which uses four diodes to
create a pulsating DC output.
A half-wave rectifier creates a purely positive signal by blocking the negative half-cycle, while a full-wave rectifier
does this by changing the direction of the negative half-cycle.
What is the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier?
Since only half of the input waveform is passed, the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier is lower than that of a full-wave
rectifier. The maximum efficiency of a half-wave rectifier is about 40.5%, and the maximum efficiency of a full-wave
rectifier is twice that.
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History
From the 1880’s rectifiers have created an identity and a field in of itself. The evolution of
rectifiers has created methods for power electronics. This first diode used in a rectifier circuit was
created in 1883. C.T. Fritts used selenium to create this two terminal element. Selenium or Se is a
nonmetal that rarely occurs in an elemental state, or as a pure ore. Discovered by Jons Hacob
Berezelius, selenium is used in a few of today’s DC power surge protectors.
With the introduction of vacuum diodes, introduced in the early 1900’s, rectifiers were limited. A
vacuum diode is a direct that has an electron valve that supports the current flow through only one
direction. With adaptations like mercury arc tubes, rectifiers allowed for multi- megawatt power
levels. In 1904 Charles Proetus Steinmetz published a paper on wave forms, and duplication of
wave forms in the rectifying system. Vacuum diodes are limited by low current density.
Interior
Mains power supply is applied at the primary of the step-down transformer. All the positive half
cycles of the stepped down ac supply pass through the diode and all the negative half cycles get
eliminated. Peak value of the output voltage is less than the peak value of the input voltage by 0.6V
because of the voltage drop across the diode.
For a half wave rectifier, Vrams = Vm/2 and Vdc = Vm/π: where Vrams = rams value of input, Vdc =
Average value of input and Vm = peak value of output.
Ripple factor r =Vrams/Vdc where Vrams is the rams value of the ac component. Since 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 =
𝑉2 + 𝑉2, ripple factor r = √(𝑉 ⁄𝑉 )2 − 1 = 1.21.
𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑐 𝑟𝑚𝑠
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Rectifiers with Filter
All rectifier outputs contain considerable amount of ripple in addition to the DC component. In
order to avoid AC components, a filter is connected at the output of the rectifier.
Capacitor input filter, choke input filter, RC, CRC, LC, and CLC filters are the usually used
filters. Capacitor input filter is the simplest and cheapest. A high value capacitor C is connected in
shunt with the load resistor 𝑅𝐿. Capacitor charges to peak voltage 𝑉𝑚 when the half cycle appears at the
output. After the peak value is passed, the capacitor discharges through the load resistor slowly
since the diode is reverse biased by the
Capacitor voltage. Before the capacitor voltage drops substantially, next output cycle arrives and the
capacitor recharges to peak.
The rams value of the filtered output is calculated assuming that the wave as a triangular wave
and it is
𝑉𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝⁄2√3, where 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 is the peak to peak value of the ripple voltage.
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 − (𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝⁄2), Ripple factor r = 𝑉𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠⁄𝑉𝑑𝑐
For a half wave rectifier the ripple factor is also expressed as a function of capacitance and load
resistance, r = 1⁄2√3ƒ𝑅𝐿𝐶. For a full wave rectifier, it is given by the expression, r = 1⁄4√3ƒ𝑅𝐿𝐶.
f is the mains supply frequency 50 Hz.
Rectifier Efficiency
Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of DC output power to the input power from the AC
supply. Even with ideal rectifiers with no losses, the efficiency is less than 100% because some of the
output power is AC power rather than DC which manifests as ripple superimposed on the DC
waveform.
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𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
η=
𝑉𝑎𝑐 2
PERCENTAGE REGULATION:
It is a measure of the variation of DC output voltage as a function of DC output current i.e.
variation in load.
𝑉𝑁𝐿 −𝑉𝐹𝐿
% regulation = ( ) ∗ 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑉𝑁𝐿 = Voltage across load resistance when minimum current flows through it.
𝑉𝐹𝐿 = Voltage across load resistance when maximum current flows through it.
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire up the half wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all the components.
2. Switch on the main supply. Observe the transformer secondary voltage waveform and output voltage
waveform across the load resistor, simultaneously on the CRO screen. Note down 𝑉𝑚 and calculate
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 and 𝑉𝑑𝑐.
3. Calculate the ripple factor, rectifier efficiency and % regulation using the expressions.
4. Connect the capacitor filter and observe the waveforms. Note down 𝑉𝑚 and 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 and calculate ripple
factor, rectifier efficiency and %regulation using the expressions. Repeat for different capacitor values.
5. Repeat the above steps for full wave and bridge rectifiers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Half wave rectifier with filter:
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DESIGN
Select 230V/6V-0-6V, 100 mA centre-tapped transformer and diodes 1N4001.
DESIGN OF LOAD RESISTOR 𝑅𝐿:
Load resistor 𝑅𝐿 should be high enough to make the capacitor discharge slowly. Same time it
should limit the current through the diodes. Assume a current of 5 mA to flow through the diodes.
6√2− 1.4
Then 𝑅𝐿 = Ω = 920Ω. Because voltage drop across the two diodes together are 1.4V.
0.005
Select 𝑅𝐿 = 1𝑘.
DESIGN OF CAPACITANCE C:
The required ripple factor of capacitor input filter is 3%. Theoretical value of r = 1⁄4√3ƒ𝑅𝐿𝐶.
Power supply frequency f = 50 Hz. Assume 𝑅𝐿 =1 k. Then C ≈ 100μF.
TABULAR COLUMN
Table 1: Rectifier without filter
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚⁄2 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚⁄𝜋 r =√(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠⁄𝑉𝑑𝑐)2 − 1
HWR
Table 2: Rectifiers with capacitor filter
Type 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝⁄2√3 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝⁄2 𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠⁄𝑉𝑑𝑐
HWR
WAVEFORMS
Typical waveforms of half wave rectifier without filter and with filter are shown in the figure below
VS
t
VL
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Equipments
Transformer – Transformer is a device which reduces or increases the AC voltage.
Diode– A diode is a two terminal device that allows electric current in one direction and blocks
electric current in another direction.
Resistor – A resistor is an electronic component that restricts the current flow to a certain level.
5.0 Actual Resources Used
Sr.No. Name of Resources Remak
1 Transformer
2 Diode
3 Resistor
4 Bread bode
6.0 Applications of Micro-Project
1. Telecasting live matches.
2. Telecasting news reports.
3. Can be used as editing studio.
4. Can be used as power backups.
5. Can telecast event at any part of the world.
7.0 Reference Websites
1] Positive and negative half wave rectifier
2] https://www.elprocus.com/half-wave-rectifier-circuit-working-principle-and-
characteristics-2/
Mr. V.U. Shisode
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
**************************************************************
Thank you
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