IELTS COURSE

PLACEMENT TEST
LISTENING & READING
(approx 100 minutes)

LISTENING (approx 30 minutes plus 10 minutes transfer time)

Part 1

Questions 1 – 10

Complete the notes below

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

THINGS TO DO BEFORE WE GO

Example

● Collect the currency

● Cancel appointment with the 1 …………………………….. (Monday)

● Begin taking the 2 …………………………….. (Tuesday)

● Buy
3 ……………………………..,
a small bag,
a spare 4 ……………………………..
an electrical 5 ……………………………..
● Book a 6……………………………..

Instructions for Laura’s mum

● Feed the cat

Vet’s details:

Name: Colin 7 ……………………………..

Tel: 8 ……………………………..

Address: Fore Street (opposite the 9 ……………………………..)

● Water the plants

 ● Meet the heating engineer on 10 ……………………………..

Part 2

Questions 11 – 20

Questions 11 – 16

Choose the correct answer A,B, or C

Adbourne Film Festival

11. Why was the Film Festival started?

A. To encourage local people to make films.

B. To bring more tourists to the town.
C. To use money released from another project.

12. What is the price range for tickets?

A. £1.00 - £2.50
B. 50p - £2.00
C. £1.50 - £2.50

13. As well as online, tickets for the films can be obtained

A. from the local library.

B. from several different shops.
C. from the two festival cinemas.

14. Last year’s winning film was about

A. farms in the future.

B. schools and the environment.
C. green transport options.

15. This year the competition prize is

A. a stay in a hotel
B. film-making equipment.
C. a sum of money.

16. The deadline for entering a film in the competition is the end of
 A. May.
B. June.
C. July.

Questions 17 – 20

Questions 17 – 18

Choose TWO letters, A – E

What TWO main criteria are used to judge the film competition?

A. Ability to persuade.
B. Quality of the story.
C. Memorable characters.
D. Quality of photography.
E. Originality.

Questions 19 – 20

Choose TWO letters, A – E

What TWO changes will be made to the competition next year?

A. A new way of judging

B. A different length of film
C. An additional age category
D. Different performance times.
E. New locations for performances.

Part 3

Questions 21 – 30

Questions 21 – 24

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

Research on web-based crosswords

21. Leela and Jake chose this article because

A. it was on a topic familiar to most students.

B. it covered both IT and education issues.
C. It dealt with a very straightforward concept.
22. How did Leela and Jake persuade students to take part in their research?

A. They convinced them they would enjoy the experience.

B. They said it would help them do a particular test.
C. They offered to help them with their own research later on.

23.Leela and Jake changed the design of the original questionnaire because

A. It was too short for their purposes.

B. It asked misleading questions.
C. It contained out-of-date points.

24. Leela was surprised by the fact that

A. it is normal for questionnaire returns to be low.

B. so many students sent back their questionnaires.
C. the questionnaire responses were of such high quality.

Questions 25 – 30

Questions 25 – 26

Choose TWO letters, A – E

What TWO things did respondents say they liked most about doing the crossword?

A. It helped them spell complex technical terms.

B. It was an enjoyable experience.
C. It helped them concentrate effectively.
D. It increased their general motivation to study.
E. It showed what they still needed to study.

Questions 27 – 28

Choose TWO letters, A – E

In which TWO areas did these research findings differ from those of the original study?

A. Students’ interest in doing similar exercises.

B. How much students liked doing the crossword.
C. Time taken to do the crossword.
D. Gender differences in appreciation.
E. Opinions about using crosswords for formal assessment.
Questions 29 – 30

Choose TWO letters A – E

What TWO skills did Leela and Jake agree they had learned from doing the project?

A. How to manage their time effectively.

B. How to process numerical data.
C. How to design research tools.
D. How to reference other people’s work.
E. How to collaborate in research.

Part 4

Questions 31 – 40

Complete the sentences below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Job satisfaction study

31. Workers involved in the study were employed at a ……………………

32. Despite some apparent differences between groups of workers, the survey results were statistically
……………………

33. The speaker analysed the study’s …………………… to identify any problems with it.

34. The various sub-groups were …………………… in size.

35. Workers in the part-time group were mainly ……………………

36. The …………………… of workers who agreed to take part in the study was disappointing.

37. Researchers were unable to …………………… the circumstances in which workers filled out the
questionnaire.

38. In future, the overall size of the …………………… should be increased.

39. In future studies, workers should be prevented from having discussions with ……………………
40. Workers should be reassured that their responses to questions are ……………………

READING (60 minutes)

Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Voyage of Going: beyond the blue line 2

