Used to/ had to/ was/were able to

Used to:
1) In ancient Egypt, people ………………..…… (worship) the sun god Ra.
2) The Mesopotamians …………………….. (develop) irrigation systems to control the
flooding of the rivers.
3) The Mayans ……………………….. (predict) solar eclipses with impressive accuracy.
4) Ancient Romans …………………….. (enjoy) watching gladiator fights in the
Colosseum.
5) The ancient Greeks …………………….. (build) temples for their gods and goddesses.
6) In ancient Egypt, people …………………….. (not have) access to modern medical
treatments like we do today.
7) The Romans …………………….. (not rely) on advanced technology for construction
before the industrial revolution.
8) Ancient tribes …………………….. (not have) written languages; they communicated
mainly through oral traditions.
9) In Mesopotamia, kings …………………….. (not allow) common citizens to
participate in government decisions.
10) The Mayans …………………….. (not build) cities with concrete structures, as they
relied on more natural materials.
Had to:
11) Spartan warriors ………………………. (train) from a young age to prepare for
battle.
12) The Romans ………………………….. (construct) aqueducts to supply their cities
with water.
13) Ancient sailors ………………………… (navigate) using the stars as guides.
14) The people of Mesopotamia ………………………… (write) in cuneiform on clay
tablets.
15) Ancient Indian mathematicians ………………………… (calculate) complex
equations for astronomical purposes.
16) In ancient Egypt, farmers …………………….. (not worry) about flooding since the
Nile's annual floods were predictable.
17) The Sumerians …………………….. (not use) complex systems of money, as they
relied on barter for trade.
18) In ancient Rome, citizens …………………….. (not pay) taxes in the form of
money; they could contribute goods or services instead.
19) The Mayans …………………….. (not build) their cities with expensive materials;
they used locally sourced resources instead.
20) Ancient civilizations …………………….. (not travel) by carriages or ships; they
used more basic means of transportation like walking or riding animals.
Was/ were able to:
21) The ancient Chinese ……………………….. (perfect) silk production, which
became highly valuable.
22) The ancient Egyptians ……………………….. (construct) the pyramids with
remarkable precision, using simple tools.
23) Alexander the Great ……………………….. (conquer) much of the known world at
a young age due to his military skills.
1
24) The Romans ……………………….. (build) an extensive network of roads that
connected the empire.
25) The Maya civilization ……………………….. (create) a sophisticated calendar
system that was incredibly accurate.
26) In ancient Greece, women ……………………. (not participate) in public
political life.
27) The Aztecs ……………… (not depend) on outside civilizations for resources.
28) Early humans ……………………… (not read) or write until writing systems
were developed.
29) In ancient times, people …………………… (not know) how to make iron tools.
30) The Sumerians …………………… (not fight) as often because they developed
strong city walls.
Concession

2
 Before/ after/ as soon as/ until
1-10: Using "after"

1) The Egyptians developed a calendar. They built the pyramids.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) The Romans expanded their territory. They conquered Greece.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3) The Chinese invented paper. The Chinese used paper.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4) Early humans settled in fertile areas. They discovered agriculture.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5) The Greeks celebrated. The Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6) The Mayan civilization disappeared. Their cities collapsed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
7) People learned farming techniques. People cultivated crops.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
8) The Phoenicians explored new trade routes. They mapped the Mediterranean.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
9) The Sumerians shared their knowledge. They wrote it in cuneiform.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10) New kingdoms were created. The Egyptian Old Kingdom ended.
………………………………………………………………………………………….

