Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 1

Plastic bottle as Alternative source of Fuel

Name of Authors

James Ramos

Mica Verbo

Shanaiah Kalla Silip

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics

Ronie M. Malazzab

December 2024

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 2

Approval Sheet

This research entitled “ Plastic bottle as Alternative source of Fuel” prepared and

submitted by James Ramos, Mica Verbo, and Shanaiah Silip has been approved and accepted as

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2.

MAYETTE A. MANUEL
Research Teacher

PANEL OF EVALUATORS

Approved by the Committee of Oral Examination with a rating of on

December 2024.

Chairman

Member Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2.

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 3

Acknowledgment

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 4

Contents

Title Page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Acknowledgment 3
Contents 4
Abstract 5

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study 6
Statement of the Problem 8
Theoretical Framework 10
Significance of the Study 11
Scope and Delimitation 12
Definition of Terms 13

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature and Studies 14

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Research Design 19
Sampling Procedure and Sample 20
Data Gathering Methods 21
Data Analysis 21

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Presentation of Data 22
Analysis of Data 23
Interpretation of Data 24

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary 25
Conclusions 26
Recommendations 27

References 28

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 5

Abstract

Plastic waste is a growing environmental crisis, with millions of tons accumulating in landfills

and oceans, causing serious damage to ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. This research

investigates converting plastic waste, specifically plastic bottles, into an alternative fuel to

address this problem and the need for sustainable energy alternatives. The methodology involves

pyrolysis. Materials required include plastic bottles, a pyrolysis reactor, a catalyst, and a heating

source. Experiments determined the plastic volume needed for various yields (Trial 1: 5 ml; Trial

2: 52 ml; Trial 3: 105 ml for 1 kg, 5 kg, and 10 kg of plastic, respectively). Results from a 10 kg

plastic sample showed the extracted biofuel was flammable, had a similar scent and color to

commercial fuel. A sustainability survey supported these findings. However, despite potentially

lessening plastic pollution and providing an alternative fuel source, this method is not

recommended due to significant health risks associated with the smoke produced.

Keywords:

Fuel

Pyrolysis

Plasic Bottles

Plastic Waste

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 6

Catalyst

Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

Rationale

Plastics are a wide range of partly or wholly synthetic materials invented by Alexander

Parkes in 1862 that has high molecular weight materials known as polymers valued for their

durability, versatility, lightweight nature, and low cost. The word “plastic” comes from the Greek

word “plastikos” which means “having the ability to be shaped or molded” derived from

“plastos” meaning “molded”. Due to their malleability, plastics can be shaped or extruded into a

wide range of solid objects during the production process. This property allows the material to

adapt to different conditions, which makes it suitable for a variety of uses.

Plastic waste signifies a remarkable environmental challenge globally, with improper

disposal leading to pollution and resource depletion. Numerous industries, including agriculture,

construction, toys, packaging, commercial and residential buildings, cars, and electrical

equipment, produce garbage made of plastic. The rise in world population and living standards

has escalated municipal solid waste generation to 1.3 billion tons annually, with plastic waste

ranking as the third-largest contributor. Global plastic production has surged from 1.5 million

tons in 1950 to around 359 million tons in 2018, driven by the packaging sector.

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 7

Unfortunately, over 250 million tons of plastic waste is landfilled or dispersed annually,

with about 10 million tons ending up in oceans. Global plastic output is still increasing despite

efforts to reduce plastic waste because of rising demand and economic expansion, especially in

emerging nations. The persistent disposal of plastic waste poses severe environmental challenges

due to its resistance to biodegradation, harming terrestrial and marine ecosystems. To mitigate

these impacts and reduce reliance on non-renewable resources, we researchers grow interest in

converting plastic waste into alternative fuel through technologies like pyrolysis and gasification.

Repurposing plastic waste into sustainable fuel aims to address environmental challenges and

promote sustainable energy practices.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 8

Statement of the Problem

Plastic waste has become a major environmental issue, with millions of tons

accumulating in landfills and oceans, causing significant harm to ecosystems, wildlife, and

human health. Traditional disposal methods, such as incineration and landfilling, fail to solve the

problem and even exacerbate it by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.