A. One feels a certain sympathy for Captain James Cook on the day in 1778 that he “discovered”
Hawaii. Then on his third expedition to the Pacific, the British navigator had explored scores of islands
across the breadth of the sea, from lush New Zealand to the lonely wastes of Easter Island This latest
voyage had taken him thousands of miles north from the Society Islands to an archipelago so remote that
even the old Polynesians back on Tahiti knew nothing about it. Imagine Cook’s surprise, then, when the
natives of Hawaii came paddling out in their canoes and greeted him in a familiar tongue, one he had heard
on virtually every mote of inhabited land he had visited Marveling at the ubiquity of this Pacific language and
culture, he later wondered in his journal: “How shall we account for this Nation spreading itself so far over
this Vast ocean?”

B. Answers have been slow in coming. But now a startling archaeological find on the island of Éfaté, in
the Pacific nation of Vanuatu, has revealed an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s
Polynesians, taking their first steps into the unknown. The discoveries there have also opened a window into
the shadowy world of those early voyagers. At the same time, other pieces of this human puzzle are turning
up in unlikely places. Climate data gleaned from slow-growing corals around the Pacific and from sediments
in alpine lakes in South America may help explain how, more than a thousand years later, a second wave of
seafarers beat their way across the entire Pacific.

C. “What we have is a first- or second-generation site containing the graves of some of the Pacific’s first
explorers,” says Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and co-leader of an
international team excavating the site. It came to light only by luck. A backhoe operator, digging up topsoil
on the grounds of a derelict coconut plantation, scraped open a grave—the first of dozens in a burial ground
some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the bones of
an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita, a label that derives from a beach in New Caledonia where
a landmark cache of their pottery was found in the 1950s. They were daring blue-water adventurers who
roved the sea not just as explorers but also as pioneers, bringing along everything they would need to build
new lives—their families and livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.

D. Within the span of a few centuries the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-
clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga, at least 2,000 miles eastward
in the Pacific. Along the way they explored millions of square miles of unknown sea, discovering and
colonizing scores of tropical islands never before seen by human eyes: Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji,
Samoa.

E. What little is known or surmised about them has been pieced together from fragments of pottery,
animal bones, obsidian flakes, and such oblique sources as comparative linguistics and geochemistry.
Although their voyages can be traced back to the northern islands of Papua New Guinea, their language-
variants of which are still spoken across the Pacific-came from Taiwan. And their peculiar style of pottery
decoration, created by pressing a carved stamp into the clay, probably had its roots in the northern
Philippines. With the discovery of the Lapita cemetery on Éfaté, the volume of data available to researchers
has expanded dramatically. The bones of at least 62 individuals have been uncovered so far-including old
men, young women, even babies—and more skeletons are known to be in the ground Archaeologists were
also thrilled to discover six complete Lapita pots. It’s an important find, Spriggs says, for it conclusively
identifies the remains as Lapita. “It would be hard for anyone to argue that these aren’t Lapita when you
have human bones enshrined inside what is unmistakably a Lapita urn.”

F. Several lines of evidence also undergird Spriggs’s conclusion that this was a community of pioneers
making their first voyages into the remote reaches of Oceania. For one thing, the radiocarbon dating of
bones and charcoal places them early in the Lapita expansion. For another, the chemical makeup of the
obsidian flakes littering the site indicates that the rock wasn’t local; instead it was imported from a large
island in Papua New Guinea’s Bismarck Archipelago, the springboard for the Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific.
A particularly intriguing clue comes from chemical tests on the teeth of several skeletons. DNA teased from
these ancient bones may also help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: Did
all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single
point in Asia, or several from different points? “This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,” says
Spriggs, “to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants
are today.

G. “There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: How did the
Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No one has found one of
their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and
traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they segue into myth long before they reach as far back
in time as the Lapita.” All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean
voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,” says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University
of Auckland and an avid yachtsman. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over
thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western
Pacific making short crossings to islands within sight of each other. Reaching Fiji, as they did a century or so
later, meant crossing more than 500 miles of ocean, pressing on day after day into the great blue void of the
Pacific. What gave them the courage to launch out on such a risky voyage?

H. The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes.
Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. “They could sail out for days
into the unknown and reconnoiter, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn
about and catch a swift ride home on the trade winds. It’s what made the whole thing work.” Once out there,
skilled seafarers would detect abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds and turtles, coconuts and twigs
carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pileup of clouds on the horizon that often betokens an
island in the distance. Some islands may have broadcast their presence with far less subtlety than a cloud
bank. Some of the most violent eruptions anywhere on the planet during the past 10,000 years occurred in
Melanesia, which sits nervously in one of the most explosive volcanic regions on Earth. Even less
spectacular eruptions would have sent plumes of smoke billowing into the stratosphere and rained ash for
hundreds of miles. It’s possible that the Lapita saw these signs of distant islands and later sailed off in their
direction, knowing they would find land. For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their
own archipelagoes provided a safety net to keep them from overshooting their home ports and sailing off
into eternity.