11-20: Using "before"

11.The Aztecs fought the Spanish. The Aztecs made alliances.
……………………………………………………………………………………
12.The Babylonians created laws. They invented written language.
……………………………………………………………………………………
13.The Vikings travelled back home. The Vikings settled in new lands.
……………………………………………………………………………………
14.The Persians invaded Greece. Alexander the Great ruled Macedonia.
……………………………………………………………………………………
15.The Egyptians decorated their temples. They built the tombs.
……………………………………………………………………………………
16.The ancient Greeks debated philosophy. They studied astronomy.
……………………………………………………………………………………
17.Alexander’s generals died. Alexander’s empire was divided.
……………………………………………………………………………………
18.The Chinese shared silk. Europeans discovered it.
……………………………………………………………………………………
19.The Indus Valley people traded with Mesopotamia. They formed cities.
……………………………………………………………………………………
20.The citizens rebuilt the city. They fled from invaders.
……………………………………………………………………………………

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21-25: Using "as soon as"
21.Early humans moved into caves. They learned about fire.
……………………………………………………………………………………
22.Romans arrived in new territories. The Romans built roads.
……………………………………………………………………………………
23.The Egyptians recorded their achievements. They invented hieroglyphs.
……………………………………………………………………………………
24.The Mongols ruled Asia. They conquered large territories.
……………………………………………………………………………………
25.The Mayans finished building their temples. The Mayans celebrated.
……………………………………………………………………………………

26-30: Using "until"

26.The Etruscans ruled Italy. The Romans arrived.
……………………………………………………………………………………
27.The Sumerians built irrigation systems. They learned to control flooding.
……………………………………………………………………………………
28.Greek philosophers spread their ideas. New religions taught different values.
……………………………………………………………………………………
29.The Roman Empire collapsed under its own weight. The Roman Empire expanded.
……………………………………………………………………………………
30.The Qin dynasty united China. The warring states fought.
……………………………………………………………………………………

SEQUENCE 2
1) Condition
Match the sentences using: “provided that”, “providing that” and “as long as”:
1) Developing nations improve their education systems. Governments allocate sufficient
funding.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
2) Communities thrive economically. They support small businesses and
entrepreneurship.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Authorities enforce strict laws and penalties. Corruption decreases significantly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Leaders create more job opportunities. Unemployment rates drop.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5) The government invests in hospitals and medical staff. Public healthcare improves.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 6) Poverty can be alleviated. Charities and NGOs collaborate effectively with local
authorities.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7) Infrastructure projects succeed. Workers are well-trained and resources are well-
managed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
8) Farmers adopt modern techniques and equipment. Agricultural production increases.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
9) Donor countries monitor the use of funds transparently. International aid is effective.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
10) Clean water is accessible to all. Municipalities invest in water treatment
facilities.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
11) Police forces are adequately trained and equipped. Crime rates fall.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
12) Governments remain transparent and accountable. Citizens trust their leaders.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
13) Technology adoption accelerates. Schools and universities include digital
literacy in their curricula.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
14) Renewable energy becomes widespread. Countries invest in solar, wind, and
hydropower solutions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
15) Tourism flourishes. Countries ensure safety and develop attractive destinations.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
16) Political stability is maintained. Leaders respect democratic processes and
human rights.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
17) Governments implement fair policies to distribute resources equitably. Social
inequality diminishes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
18) Authorities act quickly and cooperate with global organizations. Healthcare
crises are managed efficiently.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
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 19) Literacy rates rise. Educational campaigns target rural and underserved areas.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
20) Communities participate actively in sustainable practices. Environmental
conservation efforts succeed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2) Wish
1. I Wish + Past Simple (to express a wish for a present situation to be different):

1. I don’t know how to speak French.

………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I can’t play the piano.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. She doesn’t live closer to me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. We don’t have enough time to finish the project.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. He isn’t more confident in public speaking.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. They don’t allow pets in this apartment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. I don’t have a car to drive to work.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The weather isn’t sunny today.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. My friends don’t visit me more often.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10.She doesn’t take her studies more seriously.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. I Wish + Past Perfect (to express regret about a past situation):

