PART I: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

CHAPTER 1:- COMPUTER STUDY

1.1 Meaning & Definition of Computer (What is Computer?)
The term ‘computer is derived from the Latin word ‘COMPUTARE’, this means to calculate.
Computer is an advance electronic device, which takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of instructions and gives the result. In simple term,
computer is an electronic device that processes to produce meaningful word.
It can be shown as follow with help of full form
By the Sensible way By the common language
C= Calculated C= Commonly
O= Operate O= oriented
M= Memories M= Machine
P= Print P= Properly
U= Update U= Used for
T= Tabulate T= Training
E= Edit E= Education
R= Response R= Research

IPO Cycle:-

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

[Input Device] [CPU] [Output Device]

- Mouse CENTRAL PROCESSING  Monitor

- Keyboard UNIT  printer
- Scanner/ Web Cam  plotter
[ALU + CU]  Speaker
- Digital camera
- Light pen/joystick
- Touch Pad

1.2 Characteristics/Features of Computer:-

a) Speed:- Computer performs complex calculation at a very high speed. This speed varies
from a few micro second to nanoseconds.
b) Accuracy:- Computers are very accurate. Computer always gives 100% actual
output (Result), if the users provides correct input and instructions.
C) Storage Capacity:-
The computer have the ability to store huge amount of data in its secondary device like
floppy and hard disk. The storing capacity of computer is expressed in Bytes. Normally one byte
stores one character of Data.
0, 1 = 1 Bit
4 Bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits (2 Nibble) =1Byte
1 Byte = 1 Character

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 1024 Byte = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (kilo Byte)
1024 MB = 1GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera byte)
d) Versatility:-
Computer are being used in different filed such as offices, school, hospital etc. to Perform
various tasks.
e) Diligence:-
Diligence is a capability of performing repeated operation without any tiredness and any mistakes.
f) Reliability:-
Computer output is generally very reliable, if the input data and instruction is correct. Incorrect data
and unreliable data gives us error and wrong result.Since, the computer is 100% accurate, it is
reliable.
1.3 Use of Computer:-
Computer, one of the most powerful machine today, is being used everywhere. Let’s
discuss the uses computer on various sector of our society.
i) Business and industry sector.
ii) Health care center.
iii) Education sector
iv) Communication sector
v) Humanities
vi) Science and Technology.
vii) Relation and entertainment.
viii) Government sector.
1.4 History of computer:- The history of computer started from 4000 years ago. History of
computer means the gradual change in the concept over a long period of time.
A) ABACUS :-
It is the early counting and calculating device
that was developed byChinese people. The
ABACUS was first used computation in 3000 B.C.

B) Napier’s Bones :-
In 1614 AD, a Scottish mathematician john
Napier discovered the concept of logarithms.
In 1617 AD, he constructed a set of roads
Called Napier Bones for doing mathematical
Calculation easily.
C) Slide Rules:-
After the invention of logarithms in 1617AD,
William Oughtred invented the slide rule 1620.
This device was made on the principal of
Logarithms. This device Consists of two graduates
scales, one small and other large one. The slide
Rule was used by the engineers till 19970S.
D) Pascal’s Calculating/adding Machine :-
It was developed by Blasé Pascal in 1664. It

