BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/
BIOCHEMISTRY-304
m
co
e.
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL
id
STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/
Gu
BIOCHEMISTRY
er
Syllabus for Class 12
re
Ca
Note:
There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be
attempted.
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I: Diversity in Living World
What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy &
Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for
study of Taxonomy– Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi
m
into
major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
co
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups- Algae, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperm,
two
e.and Angiosperm (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least
examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features,
id
Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
and
Morphology
examples. and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering
plants: Root, stem,
Salient features andleaf, inflorescence-
classification cymose
of animals- and racemose,
non-chordate up toflower,
phyla fruit,
level and seed (To up
and chordate be
Gu
dealt with along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Animal
to tissues; Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive,
classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
circulatory,
respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)
er
Unit III: Cell Structure and Function
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant
cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles– structure and
re
function; Endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles;
mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles
(ultrastructure and function); Nucleus–nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
Ca
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules–structure and function of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipid, nucleic acids; Enzymes–types, properties, enzyme action.
Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance.
Unit IV: Plant Physiology
Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases, and nutrients; Cell to cell transport– Diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations– Imbibition, water potential,
osmosis, plasmolysis; Long-distance transport of water– Absorption, apoplast, symplast,
transpiration pull, root pressure, and guttation; Transpiration– Opening and closing of
stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients– Transport of food, phloem transport,
Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients, and their role; Deficiency
symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/BIOCHEMISTRY-304
nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism – Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation. Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Where does photosynthesis
take place; How many pigments are involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea);
Photochemical
and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation;
Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting
photosynthesis. Respiration: Exchange of gases; Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation
(anaerobic), TCA
cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations – Number of ATP molecules
generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth
m
rate;
Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation; Sequence of
developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators–auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin,
co
Unit V: Human Physiology
ethylene,
ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.
Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes
and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins,
e.
carbohydrates, and fats; Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (for box item not
to be evaluated); Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders– PEM, indigestion,
constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
id
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in
humans;
of Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans– Exchange of gases, transport
Gu
gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-
Asthma,
Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of the blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;
er
Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system– Structure of human heart
and
blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac
re
activity;
pectoris, Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina
Heart failure.
Excretory Products and their elimination: Modes of excretion –Ammonotelism, ureotelism,
Ca
uricotelism; Human excretory system–structure and function; Urine formation,
Osmoregulation;
Regulation of kidney function– Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes
insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders-Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi,
Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle
–
contractile
with in proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt
the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of the muscular and skeletal
system-
Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans– central
nervous
system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction
Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine
system- Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and
regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism,
Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
Imp: Diseases related to all the human physiology systems to be taught in brief.
m
co
e.
id
Gu
er
re
Ca