I. However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it
quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific, and perhaps they
were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in
total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands—more than 300 in Fiji
alone. Still, more than a millennium would pass before the Lapita’s descendants, a people we now call the
Polynesians, struck out in search of new territory.

Questions 1 – 7

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

 NO if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Captain Cook once expected the Hawaii might speak another language of people from other pacific
islands.
2. Captain Cook depicted a number of cultural aspects of Polynesians in his journal.
3. Professor Spriggs and his research team went to the Efate to try to find the site of an ancient
cemetery.
4. The Lapita completed a journey of around 2,000 miles in a period less than a century.
5. The Lapita were the first inhabitants in many pacific islands.
6. The unknown pots discovered in Efate had once been used for cooking.
7. The um buried in the Efate site was plain as it was without any decoration.

Questions 8 – 10

Complete the summary of the following paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.

Scientific Evidence found in Efate site

Tests show the human remains and the charcoal found in the buried um are from the start of the
Lapita period. Yet The (8) covering many of the Efate sites did not come from that
area.

Then examinations carried out on the (9) discovered at Efate site reveal that not
everyone buried there was a native living in the area DNS could identify the Lapita’s nearest (10)
………………. present-days.

Questions 11 – 13
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.

11. What did the Lapita travel in when they crossed the oceans?

12. In Irwins’s view, what would the Latipa have relied on to bring them fast back to the base?

13. Which sea creatures would have been an indication to the Lapita of where to find land?

Passage 2

You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2

What’s the best smartphone on the market?

The new HTC 4Gis, for now at least, restricted from showing us its true potential since, as Australia’s first
4G phone ,it is ahead of its time and must wait for the 4G infrastructure to be put in place before it can really
be appreciated. As things stand, and limited to used as a 3G handset, the HTC stack up well against its
competitors though. There is a very generous screen size of 4.3 inches, and the graphics and screen
resolution are very sharp. This is perhaps both the phone’s greatest strength and its greatest weakness
because, for all the good of having a large, sharp screen image, this comes at a cost; that being that the
HTC is a bulkier, weightier model than most of its peers. Size issue aside however, you cannot help but
admire the sheer range of features on this handset. An 8-megapixel camera, and a front-side 1.2 megapixel
voice calls, and high-definition image quality should you switch to recording mode make the need to carry
any casual photographic or recording equipment around with you almost redundant. Perhaps no more than
a blip, as company engineers and programmers assure us a fix will be issued shortly, but it must be said that
the battery life is slightly disappointing; a regular daily charge is simply a necessity as any longer would
leave you, well flat!

The nexus employs energy-efficient screen technology, making it an instant hit for the many who have been
thus far frustrated by the lack of battery longevity smartphones have offered up. Design isn’t compromised
either and this handset is light and compact (the practicalities covered then) not to mention sleek and funky.
The 5 megapixel rear- facing camera is handy to have in an emergency, but can hardly be relied upon to
produce the sort of imagery we have come to expect from such products. Autofocus and an inbuilt flash do
help to enhance image quality, but this device falls just a few too many pixels short and so trails behind its
rivals in the multimedia department; and not by a neck, but several lengths at least.

The iPhone series have been market leading devices ever since Apple entered the smartphone sector, and
seldom is there more excitement in techie circles than when a new iPhone model is released. Cue fierce
applause and much gasping then, for Apple’s latest offering is now on sale in a store near you! The new
iPhone has the sharpest and clearest display of any smartphone on the market, and, quite simply, in almost
every aspect of design, it is king. In fact, the quality of kit gone into the phone almost beggars belief and
gives the handset the feel of being indestructible, which, given the quality of manufacture, is not too far wide
of the mark. There are, of course, the trademark front and rear-display cameras on the new iPhone, and,
though at 8 megapixels the main camera is, well, hardly earth-shatteringly impressive, don’t be too quick to
write off the iPhone’s multimedia credentials. Remember

To start with , the screen and recording devices operate in High Definition, and let’s not overlook the vast
number of complementary media apps – Apple is in a league of its own in the apps market, and this is
perhaps one of the main reasons it has so many diehard fans. Another factor which is crucial to this device’s
popularity is the fact that you can leave home confident there will be no need to beg for a charger from
someone in the office halfway through the day. Battery life on this handset is not market- leading, but the
iPhone certainly outperforms its nearest rivals in that department. A genuine contender for best buy.