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 Wasa mechanical calculator that used toothed
Wheels and gears. It was also called as Pascaline.
E) Leibniz’s calculator :-
It was made by a German philosopher Gottfried
Wilhelm Von Leibniz (G.V. Leibniz) in 1617 AD. It
Was based on Pascal’s principle. It was able to
Add, subtract, and even find square roots.
F) Analytical Engine: - .
It was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830s.
It consisted of the input unit for taking data and
Instructions, mil for performing calculation, memory
That was used in giving the final result. It was design
-ed to calculate up to 20 Decimal places. The same
Principle of Analytical Engine is the used in the modern computer. So he is called as the “Father
of Modern Computer”.
G) Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace :-
One of the great supporter of Charles Babbage was
Lady Augusta Ada (the daughter of famous poet,
Lord Byron). She convinced Babbage to use binary
Concept in his Analytical Engine. She developed the
“First Programmer” in the history of computer Science.
H) MARK –I (Howard Aiken)
In the late 1930s, next important event was added
In the history of computer, the electromechanical
Computer was born with the development of MARK
-I in 1994 by Howard Aiken with the help of IBM.
I) UNIVAC-I (Universal Accounting Computer)
John Macule and Eckert founded their own company
In 1946 and began to work on the universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC): general purpose commercial in
1951. It was the first commercially used electronic
Computer in the world.
1.5 Generation of Computer:-
Depending on the device used, system architecture, processing mode and language used in the
computers are categorized in the following five generation. They are describe as follows.
 First Generation (1946 to 1954):-
Introduction of the UNIVAC I in the 1951 marked the beginning of the first generation. They
began to work on the universal Automatic computer (UNIVAC) in 1946, so we can considered the
duration of First Generation starts from 1946. The computer using Vacuum tubes as a memory
unit are known as first generation computer.
Example: - ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc.
 Second Generation computer (1955 to 1964) :-
The invention of semi-conductor transistor had made big revolution in the field of computer.
The transistor replaced the Vacuum Tube. The second generation computers used transistor
memory unit. The second generation computers are smaller in size than first generation.
Example: - IBM 1400 and 7000 series, control Data 3600 etc.

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  Third Generation computer (1965 to 1974):-
By the development of a small chip consisting of the 300 transistors called Integrated chip (IC).
The computers, using ICs are a Third Generations.
 Fourth Generation(1975 to 1990):-
The first microprocessor 8008 was developed by American company (Intel Corporation) in 1971
and in 1974; another more powerful microprocessor 8080 was developed. The microprocessor
8080 was used in early XT computers Microprocessor based computer fall in fourth generation
computer group.
 Fifth Generation Computers (Present & Beyond) :-
Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers with quite a few breakthroughs. It
is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken
words & imitate human reasoning. Can respond to its surroundings using different types of
sensors. Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing power of computers. They
are trying to create a computer with real IQ with the help of advanced programming and
technologies. IBM Watson computerize one example that outsmarts Harvard University
Students. The advancement in modern technologies will revolutionize the computer in future.
1.6 Classification of Computers:-
In this chapter, we will look at classification of computers – the different types of computers
based on different aspects.
Since the first computer, there are different types of computers. Some are to do specific task and
some for general purpose – do everything a program can make it to do. Some computers work with
continuous signals of the physical quantities such as pressure, temperature, speed, current etc. and
some with discrete data or the digital signals. Some computers are really huge in size while others
are as tiny that fit in our pockets and palm. There are computers from different companies that
work totally different and some work similar to others. So, in this class we’ll try to identify the
classes on which each computer can be grouped into – the classification of computers.
A) Classification of computers based on application:-
We can identify three different classes if we look upon how a computer works or what they are
applied for – Analog, Digital and Hybrid computers.

 Analog Computer:-
An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the
continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved. These computers are used in Hospitals, Air-
crafts and so on.
An analog computer can be mechanical analog computer or
electronic analog computer. (There can be a confusion that electronic computers are digital but
note that there are electronic analog computers too!)
 Digital Computer:-
Digital computers are the most common class of computers for us because we are using them every
day. Digital Computers can be defined as a computer that performs calculations and logical
operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
In digital computers, mathematical expressions are represented as binary digits (0 and 1) and all
operations are done using these digits at a very high rate.

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Hybrid Computers:-
Analog computers worked purely measuring the physical
quantities whereas digital computers counted and
manipulated the numbers to produce results. There is
another class of computers that can take benefit of
features of both these two classes, so, known as hybrid
computers.

Fig. EAI 180 hybrid computer

B) Classification of computers based on size:-

We’ve already seen how large the computers were and these days we are using very small
computers, some even embedded in wrist watch. So, another interesting aspect to classify
computers is based on size. If we look at the computers from this perspective, we can group them
into three major classes – Mainframe, Mini and Microcomputers.