Simultaneously, the growing global demand for energy is depleting non-renewable fossil fuels

and accelerating climate change. In order to lessen plastic pollution and promote the

sustainability of the world's energy supply, this project develops and improves methods that turn

plastic trash into environmentally friendly fuel substitutes.

This study will develop and optimize processes for converting plastic waste into

environmentally sustainable fuel alternatives, reducing plastic pollution and contributing to

energy sustainability. This research study will specifically determine the following:

1. How many kilograms of plastic bottles is needed to produce

A. 0.5 liter

B. 1 liter

C. 1.5 liter

2. Is there a significance difference between the produced fuel to traditional in terms of:

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 9

A. Flammability

B. Odor

C. Color

3. Is the produced liquid feasible to be an alternative fuel?

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 10

Theoretical Framework

This research study will use plastic waste, pyrolysis reactor, catalyst, and heating source
as its main material to develop the Fuel.

For a clearer description of the study’s concept, which will serve as the basis for carrying
out the experiment, see the diagram below:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Plastic waste, We will do the following: Fuel from plastic

pyrolysis reactor, waste
 Collection and sorting of
catalyst, heating
plastic waste
source
 Preparation of plastic
waste for pyrolysis
 Loading the pyrolysis
reactor
 Heating and pyrolysis
process
 Collection and
separation of products
 Refining and processing
 Testing and quality
control

Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of the study

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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 11

Significance of the study

The researchers are conducting this study out of interest in producing fuel from plastic

waste. Given the increasing threat of plastic pollution to society, they have developed an

innovative approach known as Transforming Plastic Waste into Sustainable Fuel. The innovation

of producing fuel from plastic waste has the potential to enhance quality of life, promote

sustainability, create economic opportunities, and address various societal challenges, making it

a versatile and valuable technology for a wide range of users and communities.

The following may benefit if the research is successful:

Society. By converting plastic waste into sustainable fuel, the study can help mitigate plastic

pollution, leading to cleaner environments and healthier ecosystems.

School. The study provides a practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering

principles, offering valuable hands-on learning experiences for students in fields such as

environmental science, chemistry, and engineering.

Researchers. Researchers involved in the study can contribute to sustainable development

goals by developing innovative solutions to environmental challenges and advancing the field of

waste-to-energy conversion.

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 12

Future Researchers. Success in transforming plastic waste into sustainable fuel can inspire

future researchers to explore similar technologies and solutions for addressing global

environmental issues, driving continued progress in the field.

Scope and Delimitation

The primary objective of this research study is to develop and investigate the viability of

using plastic waste as an alternative fuel. The study's outcomes will be determined through a

comparison between plastic waste-derived fuel and traditional fuel. The research was conducted

at Maura, Aparri Cagayan, starting from August until September and under the guidance of our

research adviser, Mr. Ronie Malazzab. The researchers have been allocated one month to collect

data. Data collection will involve testing the efficiency of fuel derived from plastic waste.

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 13

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined to ensure clarity and
comprehension of essential concepts and terminology utilized in this study:

Alternative Fuel Source- refers to the sustainable fuel produced from plastic waste as an
alternative to traditional fossil fuels.

Catalyst - is a substance that speed up the chemical reaction of turning plastic waste into fuel.

Conversion Efficiency- the measure of how effectively plastic waste can be converted into
sustainable fuel.

Energy Output- the amount of energy generated from a specific quantity of plastic waste through
the conversion process into sustainable fuel.

Environmental Impacts- the effects on the environment resulting from the transformation of
plastic waste into sustainable fuel, including considerations of greenhouse gas emissions,
resource conservation, and ecosystem health.

Gasification- a thermochemical process that converts plastic waste, into a synthesis gas (syngas)

composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane.

Plastics- versatile materials composed of high-molecular chains primarily made of carbon.

Plastics Waste- discarded plastic materials that can be repurposed into sustainable fuel sources.

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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 14

Plastics Pollution Mitigation- reducing the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills and oceans.

Pyrolysis- thermal decomposition process utilized to convert plastic waste into fuel.