11.I didn’t study harder for the exam.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
12.He didn’t tell me the truth.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
13.We didn’t leave earlier to avoid the traffic.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
14.She didn’t accept the job offer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
15.I didn’t save more money when I had the chance.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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 16.They didn’t invite me to the party.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
17.I didn’t apologize when I had the opportunity.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
18.He didn’t listen to my advice.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
19.We didn’t bring a map with us.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
20.I didn’t take better care of my health.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. I Wish + Would (to express a desire for someone or something to change in the
future):

21.I hope he would stop interrupting me during meetings.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
22.I want my neighbours to stop making so much noise.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
23.She needs to be more punctual.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
24.They should treat others with more respect.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
25.I hope the weather would improve soon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
26.He needs to take his responsibilities more seriously.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
27.The government should take stricter measures against corruption.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
28.You need to be more careful with your spending.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
29.She should try harder to achieve her goals.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
30.I want him to call me back soon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

3) It’s high time

1) We need to fix that leaky faucet before it gets worse.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
2) He should start studying seriously for his exams.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
3) You ought to apologize to your friend for your mistake.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
4) She must stop procrastinating and finish her project.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
5) They need to renovate their old house.
7
 It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
6) We should replace the broken chairs in the dining room.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
7) You really need to organize your desk; it’s a mess.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
8) He ought to learn how to cook instead of eating out every day.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
9) We have to do something about the increasing pollution in the city.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….
10) She needs to update her wardrobe with more professional attire.
It’s high time ………………………………………………………………………….

4) Had better / should

1) You must complete your homework before going to bed.
………………………………………………………………………………………
2) It would be wise to bring an umbrella; it might rain.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3) You ought to call your parents and let them know you'll be late.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4) It's necessary for you to study harder if you want to pass the test.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5) Don't forget to lock the door before you leave the house.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6) She needs to apologize to her friend for being rude.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7) You have to wear a helmet while riding a bike for safety.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8) It’s important to take breaks during long study sessions.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9) He needs to check the tire pressure before going on a road trip.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10) You must see a doctor about that persistent cough.
………………………………………………………………………………………
11) You need to arrive early if you want to get a good seat.
………………………………………………………………………………………
12) It’s important to save some money for emergencies.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13) You must water the plants regularly, or they’ll wilt.
………………………………………………………………………………………
14) Don’t forget to set an alarm if you don’t want to oversleep.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15) It would be a good idea to double-check your work before submitting it.
………………………………………………………………………………………
16) You ought to wear sunscreen if you’re spending the day at the beach.
………………………………………………………………………………………

8
17) He has to get his car serviced before the long trip.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18) It’s advisable to read the instructions carefully before starting the project.
………………………………………………………………………………………
19) You really need to clean your room; it’s getting too messy.
………………………………………………………………………………………
20) It’s crucial to stay hydrated when exercising in hot weather.
………………………………………………………………………………………

So + adjective + that
1. The room was noisy. I couldn’t hear anything.
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The workload is heavy. Employees are stressed out.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The child cried loudly. Everyone in the building heard him.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The soup was hot. I couldn’t take a sip.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The exam was hard. Many students failed.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The book was boring. I stopped reading it halfway.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The weather was cold. We couldn’t go outside without coats.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The traffic was bad. I arrived two hours late.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The movie was long. I fell asleep halfway through.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10.The bag was heavy. I couldn’t carry it by myself.
………………………………………………………………………………………
11.The food was salty. Nobody could eat it.
………………………………………………………………………………………
12.The task was complicated. It took the team several hours to finish.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13.The teacher spoke quickly. The students couldn’t take proper notes.
………………………………………………………………………………………
14.The storm was strong. Trees were uprooted in the area.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15.The line was long. We decided not to wait.
………………………………………………………………………………………
16.The offer was tempting. I couldn’t refuse it.
………………………………………………………………………………………
17.The joke was funny. Everyone burst into laughter.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18.The sunlight was bright. I couldn’t open my eyes.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9
19.The singer performed beautifully. The audience gave her a standing ovation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
20.The competition was tough. Only a few participants made it to the next round.
………………………………………………………………………………………
Such+ adjective + noun + that