 Mainframe Computers:-
These are very huge computers. It is interesting how the word ‘mainframe’ came into use. In
fact, because the different units of computer were installed in a frame, it started to be called
a computer in main frame and today classes of computers are called Mainframe computers

Fig.Mainframe Computer
 Mini Computers :-
Mini computers are medium sized computers – much
larger than the personal computers we are using and
smaller compared to the mainframe computers. These
computers can support multiple users simultaneously
and is less powerful than mainframe computers.
 Micro Computers:-
Those computers that use microprocessor as their central processing unit and are the smallest of
the types are the microcomputers. Microcomputers are often called personal computers (PCs)
because they are intended to be used by a single person at a time. While mainframe and mini
computers can support multiple users simultaneously, it can support only one user at a time.

fig. Micro Computers

 Super Computers:
There is another class of computers too! But I always feel it
uncomfortable to list it as a class based on size. Oh! It does not
fit anywhere?But there are a group of powerful computers
known as Super Computers.Super Computers are the fastest
type of computer and can be the largest too! Supercomputers are very expensive and are
employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations.

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C) Classification of computers based on Brand:-
Brands are specific names that companies use to identify their product against others in the
market. There are many companies involved in computer manufacturing. However there are two
classes of computers very different in principle itself – the IBM and the Macintosh. There are many
other companies that follow the principle of IBM and are called IBM Compatible computers.
 IBM PCs
These are the computers developed by IBM Company. After
Thomas John Watson became president of Computing Tabulating
Recording in 1914, he renamed it in 1924 as International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM). In 1975 IBM introduced
their first personal computer (PC) which was called the Model
5100.

Fig. IBM PC 5150

 Apple Macintosh Computers:-Apple Company was founded by Steve

Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. For about $700 someone could buy
a computer that they put together, which was called the Apple I. In
1977 the Apple II was introduced.

Fig. Apple Macintosh

 Compatible Computers: -
Phoenix Technologies went through published documentation of
IBM PC to figure out the internal operating system (BIOS) in the
IBM. In turn, they designed a BIOS of their own which could be
used with IBM computers.

Fig. IBM Compatible PCs

D) Classification of Computers based on Model:-
We can still classify computers based on another aspect – model.
There are three different models of computers already available –
XT computers, AT computers and PS/2 computers.
 Extended Technology or XT
The extended technology computers used 8006, 8008, 8086,
8088 processors (These are the names of Microprocessors).
The period of these computers was from 1975 to 1982. These
processors had 4.77 MHz clock speed (these days there are
Gigahertz computers). The processors were all of 8-bit.
Fig. IBM PC XT (IBM 5160)
 Advanced Technology or AT
With the advent of 80286 microprocessors in 1982, Advanced
Technology computers were introduced. The processors were of
8-bit and 16-bit. The computers using processors like 80286,
80386, and 80486 are the examples. Advanced Technology
computers’ period is from 1982 to 1995. With the features of

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 higher speed and larger memory than the XT computers, they support latest versions of
available software.
 Personal System or PS/2
IBM developed the second generation of personal computers in early 1990s, which used new
refined architecture making the computers faster and more powerful than AT computers. The PS/2
processors used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) for chip fabrication and their clock speed range
from 85 MHz to 1GHz. Generally, PS/2 Computers use 3.5 inch floppy disks and OS/2 operating
System.

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CHAPTER:-2 COMPUTER SYSTEM, HARDWARE & SOFTWARE:-
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the
simple equations.
2.1 COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFWARE + HUMANWARE
 Hardware = Internet Devices +Peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as hardware.
 Software =Programs:
Software gives ‘intelligence’ to the computer.
 Human ware = User
Hardware:-
The physical parts of the computer, which can be seen and touched is known as Hardware. It is just
the mechanical parts of the computer. All the devices attached to the computer System like:Mouse,
keyboard, CPU, Motherboard, Hard disk are hardware. It includes all the components used to make
the computer used to make the computer. It also includes the cables, connectors and peripherals.
Software:-
Software, simply are the computer programs .The instruction gives to the computer in the
form of a program is called Software. We can’t touch Software with our hand. Software is the set of
programs, which are used for different purposes. All the programs used in computer to perform
specific task is called Software
2.2 Types of Software:-
Computer Software is basically categorized into three types:
1. System software
2. Application Software
3. Programming Language & scripting
1. System Software:-
The software that control and direct the operation of the computer hardware is called
system software. System Software is the collection of the programs written for computer,
which allows the user to work on different program. The software consists of operating
system and Utility Software.
a) Operation System Software
An operating system is a set of programs that controls and supervises a computer system
and provides services to computer user. Operating System software controls overall activities of
the computer. It acts as an Interface between a user’s, program and the hardware .DOS, UNIX,
XENIX, Windows are the operating system.
b) Utility software :
The Software, which helps the users the manage files & folders, checking
Viruses, keeping PC healthy and system is called utility software. These are also the software
tools which help to users while preparing programs.