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Plastic Pollution

Over 14 million tonnes of plastics is annually dumped, and as a result, they cause the death

of 1,000,000 species of aquatic life. Global plastic production accounts for about 8% of world oil

production. The global demand of plastics has increased with the continuous development of

industry, agriculture and fishery. As a result, more and more plastic wastes generate year by

year. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, the global production of plastic

wastes was about 360 million tons in 2018. The toxic effect of plastic wastes refers to organism

adverse reactions generated by the invasion from plastic to organisms. Microplastics can inhibit

the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and transmembrane transport in the plant

body, hence affecting its growth (Zhou et al., 2020).

Transforming Plastic Waste into Fuel

A promising solution to this problem is the transformation of plastic waste into sustainable

fuel. Various studies have been conducted to explore this possibility. Chanashetty and Patil

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 15

(2015) conducted research on producing fuel from plastic waste, utilizing a condenser and

reactor in the pyrolysis process.

Their findings indicated that this approach is effective in addressing the issue of large plastic

waste accumulation and contributes to fuel storage through the production of diesel, kerosene,

and lubricant oil. Similarly, Karad and Havalammanavar (2017) investigated the conversion of

waste plastic into fuel, petrol, diesel, and kerosene using the pyrolysis method. They concluded

that this approach could potentially save 1 million species of oceanic life and contribute to a

greener future. Arunkumar and Nataraj also explored the conversion of waste plastic into fuel oil

using bentonite as a catalyst. The outputs included petrol, diesel, and fuel oil, with inputs

comprising PET bottles, shopping bags, and plastic packages.

Energy Output and Environmental Impact

The energy output from plastic waste-derived fuel and its environmental impact are also

significant areas of study. Mathur et al. (2016) focused on extracting pyrolysis oil from waste

plastic using the pyrolysis process. The study revealed that by processing grade 5 plastic

materials, 1.65 liters of oil could be obtained from 1.5 kilograms of plastic. Verma et al. (2018)

investigated the production of engine fuel through waste plastic pyrolysis and performance

enhancement in a CI Engine with a diesel blend. Their findings indicated that blending plastic oil

with diesel at a 40% ratio resulted in emissions reduction without compromising power output.

Economic Feasibility

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The economic feasibility of transforming plastic waste into fuel is another crucial aspect.

Bezergini et al. (2017) researched the production of alternative diesel fuel from waste plastic

using a pyrolysis plant. The study findings revealed a reduction in production costs by

approximately 70–85%, highlighting the promising potential of this method as an alternative

diesel fuel source.

Pyrolysis Process

The pyrolysis process is instrumental in the transformation of plastic waste into fuel. Mustofa

Kamal and Zainuri (2015) conducted a study on the environmentally friendly production of

liquid fuel from plastic waste through pyrolysis at 900°C. They found that pyrolysis at 900°C

resulted in a higher calorific value of the fuel compared to 425°C. Karmina et al. (2016) studied

the catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic using a stainless steel semi-bath reactor and condenser.

The study found that a significant yield (77–88%) of liquid product was obtained, indicating the

successful conversion of plastic into liquid fuel.

Fuel Characterization

The characterization of the fuel obtained from plastic waste is also a significant area of

research. Khan et al. (2016) conducted a study on the characterization of pyrolytic waste plastic

oil and its diesel blend fuel. The study concluded that there was a minimal amount of char

volatile products generated in the process. Sharuddin et al. (2018) studied the pyrolysis of plastic

waste for the production of liquid fuel as a potential energy resource. They concluded that the

process is viable and shows great potential for the future. Transforming plastic waste into

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 17

sustainable fuel presents a promising solution to the global plastic waste crisis. The process not

only helps manage plastic waste but also provides an alternative source of energy. Further

research and development in this field could lead to more efficient processes and better quality of

fuel, making this a viable and sustainable solution for the future.