21.The manager implemented strict rules. Productivity initially improved but morale
dropped.
………………………………………………………………………………………
22.The company showed inconsistent ethics. It confused both employees and customers.
………………………………………………………………………………………
23.The director maintained a strong focus on profits. Ethical considerations were ignored.
………………………………………………………………………………………
24.The brand built a positive image. Even small mistakes attracted criticism.
………………………………………………………………………………………
25.The competitor used aggressive strategies. It forced others to cut corners.
………………………………………………………………………………………
26.The authorities launched an investigation. The whistleblower provided clear evidence.
………………………………………………………………………………………
27.The team delivered remarkable results. They overshadowed minor ethical lapses.
………………………………………………………………………………………
28.The corporation faced severe consequences. Other businesses learned to act ethically.
29.The board replaced the manager immediately. The manager demonstrated poor
judgment.
………………………………………………………………………………………
30.The company became a leader in sustainability. The company adopted
environmentally friendly practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
31.Employees felt highly motivated. The company implemented fair policies.
………………………………………………………………………………………
32.Everyone wanted to work there. They offered generous benefits.
………………………………………………………………………………………
33.The business maintained transparent practices. Clients always trusted them.
………………………………………………………………………………………
34.The team created innovative solutions. Their competitors sought to learn from them.
………………………………………………………………………………………
35.The leadership showed consistent integrity. The public admired them.
………………………………………………………………………………………
36.The company engaged in dishonest practices. It lost the trust of its customers.
………………………………………………………………………………………
37.Consumers filed legal complaints. They made misleading claims.
………………………………………………………………………………………
38.Employees went on strike. The factory had poor working conditions.
………………………………………………………………………………………

10
 39.The CEO displayed blatant greed. Shareholders demanded their resignation.
………………………………………………………………………………………
40.The business created toxic policies. Turnover rates skyrocketed.
………………………………………………………………………………………
Result
1-10: Ethical Business Practices

1. The company maintained strong ethical values. It gained the trust of its customers.
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The management team ensured fair pay for employees. They had high job satisfaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The corporation reduced its carbon footprint. The corporation invested in sustainable
products.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Their stock prices increased. They followed transparent financial practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The leadership promoted diversity and inclusion. Employee turnover decreased.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The company adhered to all legal requirements. They avoided costly fines.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The business embraced corporate social responsibility. It became a respected industry
leader.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Customer loyalty improved. The firm emphasized ethical marketing.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The organization supported fair trade. It attracted socially conscious consumers.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Employees made responsible choices in their work. They offered training in ethical
decision-making.
………………………………………………………………………………………

11-20: Unethical Business Practices

11.The company cut corners to increase profits. It faced public backlash.

………………………………………………………………………………………
12.Employees went on strike. The management exploited workers to save money.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13.The business falsified its financial reports. It was investigated by authorities.
………………………………………………………………………………………
14.The company lost its reputation. The company engaged in deceptive advertising.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15.The organization ignored environmental regulations. It was fined heavily.
………………………………………………………………………………………
16.The firm manipulated customer reviews. It lost the trust of its audience.
………………………………………………………………………………………

11
 17.The brand's image suffered. The leadership used unethical sourcing practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18.They misled shareholders about profits. Stock prices plummeted.
………………………………………………………………………………………
19.The company evaded taxes. It faced legal action and penalties.
………………………………………………………………………………………
20.Productivity decreased and absenteeism increased. They ignored employee well-being.
………………………………………………………………………………………

21-30: Mixed Ethical and Unethical Scenarios

21.Customer satisfaction rose. The organization improved its ethical standards.

