, What are the 2 kinds of motion that a body, acted upon by a force may possess?

. Briefly explain: *Translational motion *Rotational motion

. State the factors affecting the turning of a body. How do these factors affect
the turning effect?
o What is moment of force? Define based on factors.
. State the formula for moment of force.
. How can we apply maximum torque from a given force?
, State the SI and CGS units of torque. State the relation between: *N.m and
dyne.cm *kgf.m and N.m *gf.cm and dyne.cm
. When is the moment of force taken as positive and negative? Also state their
directions relative to the observer.
, What TYP of quantity is torque?
. Why is the SI unit of torque not taken as Joule, but as N.m?
. What does the direction of rotation of a body, when a force is applied on it
depend?
. What can we conclude from the relation between torque and its distance from the
axis?
, How is rotation produced? What are the two forces of a couple?
. How do the externally applied force and the internal reaction force of a couple
related?
o What is a couple forces? Define and state their relation.
. What do we do when we require a larger turning effect for rotation?
, What is couple arm? Why cannot the couple forces produce linear or translational
motion?
. State the formula of moment of couple.
. State the conditions required for a body to be in equilibrium.
, When is a body said to be in equilibrium?
o What is equilibrium? Define: *Static equilibrium *Dynamic equilibrium
. What is Principle of Moments? Explain and state its relation. Name any 2 devices
working on the principle of moments.
, At what point of the body is the centre of gravity considered?
o Define centre of gravity.
. State any 3 unique features about the centre of gravity of a body.
. State the position of centres of gravity: *Rod *Circular disc *Solid or Hollow
Sphere *Solid or Hollow Cylinder *Solid Cone *Hollow Cone *Ring *Triangular Lamina
*Quadrilateral Lamina
, How can a body be balanced?
. How does a body, freely suspended from a point come to rest?
. What is the requirement for stable equilibrium of a body?
o What is uniform circular motion? Briefly state about the speed, velocity and
acceleration of a body in uniform circular motion.
. How can we find the direction of motion of a body in uniform circular motion- at
any given instant?
. How are the speed and velocities of a body in uniform circular motion
contradictive?
. State the difference between uniform linear and uniform circular motions.
, Which direction does the centripetal force of a body in uniform circular motion
act?
o What is centripetal force? Define centripetal force.
, State the centripetal forces in following cases: *Revolution of electron around
nucleus *Revolution of a planet around the sun *Revolution of moon around the
planet *Whirling a stone in air.
, At what state of equilibrium is a body in- which is in uniform circular motion?
o What is centrifugal force? Define centrifugal force. How are the directions of
centripetal and centrifugal forces inter-related?
. Why cannot the centrifugal force be considered as reaction force of centripetal
force?
. Is the centrifugal force a real force? Briefly explain.
 o What is a virtual or fictious of pseudo force?

o When is work said to be done?

, Why does a coolie standing with load on his head do no work?
. In general, on what factors does the work done by a body depend on?
o Define work in terms of its factors.
, State the formula of work and state what the 'x' in it refers to.
. What is the amount of work done when there is no displacement?
, What TYP of quantity is work?
. How do we determine the amount of work done when the direction of displacement
of the body is different from the direction of force? State the formulas related to
it.
. What is work done the product of?
. How is work done a scalar quantity although force and displacement are vector
quantities?
. What does the amount of work done by a force depend on?
. Special cases of work done: *Case I *Case II *Case III
. What are the conditions for the work done by a force to be equal to 0?
. How can we determine work done, when force is variable during displacement of
body?
. How do we determine the amount of work done by the force of gravity?
. What is the amount of work done by the force of gravity when is a body is
vertically thrown upward?
, State the SI and CGS units of Work done.
o Define 1 Joule and 1 erg of Work done. State the relationship between Joule and
erg.
o Define Power. What is Power? What TYP of unit is Power?
. Explain how Power is measured/ the measurement of Power.
. What does the Power spent by a source depend upon?
. Explain how power can be related to average speed of the body.
, State the SI and CGS units of power.
o Define 1 Watt of power. Relate 1 Watt with the CGS unit of Power.
. Briefly explain about the unit: Horsepower (HP).
. State any 3 differences between Work and Power.
. When does the energy of a body increase or decrease?
o Define the energy of a body. What is energy? What TYP of unit is Energy?
. When is there no transfer of energy, although action of force exists?
o Define the following units of energy: *Watt-hour *kilo-Watt-hour *calorie
*electron-Volt
, State the relation of Joule and Horsepower.
. State 3 differences between power and energy.
o What is Mechanical energy? What are the 2 forms of mechanical energy? How are
the 2 forms of mechanical energy related?
o What is Potential energy? Define potential energy.
. What are the 2 kinds of potential energy?
o What is Gravitational Potential Energy? Define.
. When is the Gravitational Potential Energy of a body zero?
o Define Gravitational Potential Energy based on the work done.
. How does the Gravitational Potential Energy of a body change with change of the
body in terms of height?
o Briefly explain about the property of elasticity and Elastic Potential Energy.
. How is the Gravitational Potential Energy of a body at a height above the ground
determined?
. Explain about determination of Gravitational Potential Energy of a body at a
height above the ground using WORK.
. How is the determination of Gravitational Potential Energy of a body using work
not accurate?
. How can we determine the gain and loss of Gravitational Potential Energy?
o What is Kinetic Energy of a body? Define.
 o Define Kinetic Energy on terms of Work done.
, How can the Kinetic energy of a moving body be calculated?
. How can we determine the Kinetic energy of a body? State the derivation
. State the relationship between Kinetic Energy and Momentum of a moving body.
. State the relationships among: *Which one has greater Kinetic Energy between 2
bodies, A being light body of mass 'm' and B being heavy body of mass 'M'- having
same momentum *Which one has greater Momentum between 2 bodies, A being light body
of mass 'm' and B being heavy body of mass 'M'- having same kinetic energy.
o State the work-energy theorem.
, State the 3 forms of kinetic energy.
o Define and state examples: *Translational Kinetic Energy *Rotational Kinetic
Energy *Vibrational Kinetic Energy
, State any 2 examples of bodies possessing Translational and Rotational kinetic
energies.
. State any 4 differences between Potential and Kinetic energies.
. What happens when Potential energy is put to use?
. Explain the energy changes in the working of a wound-up watch.
, What are the various forms of Energy?
# o What is Solar energy? Why cannot it be used up directly?
. Explain how the following devices make solar energy usable: *Solar panel
*Solar furnace *Solar cell
# o What is Heat energy?
. Explain how steam possesses heat energy.
# o What is Light energy?
. How is moon seen although it does not emit light energy?
# o What is Chemical energy?
. State the energy transformation when fossil fuels are burnt.
. How do plants utilize chemical change?
o What is Hydro energy?
# o What is electrical energy?
. How does an electric cell act as a source of electricity?
# o What is Nuclear energy?
. How is loss in mass converted to electrical energy?
. Explain how nuclear energy is used for constructive and destructive purposes.
o What is Geothermal energy? What is Wind energy?
o What is sound energy? How does it reach our ears?
o What is magnetic energy?
. State the energy conversions in following devices: *Hydroelectric dams *
Electric motors *Heating appliances *Thermocouples *Loudspeaker *Microphone
*Charging battery *Battery in use *Kerosene lamp *Photosynthesis *Electric bulbs
*Photoelectric cell *Steam engine *Fireworks *Automobiles in use *Electromagnetism
*Nuclear reactor *Water falls from a dam
. In what form is mechanical energy when it changes into other forms?
o Define and explain briefly about degraded energy and dissipation of energy.
. State the Principle of Conservation of energy and the Principle of Conservation
of Mechanical Energy.
. Explain the potential and kinetic energy changes when: *Body falls *Body thrown
up
. How can we determine the initial velocity imparted to a body so as to reach a
certain height?
. When is the principle of conservation of mechanical energy valid?