Conversion and Possibilities

As stated by Masuod and Baqar (2023) regarding electricity usage in power plants, waste

plastics are the third most important energy consumers after oil and gas. In this study, catalytic

pyrolysis technology was used to convert plastic waste into gasoline in an environmentally

friendly way. Pyrolysis is carried out in the absence of oxygen and at a temperature of about 350

degree celsius. Among these machines, the waste PP rate at 420 degree celsius is about 89%,

followed by LDPE and HDPE with 65% and 53% respectively. In general, the oil produced has

the same properties as petroleum products.

Thermochemical Conversion Process

Thermochemical conversion is gaining attention as a way to convert plastic waste into

fuel. Nanda and Berutti (2020) provide a comprehensive review of various thermochemical

processes, including pyrolysis, which affect the thermal degradation of plastics under anaerobic

conditions. The process produces liquid hydrocarbons that can be used to make other fuels. Lin

et al. (2019) continued to explore microwave vacuum pyrolysis, demonstrating its potential to

provide simultaneous waste reduction and sustainable energy conversion. Their analysis showed

that the oil produced by this method has high calorific value and can be used as energy. (2019)

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 18

focused on catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste and showed that some

catalysts can produce petroleum series hydrocarbons. The ability to create customized pyrolysis

requirements for specific hydrocarbons is a significant advance in the production of fuel products

from plastic waste.

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 19

Chapter III

Methodology

A. Materials

The materials required for transforming pl

B. Experimental Design

1. Gathering of Materials

The main materials needed for this experimental study are plastic waste, a pyrolysis

reactor, catalysts, heating source, condenser, collection chamber, and measuring instruments.

The plastic waste will be sourced locally in the Philippines to ensure the relevance of the study to

the local waste management context.

2. Assembling

The researchers will start by collecting and preparing the plastic waste for the

experiment. The plastic waste will be sorted, cleaned, and shredded into small pieces to facilitate

the pyrolysis process. The shredded plastic will then be loaded into the pyrolysis reactor along

with the selected catalyst. The heating source will be activated to initiate the pyrolysis process,

converting the plastic waste into sustainable fuel.

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The condenser will be used to cool and condense the vapors produced during pyrolysis, leading

to the collection of the liquid fuel in the chamber. The researchers will monitor and regulate the

temperature and pressure inside the reactor throughout the process.

3. Testing of Product

To evaluate the efficiency and quality of the sustainable fuel produced, the researchers

will conduct various tests. These tests may include analyzing the chemical composition, calorific

value, viscosity, and combustion characteristics of the fuel. The researchers will compare these

properties with standard fuel specifications to assess the viability of the sustainable fuel for

practical use. Additionally, the researchers will assess the environmental impact of the process

by analyzing emissions and by-products generated during pyrolysis.

C.Statistical Treatment

The data collected from the experimental tests will be analyzed using statistical

methods to determine the effectiveness of transforming plastic waste into sustainable fuel.

Statistical analysis may involve comparing the properties of the sustainable fuel with

traditional fuels, conducting regression analysis to identify key factors affecting fuel quality,

and assessing the significance of any observed differences.

The statistical treatment will provide valuable insights into the feasibility and

sustainability of the plastic waste conversion process. Overall, this experimental design aims to

demonstrate the feasibility of converting plastic waste into sustainable fuel through pyrolysis,

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 Republic of the Philippines
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APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 21

highlighting the potential for addressing both waste management and energy challenges in a

sustainable manner.

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 Republic of the Philippines
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CHAPTER IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Presentation of Data

Table 1. Grams of Plastic

KILOGRAMS OF PLASTIC MILILITER OF EXTRACT

1 KG 5ml

5KG 52ml

10 KG 105ml

Table 1 provides a detailed overview of the amount of plastics, measured in kilograms, used in

different trials to test their capacity to produce varying volumes of extract, measured in

milliliters.The data reveal distinct variations in output across the trials. Trial 1 resulted in a

minimal production of 5 milliliters of extract, representing the lowest yield recorded. Trial 2

demonstrated a substantial improvement, producing 52 milliliters of extract, indicating a notable

increase compared to the first trial. Meanwhile, Trial 3 yielded the highest amount, with a total

of 105 milliliters of extract, showcasing the most efficient result among the trials.