………………………………………………………………………………………
22.The business invested in green technologies. It gained positive media attention.
………………………………………………………………………………………
23.Employees worked harder. The company offered bonuses based on performance.
………………………………………………………………………………………
24.They implemented strict ethical guidelines. Workplace morale improved.
………………………………………………………………………………………
25.The company chose to outsource to countries with lower labour standards. It faced
criticism from human rights groups.
………………………………………………………………………………………
26.They focused on quality control. The number of product defects decreased.
………………………………………………………………………………………
27.Employees felt more valued. The firm offered fair wages.
………………………………………………………………………………………
28.The organization exploited legal loopholes. It faced lawsuits.
………………………………………………………………………………………
29.The leadership embraced ethical sourcing. It expanded its market share.
………………………………………………………………………………………
30.The business reduced its carbon footprint. It received an environmental award.
………………………………………………………………………………………

Cause/ purpose/ reason

1-5: Using "due to" (indicating cause or reason)

1. The company lost many clients. The company used unethical advertising practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The organization faced a lawsuit. The organization mismanaged funds.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The company’s decided to cut corners on product quality. Sales dropped.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The business lost its reputation. They had a scandal involving bribery.
………………………………………………………………………………………

12
5. There was a lack of fair treatment and equal opportunities. Employee morale was low.
………………………………………………………………………………………

6-10: Using "for" (indicating purpose or reason)

6. The company was praised. It committed to sustainability and ethical sourcing.

………………………………………………………………………………………
7. They Maintained transparency in their financial reports. They were commended.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The business was able to recover. The business was able to give a prompt response to
the customer complaint.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The organization was celebrated. It had diversity and inclusion policies.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10.The firm failed to disclose conflicts of interest. The firm was penalized.
………………………………………………………………………………………

11-15: Using "as" (indicating cause or reason)

11.The company was fined. The company used misleading financial statements.
………………………………………………………………………………………
12.They used aggressive marketing tactics. They received backlash.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13.Their stock value plummeted. The ethical violations revealed by the media.
………………………………………………………………………………………
14.The corporation gained positive publicity. It implemented fair trade practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15.The business continued to exploit workers in underdeveloped countries. The business
faced heavy criticism.
………………………………………………………………………………………

16-20: Using "since" (indicating cause or reason, often in the context of time)

16.The company has improved its image. It adopted more ethical labour practices.
………………………………………………………………………………………
17.The firm started prioritizing corporate social responsibility. The firm has been
profitable.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18.The business has gained customer loyalty. The business began focusing on
environmental sustainability.
………………………………………………………………………………………
19.The company changed its policies to be more transparent. Sales increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………
20.The brand’s reputation improved. It started paying fair wages to all its employees.
………………………………………………………………………………………

Obligation / prohibition/ necessity

13
1) Employees ________ follow the company's code of conduct to maintain
professionalism.
2) Companies ________ provide employees with annual leave as per labor laws.
3) Businesses ________ ignore customer complaints, as this can harm the company’s
reputation.
4) The company ________ disclose minor details in its annual report.
5) Employees ________ work on weekends unless there's an urgent project.
6) The firm ________ address customer concerns quickly to prevent damage to its
reputation.
7) Managers ________ allow any form of discrimination in the workplace.
8) The business ________ follow every recommendation from the consultants if it
doesn't align with its goals.
9) Companies ________ bribe officials to gain business advantages.
10) Employees ________ engage in any form of insider trading.
11) All businesses ________ adhere to environmental regulations to reduce pollution.
12) Businesses ________ implement security measures to protect sensitive customer
data.
13) You ________ falsify any records, as it is illegal and unethical.
14) Companies ________ maintain accurate records for auditing purposes.
15) We ________ meet the deadline for submitting the quarterly reports.
16) Employees ________ clock in by 9 AM to ensure productivity.
17) Employers ________ provide a safe working environment for their employees.
18) The company ________ disclose all financial information to its shareholders.
19) Customers ________ provide personal information to use the website.
20) She ________ attend the meeting if she’s on vacation.

14