2. Application software:-

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 The software used for special purpose (specific task) written in a language is known as
application software. It also may defined as software that acts as interface between the user
and the system.
a) Package software :-
This software is the set of the-written programs by another person or group and made
available to computer users. Ms. Word, MSAccess, Adobe PageMaker, Auto cad are the
examples of package software.
b) Tailored or custom software:-
The tailored software are used to perform the specific tasks only like accounting, super
market billing, Mark sheet preparation, Inventory control etc. They are developed on demand
of the clients. GMACC, POS2004, MEDI-PRO, TALLY etc. are the examples of Tailored
Software.
3. Computer Languages & Scripting :
A language is a set of codes, which are used to write the programs. There are basically two
levels of programming languages. These are,
a) Low level Language :
i) Machine Level Language
ii) Assembly Language
b) High level Language
2.3 Starting System of Computer:-
Starting process of the computer varies from one operating system to another. There are
different processes to enter into the programs. It depends upon the operating system installed
into the computer. So, you have to know about operating system of computer before running
the programs.
There are mainly two types of operating System used in the computer:
1. Ms.Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
2. Ms.Windows(MicrosoftWindows,’95,97,98, ‘XP,2002,2003,2005,2007,2008,2010)

 How to start the Computer in Ms. Windows’s mode?

There is nothing special you need to start this system. Just,
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Switch on the CPU and,
3. Switch on the screen (Monitor).
Then, wait for sometimes, you will directly
enter into the windows environment (i.e. Desktop)
and see the following windows.

Press this power button.

 Starting windows XP, 2007, 2010

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 How to shutdown (Turn Off) the computer / Computer s;/L jGb ug{]{
<
Before shutting down the computer, close all opened windows at first. Then,
Process:-
- Click on start menu/ button.
- Click on power / shutdown/turn off.
- Then computer switch off the screen.
- Finally switching off computer.
- Let see this figure. 
 Some Application File Names while opening by using short keys from
keyboard.[Keyboard jf6 vf]Nbf n]lvg] shortcut application file Name x? tn x]g'{ xf]; .]
For example:-
Let see, to open Microsoft office word,
1. For typeshala typing program = typeshala.exe
2. Typing tutor = tt?.exe/tt.exe
3. WordPad = wordpad.exe
4. Notepad = notepad.exe
5. Calculator = calc.exe
6. Microsoft paint=mspaint.exe
7. DOS prompt = command.com
8. Microsoft word = winword.exe
9. Microsoft excel= excel.exe
10. PowerPoint = powerpnt.exe
11. Microsoft Access= msaccess.exe
12. Adobe PageMaker 6.5/7.0= pm65.exe / pm70.exe
13. Corel Draw = coredraw.exe
14. Photoshop = photoshop.exe
15. Microsoft FrontPage = frontpg.exe
16. Character map = charmap.exe
17. Media Player = wmplayer.exe
18. Freehand flash = flash.exe
19. Internet Explorer= explorer.exe
20. Outlook express= msimn.exe
 Most Reliable method to search Application programs/documents or any other. [Program tyf
cGo s'g} Document Search ug{] ;/n tl/sf ]
Process:-
- Click on start menu.
- Click on search. /click on all file folders.
- Write the file/documents name.