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Table 2. Results of extracted biofuel compare to commercialized fuel

CHARACTERISTICS EXTRACTED BIOFUEL COMMERCIALIZED

FUEL

FLAMMABILITY

ODOR

COLOR

Table 2 presents a comparison of various characteristics between the extracted biofuel and

commercialized fuel, based on the testing of 10 kg of plastic. In terms of flammability, the

results indicate that the extracted biofuel is flammable, much like the commercialized fuel,

demonstrating a similar ability to catch fire. When it comes to odor, the findings suggest that

both fuels have very similar scents, showing no significant difference between the two. In terms

of color, the extracted biofuel is noticeably the same as the commercialized fuel, indicating that

the two fuels are identical in appearance.

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Table 3. Survey of the extracted biofuel if it can be an alternative source

ALTERNATIVE FUEL YES NO

PERSON 1

PERSON 2

PERSON 3

PERSON 4

PERSON 5

Table 3 illustrates the survey results assessing whether the extracted biofuel has the potential to

function as an alternative fuel source. A total of five individuals participated in the survey,

offering valuable insights into their perspectives on the biofuel's viability. Remarkably, all five

respondents unanimously voted "Yes," affirming their belief that the extracted biofuel can serve

as an effective alternative energy source. The positive responses were attributed to the biofuel’s

comparable characteristics to conventional fuels, particularly in terms of flammability, odor, and

color. The respondents' recognition of these properties highlights the biofuel's potential not only

as an energy source but also as a sustainable solution aligned with environmental goals.

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CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary

Plastic waste is a growing environmental crisis, with millions of tons accumulating in landfills

and oceans, causing serious damage to ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Current disposal

methods, like incineration and landfilling, not only fail to solve the issue but also contribute to

pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, increasing global energy demands are

depleting non-renewable fossil fuels and intensifying climate change.

To address these dual challenges, this project seeks to develop and optimize processes that

convert plastic waste into environmentally sustainable fuel alternatives. The aim is to reduce

plastic pollution while contributing to a more sustainable energy supply.

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 26

Conclusion

Our study investigated the feasibility of using recycled plastic bottles as an alternative fuel

source. Our experiments demonstrated that plastic can be converted into a fuel-like substance,

the resulting exhibited significantly have similar properties to commercialized fuel. Specifically,

the fuel produced a noticeably the same color, and having a similar odor to the commercial fuel.

Also, it did burn with the same flammability. While this process offers a potential solution for

plastic waste reduction and renewable energy source, the significant production of harmful

smoke presents a major health concern. Therefore we do not recommend the widespread

adoption of this study due to the significant health risks associated with the smoke produced.

However, the possibility to reduce plastic waste remains considerable, and further research

should focus on refining the harm. Future advancements addressing the health concerns could

transform this process into a feasible renewable energy solution.

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 27

Recommendations

This study on using plastic waste (specifically plastic bottles) as an alternative fuel source offers

several key recommendations for future researchers. First, if they conduct experiments, they

should do so in unpopulated areas to avoid the harmful effects of smoke on people. Second, the

plastic bottles, cans, and drums used must be dry to prevent water contamination. Third,

researchers need to investigate methods to mitigate or eliminate the harmful smoke produced to

prevent health risks. Understanding this fuel-creation process will lead to better outcomes and

the development of a new energy source. Overall, using plastic waste as an alternative fuel

source can help reduce plastic pollution and potentially transform into a renewable energy

solution.

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 28

References

https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic

https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-2023/understanding-plastic-pollution-and-its-

impact-lives

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.063

http://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2023.66.74

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02476-4

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344863434_Fuel_from_Plastic_Waste_A_Review

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320744259_Alternative_Diesel_from_Waste_Plastics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

354026475_The_paradigm_in_conversion_of_plastic_waste_into_value_added_materials

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 29

APPENDICES

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 30

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Schools Division of Cagayan
Aparri School of Arts and Trades

APARRI SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES - SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 31

Address: Rizal St., Maura, Aparri, Cagayan 3515

Telephone Nos.: PLDT (078) 888-0001

Aparri School of Arts and Trades 1928 300428@deped.gov.ph asat-edu.com.ph