The new Motorola should not be thought of so much as a smartphone, as a mini- computer, such is the
manner in which this device performs. With massive processing and memory capabilities, Motorola users
can download video, Image and music files without giving a second thought to whether or not there is
enough unused space, and, with 16GB internal memory and scope to add on another 32GB via an external
memory card, why would you? The main camera though, given how high-spec everything else about this
device seems to be, it somewhat of a disappointment. At only 5 megapixels, you do wonder what the
designers were thinking; after all, had they even matched their rivals at HTC in this area, the Motorola would
have been a standout handset that left its competitors trailing in its wake. As things stand, the Motorola is a
definite player and will appeal to those for whom the smartphone is primarily a work-related device, as its
unrivalled processing capability with most office software make it the perfect travel companion for every
busy businessman and businesswoman out there. However, Motorola has missed a trick or two in failing to
target the many smartphone buyers more interested in entertainment features like high-megapixel cameras.
Had they combined their download power with a better ‘picture snapper’ they could have cornered the entire
market; this is an opportunity lost, you feel.

Questions 14 – 20

Look at the following statement, questions 14-20, and decide which smartphone model, A-D the statement
relates to.
Write the correct letter, A-D.

14. This phone will not be able to showcase all of its strengths until the country’s communication system has
been upgraded. ………………………………….

15. This phone is a very practical device that can process information quickly and has very high storage
capacity. …………………………………..

16. This phone’s greatest asset is also a liability which makes it more burdensome to carry around.
……………………………………

17. This phone would stand up to a lot of abuse; such is the quality of manufacture gone into it.
……………………………………

18. This phone could have threatened to dominate the smartphone market had it not overlooked an
important entertainment feature. ………………………………….

19. This phone provides access to a lot more of something than any of the rival phone models can.
…………………………………..

20. This phone employs special technology designed to conserve energy and enhance battery life.
………………………………….

A. HTC 4G
B. NEXUS
C. Iphone
D. Motorola

Questions 21 – 23

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

Write the correct letter, A-E in boxes 21 -23 on your answer sheet.
21. The HTC EVO 4G has such a high-quality camera ……………………………..
22. The failures of the Nexus S Camera are such ……………………………..
23. The functionality of the Motorola Atrix Can be likened to …………………………….

A. that of a small computer, Except in the memory and processing stakes where it comes up short.
B. that the excellent flash and focus functions are still not enough to compensate.
C. that of devices specifically designed to execute far more complex tasks than a phone is supposed to.
D. that it is no longer necessary to carry extra camera and recording equipment unless you are looking for
professional results.
E. that professional and amateur photographers alike will find that it satisfies all their needs.

Questions 24 – 26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 24-26 on
your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

24. In order to produce an energy-efficient phone, the Nexus S manufacturer. Have compromised on certain
design features. ………………………

25. The iPhone is superior to its rivals in many design aspects. ……………………….

26. The Motorola Atrix is unlikely to be a huge success since there are more. Smartphone users who use
their phones for entertainment than for work purposes. ……………………….
Passage 3

You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

Insight or evolution?

Two scientists consider the origins of discoveries and other innovative behavior

Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as
naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Our view of such unique contributions to
science often disregards the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors.
Conventional wisdom also places great weight on insight in promoting breakthrough scientific achievements,
as if ideas spontaneously pop into someone’s head – fully formed and functional.

There may be some limited truth to this view. However, we believe that it largely misrepresents the real
nature of scientific discovery, as well as that of creativity and innovation in many other realms of human
endeavor.

Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein – whose monumental contributions are duly celebrated –
we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes
come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left. This evolutionary view of human
innovation undermines the notion of creative genius and recognizes the cumulative nature of scientific
progress.

Consider one unheralded scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who
postulated the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space. By combining different numbers of weights of
these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all the elements in the then-known
periodic table. These successes are all the more noteworthy given the fact that Nicholson was wrong about
the presence of proto-elements: they do not actually exist. Yet, amid his often fanciful theories and wild
speculations, Nicholson also proposed a novel theory about the structure of atoms. Niels Bohr, the Nobel
prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, jumped off from this interesting idea to conceive his now-
famous model of the atom.
What are we to make of this story? One might simply conclude that science is a collective and cumulative
enterprise. That may be true, but there may be a deeper insight to be gleaned. We propose that science is
constantly evolving, much as species of animals do. In biological systems, organisms may display new
characteristics that result from random genetic mutations. In the same way, random, arbitrary or accidental
mutations of ideas may help pave the way for advances in science. If mutations prove beneficial, then the
animal or the scientific theory will continue to thrive and perhaps reproduce.