. State the 4 general functions of machines.

, How can we determine gain in speed from velocity ration?
o What are machines? Define machines.
o Define the following terms: *Load *Effort *Mechanical Advantage *Velocity Ratio
*Work input *Work output *Efficiency
. What different values of Mechanical Advantage can a machine possess? What is a
machine called, based on its different Mechanical Advantage values?
 . Why can a machine not be used as a force as well as a speed multiplier
simultaneously?
. State the unit of Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio.
. What is the unit of efficiency?
. Why does the mechanical advantage of a machine reduce in an actual case, as
compared to its ideal case?
o What are effort point and load point? How are input and output energies related
for an ideal machine?
. Why can the efficiency of a machine never be greater than 1 or 100%?
o What is/are ideal machine(s)? Define.
. What are actual machines? State the main reason for loss of energy in actual
machines?
. How is energy lost from a machine?
. State the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and
efficiency of a machine.
. How are MA and VR related for: *Ideal machine *Actual machines
, What are the simplest kinds of daily use machines?
o What are levers? Define levers. Briefly explain about the fulcrum of levers.
o What are load and effort arms?
, For an ideal lever, what are the assumptions we make?
. On what principle does a lever work? Briefly explain.
. State the relation of law of levers and state about it
. Briefly explain about the structures of Class I levers and state what values of
MA and VR they can possess.
. Various kinds of Class I Levers: *Effort Arm > Load Arm *Effort Arm ~ Load Arm
*Effort Arm < Load Arm
. Explain the usage of a long handle oar as a Class I Lever.
. Explain about the structures of Class II Levers and state what values of MA and
VR they can possess.
. Explain the structures of Class III Levers and state about the values of MA and
VR they can possess.
. How are short handle oars used as Class III Levers?
. Examples of various classes of levers in our body: *Class I Lever *Class II
Lever *Class III Lever.
. Explain the general structure of pulleys. In what ways can a pulley be utilized?
o What is a Single Fixed Pulley? Briefly explain the structure of a fixed pulley.
, What are single fixed pulleys generally used for?
. Why does the pulley rotate when the string is pulled?
. State the MA, VR and efficiency values of a single fixed pulley for both ideal
and actual cases.
. Why do we use a single fixed pulley despite there being no gain in Mechanical
Advantage?
o What is a Single Movable Pulley? Briefly explain the structure of a movable
pulley.
. State the MA, VR and efficiency values of a single movable pulley for ideal and
actual cases.
. How can we change the direction of application of effort in a movable pulley?
, What will be the Mechanical advantage and Velocity ratio of combining a fixed
and movable pulley?
. State any 4 differences between Single Fixed and Movable Pulleys.
. What are the 2 kinds of combinations of pulleys?
o What is a BLOCK and TACKLE?
, For Multiple pulley System, the tension on which of the strings will be maximum?
. What is the formula to determine MA and VR values of Multiple pulley system?
. How does the efficiency of a Multiple pulley system reduce below 100%?
. Explain the structure and arrangement of a Block and Tackle System.
. State the MA and VR values of Block and Tackle System.
. Briefly explain how there is no gain of energy in Pulley Systems.
. State the effect of weight on Pulley Systems. How can the efficiency of pulley
systems be increased, while decreasing the weights?