Geografija test
1.Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science,
aesthetics, and
technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways
that communicate
spatial information effectively.
2.General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general
audience and thus contain
a variety of features. General maps exhibit many reference and location systems and
often are produced
in a series.
3.Thematic cartography involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward
specific audiences.
4. Topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a
place, including
(especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing
elevation. Terrain or relief
can be shown in a variety of ways.
5. Contour line "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above
a given level, such as mean sea level.
A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example
a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or
gentleness of
slopes.
The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between
successive contour
lines. The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines.
6. Three types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal.
Cylindrical Map Projections - Cylindrical map projections are one way of
portraying the Earth.
Conic Map Projections - These maps are defined by the cone constant, which
dictates the angular
distance between meridians.
Azimuthal Map Projection - The azimuthal map projection is angular- given three
points on a map (A, B,
and C) the azimuth from Point B to Point C dictates the angle someone would have to
look or travel in
order to get to A.
7. Facts about lines of longitude
-known as meridians
-run in a north-south direction
-are in equal length
-are halves of great circles
-cross the Equator at the right angles
-are farthest apart at the Equator and meet at the poles
-Measure distance east or west of the prime meridian
-lie in planes that pass through the Earth's axis
Facts about lines of latitude
-are known as parallels
-run in an east-west direction
-cross the prime meridian at the right angles
-lie in planes that cross the Earth's axis at the right angles
-are parallel to one another and never meet
-measure distance north or south from the Equator
-get shorter toward the poles, with only the Equator, the longest, a great circle
8. Demography is the science of populations. Demographers seek to understand
population dynamics by
investigating three main demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging
(including death).
9. In demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently
living, and was estimated
to have reached 7.6 billion people as of May 2018.
10. Fertility rate is the average number of children that would be born to a woman
over her lifetime.
11. The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of
live births per 1,000 in a
population in a year or period. The rate of births in a population is calculated in
several ways: live births
from a universal registration system for births, deaths, and marriages; population
counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques.
The birth rate (along
with mortality and migration rate) are used to calculate population growth.
12. Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in
general, or due to a specific
cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit
of time. Mortality rate is
typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a
mortality rate of 9.5 (out of
1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire
population, or 0.95% out of
the total. It is distinct from "morbidity", which is either the prevalenceor
incidence of a disease, and also
from the incidence rate (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per
unit of time).
13. Demographic structure describes the age distribution of a population and
thereby is also
called population age structure. It is usually measured by the total dependency
ratio, which is
the ratio of the total number of the dependent population, aged below 15 and above
65 years, to
that of the working-age population.
14. Most anthropologists recognize that there are four major race classifications
in the world, which include
caucasian, mongoloid or asian, negroid or black and australoid. The race
classification was created by
Carleston S. Coon in 1962. The four major races can then be further subdivided into
30 subgroups.
-Caucasoid
-Negroid
-Mongoloid
-Australoid
14b.An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with
each other based on
similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or
nation. Ethnicity is usually
an inherited status based on the society in which one lives.
14a.Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the
intentions of settling,
permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long
distances and from one
country to another.
There are several types:
Emigration, Immigration, human migration, international, internal.
People who migrate fall into several categories: An emigrant is a person who is
leaving one country to live in another. An immigrant is a person who is entering
a country from another to make a new home. A refugee is a person who has moved to
a new country because of a problem in their former home.
15. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement
in key
dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and
have a
decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for
each of the
three dimensions.
16. Settlement geography is a branch of geography that investigates the earth's
surface's part settled by
humans( "human settlements means the totality of the human community – whether
city, town or village – with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual
and cultural elements that sustain it)." Traditionally, it belongs to cultural
geography and is divided into the geography of urban
settlements (cities and towns) and rural settlements (e.g. villages and hamlets).
17. A hamlet is a small human settlement. In different jurisdictions and
geographies, hamlets may be the size
of a town, village or parish, be considered a smaller settlement or subdivision of
a larger, or be treated as
a satellite entity to a larger settlement.
18. A town is a larger human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages
but smaller than cities,
though the criteria to distinguish them vary considerably between different parts
of the world.
19. A city is a large human settlement. Cities generally have extensive systems
for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, and communication.
Their density facilitates
interaction between people, government organizations and businesses, sometimes
benefiting different
parties in the process.
20. Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas compared to rural
areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an
area of countryside. ...
On a global scale, urbanisation is taking place rapidly.
21. A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government
that maintains a monopoly on
the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory.
Types: nation,multinational,city-state,empire,federated,confederation.
Elements:Population,Territory,Government,Sovereignty.
22. Elements of geographical map: Data frame, legend, title, north arrow,
scale,citation,border,inset map.