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 - Click on ok. Then appears,
 FULL FORMS OF SOME BASIC COMPUTER TERMS:-
- AC = Alternating current
- DC = Direct current
- ALU = Arithmetic And Logical Unit
- AT = Advance Technology
- BIOS = Basic input output system
- BIT = Binary Digit
- CD = Compact Disk
- CD-ROM = Compact Disk Read-Only Memory
- CD-RW = Compact Disk Re-writable
- CPU = Central processing Unit
- CRT = Cathode Ray Tube
- LCD = Liquid Crystal Display
- LED = Light Emitting Diode
- CU = Control Unit
- DBMS= Database Management System
- DOS = Disk Operating System WAN = Wide Area Network
- E-Commerce = Electronic Commerce/Business
- E-mail = Electronic Mail, VGA = Video Graphics Array
- FDD = Floppy Disk Drive, RAM = Random Access Memory
- HDD = Hard Disk Drive ROM = Read Only Memory
- I/O = Input/Output RAS = Remote Access Server
- IBM = International Business machine
- LAN = Local Area Network TB = Tera Bytes
- LU = Logical Unit Ms. = Microsoft
- Mb = Mega bits Ms-DOS = Microsoft Disk operating.
- MB = Mega Bytes NFS = Network File System
- MHZ = Mega Hertz PC = Personal Computer

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 CHAPTER- 3 COMPUETR DEVICES/ PERIPHERALS
3.1 INPUT DEVICES:-
Devices which transfer data, programs, or signals into a
computer system are called input devices. These devices are used to give raw data (input) to
the computer to perform the specific tasks. Some input devices are as follows.
 Mouse  Digital Camera
 Scanner  Keyboard
 Web camera  Joystick
 Track Ball  OCR
 Light pen  Touch Screen
 Mouse :-
The mouse is an input device that is used to give the command and sometimes input
to the computer. The mouse is one of the great breakthrough in computer
ergonomics because it frees the user to a large extent from using the keyboard.
According to the working principle, mouse can be divide into three categories.
i) Mechanical Mouse :-
Mechanical mouse works by the mechanical
action of its different parts. It has rubber or metal ball
on its underside that can roll in all directions.

ii) Opto- Mechanical mouse :-

The basic construction of the opto-mechanical
mouse is same as that of the mechanical mouse.
Only differs is in the sensing circuit to detect the
movement of the mouse.

iii) Optical mouse :-

Optical mouse uses a laser to detect the mouse’ movement.
Optical mouse have no mechanical moving parts
There are various types of optical mouse are as follows,
 Serial mouse:-
mouse that connects to a computer via a serial port is a
serial mouse this is the simplest types of
connection.

 PS/2 mouse (Bus Mouse):-

The other common types of mouse is a PS/2 mouse,
which plugs into a PS/2 mouse port. This interface was
introduced with the IBM-PS/2 series of computer, and
was therefore, called PS/2. It has 6 pin and circular types
in shape.
 USB Mouse:-
USB Mouse connects to USB port.
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an
externalstandard that supports data transfer
rate of 12 mbps.

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  Wireless mouse :-
In this type of mouse, everything is similar to the
conventional mouse except that no cable is used to
connect the mouse to the computer system. Basically
there are two types of wireless mouse: Infrared Mouse
and Radio-controlled wireless mouse.
 Keyboard :-
Keyboard is the most common, familiar and most
important input device. It looks like a typewriter. It
has got various keys, which are used to give data and
commands to the computer. Commonly, we use a
standard QWERTY keyboard with letters arranged
in the some order as those on a typewriter.
 keys on keyboard :-

1. Function keys : F1, F2……………………………….F12.

2. Numerical Keys :-
It contains 0 to 9 and some
Numerical operator like
+, - , *, / etc.

3. Alphabet Keys/Letter Keys/Normal keys

4. Special Keys :-

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 5. Direction Keys :-

6. Lock Keys :- Caps lock, Num Lock, scroll Luck,

 Scanner :-
It is an input device that helps to transfer printed text and
graphics into the computer. Data read by a scanner is captures as
a graphic element that can be manipulated by paint or other
graphics program.
Scanners come in the following sizes:
 Pens (Scan a line at a time) ;

 Hand –held or counter-mounted (scan bar codes or pictures)

 Desktop (scan one page at a time)

 Joystick :-
It is a pointing device that is used to move the cursor/pointer on the CRT screen. It is
mostly used in computer-based games for selecting mouse, options, to play etc.
There are two types of joysticks available:

Digital joystick Analogue joystick.