Support for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains. Consider one
example of an influential innovation in US horseracing. The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement, in
which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed
to confer important speed advantages when turning on oval tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown
jockey named Jackie Westrope. Had Westrope conducted methodical investigations or examined extensive
film records in a shrewd plan to outrun his rivals? Had he foreseen the speed advantage that would be
conferred by riding acey-deucy? No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left
knee. His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance. This led to
the rapid and widespread adoption of riding acey-deucy by many riders, a racing style which continues in
today’s thoroughbred racing.

Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure
serendipity – a happy accident. For example, in the early 1970s, two employees of the company 3M each
had a problem: Spencer Silver had a product – a glue which was only slightly sticky – and no use for it, while
his colleague Art Fry was trying to figure out how to affix temporary bookmarks in his hymn book without
damaging its pages. The solution to both these problems was the invention of the brilliantly simple yet
phenomenally successful Post-It note. Such examples give lie to the claim that ingenious, designing minds
are responsible for human creativity and invention. Far more banal and mechanical forces may be at work;
forces that are fundamentally connected to the laws of science.

The notions of insight, creativity and genius are often invoked, but they remain vague and of doubtful
scientific utility, especially when one considers the diverse and enduring contributions of individuals such as
Plato, Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, Beethoven, Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Curie, Pasteur and Edison.
These notions merely label rather than explain the evolution of human innovations. We need another
approach, and there is a promising candidate.

The Law of Effect was advanced by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1898, some 40 years after Charles
Darwin published his groundbreaking work on biological evolution, On the Origin of Species. This simple law
holds that organisms tend to repeat successful behaviors and to refrain from performing unsuccessful ones.
Just like Darwin’s Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect involves an entirely mechanical process of
variation and selection, without any end objective in sight.

Of course, the origin of human innovation demands much further study. In particular, the provenance of the
raw material on which the Law of Effect operates is not as clearly known as that of the genetic mutations on
which the Law of Natural Selection operates. The generation of novel ideas and behaviors may not be
entirely random, but constrained by prior successes and failures – of the current individual (such as Bohr) or
of predecessors (such as Nicholson).

The time seems right for abandoning the naive notions of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically
exploring the true origins of creative behavior

Questions 27–31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27–31 on your answer sheet.

27. The purpose of the first paragraph is to

A. defend particular ideas.

B. compare certain beliefs.
C. disprove a widely held view.
D. outline a common assumption.

28. What are the writers doing in the second paragraph?

A. A criticising an opinion
B. B justifying a standpoint
C. C explaining an approach
D. D supporting an argument

29. In the third paragraph, what do the writers suggest about Darwin and Einstein?

A. They represent an exception to a general rule.

B. Their way of working has been misunderstood.
C. They are an ideal which others should aspire to.
D. Their achievements deserve greater recognition.

30. John Nicholson is an example of a person whose idea

 A. established his reputation as an influential scientist.
B. was only fully understood at a later point in history.
C. laid the foundations for someone else’s breakthrough.
D. initially met with scepticism from the scientific community.

31 What is the key point of interest about the ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement?

A. the simple reason why it was invented

B. the enthusiasm with which it was adopted
C. the research that went into its development
D. the cleverness of the person who first used it

Questions 32 – 36

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 32 – 36 on
your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

32. Acknowledging people such as Plato or da Vinci as geniuses will help us

understand the process by which great minds create new ideas.
33. The Law of Effect was discovered at a time when psychologists were seeking a
scientific reason why creativity occurs.
34. The Law of Effect states that no planning is involved in the behaviour of organisms.
35. The Law of Effect sets out clear explanations about the sources of new ideas and
behaviours.
36. Many scientists are now turning away from the notion of intelligent design and genius.

Questions 37–40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A–G, below.

Write the correct letter, A–G, in boxes 37–40 on your answer sheet.

The origins of creative behavior

The traditional view of scientific discovery is that breakthroughs happen when a single great
mind has sudden 37………………. Although this can occur, it is not often the case. Advances
are more likely to be the result of a longer process. In some cases, this process involves
38……………… , such as Nicholson’s theory about proto-elements. In others, simple
necessity may provoke innovation, as with Westrope’s decision to modify the position of his
riding stirrups. There is also often an element of 39 ………………… , for example, the
coincidence of ideas that led to the invention of the Post-It note. With both the Law of Natural
Selection and the Law of Effect, there may be no clear 40 ………………………… involved, but
merely a process of variation and selection.

A invention B goals C compromise

D mistakes E luck F inspiration
G experiments