 Digital Camera :-
It is a type of camera that stores photographed images electronically instead of on
traditional film.

 Web Cam :-
Web cam is like a video camera on
Home computer that allow the user
To see people at the same time they
Communicate on the internet.
 Light pen :-
A light pen is also a pointing device

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 Like mouse. It can be used to choose
A displayed menu option. It can be used
For drawing directly on the screen as well as
Computer Aided designing (CAD) purposes.

3.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all
events inside the computer. It controls all internal and external devices,
performs arithmetic and logic operation. Thefollowing figure is latest /modern
Intel core i7 CPU.
The CPU is composed of Several Units.

3.3 Power Supply Unit[Stabilizer, UPS, =uninterruptible

power supply]
We know that computer is an electronic device so electricity
is the compulsion to operate. Each and every components of
computer can sustain a fixed current capacity so, fluctuation of
voltage may damage these components. That’s why, we have to use
Volt Guard, Stabilizer etc. to maintain the voltage fluctuation. UPS is
a power storage device so, it helps to supply power regularly at the
time of interruption of electricity. Following figures are,
3.4 Output Devices:-
Output device are used to get final result from the computer. Firstly, output is displayed on
monitor. Then we can print out these outputs on a paper with the help of printer. The following are
the major output Devices.
A. Monitor (Screen)
B. Printer (Plotters)
A. Monitor :-
Monitor is the most important peripheral of all the components within a computer
system. It is the most important output device. It is also known as Screen or visual
Display unit (VDU). There are three types of Monitor till now. They are as follows,
I) CRT Monitor :- II) LCD Monitor III) LED Monitor

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 B. Printer & Plotter:-
Printer is a hard output device. It is used to printout the information on a paper.
There are lots of printer are available in the market. The most commonly used types
of printers are:
 Dot matrix printer
 INK Jet Printer
 Laser Printer
I) Dot Matrix Printer II) Ink- Jet Printer III) Laser printer

3.5 Memory Devices:-(Attach to the system Box/CPU Box/Casing/Cabinet) Computer use

memory to hold the programs and data in use by the CPU. Most computers have several type of
memory. The main purpose of the memory is store programs and data so that the CPU may access
and process it.
Mainly, there are two general categories of memory device inside the computer, commonly used
today.
i) Primary Memory (Main Memory) :-
 RAM (Random Access Memory or Read Write memory) :-
It is the running work space of computer. Initially, every task is
stored in RAM, when we save these information, then these
are stored in secondary memory (storage Device). It is also
called volatile Memory because the information are erased
when the power is switched off. 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1
GB, 2GB, 4 GB, 8GB etc. are the size of RAM available in
market.
 ROM (Read Only Memory) :-
It is the programming chips, where all of the system
information are kept at the time of manufacture. We can see
the information of ROM at the time of booting the computer.
We can only read the information. We can’t edit/write or
delete the information available on it.

ii) Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Memory) :-

Secondary storage devices hold files that are not currently used. For a file to be used
it must first be copied to main memory first. After any modification files must be
saved to secondary storage. As secondary storage media can be damaged and files on
them become corrupted, it is suggested to make back -up copies of value able files on
a regular basis.
There are mainly three types of memory devices.
 Flexible or floppy Disks(A: or B)
 Solid or Hand Disk (D: or E)
 Optical Disk (D: or E: F) depends upon partition of hard disk.

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 PART – II OPERATING SYSTEM

CHAPTER: - 4 MSWINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction:-
It is an advanced/excellent operating system, developed by Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A.An
operating system is a software program that provides an interface and acts as an interpreter
between the user and computer. An operating system is thus most important program that runs on
a computer.
4.1 Role of operating System:-
 Interface between users and computer Users
 Master control program
 Manage the I/O operations
 Allocating the resources Application software
 File and Disk management.
 Detects and notifies the error.

Operating system
Let see windows 10!

WEL-COME WINDOWS 2007/2008/2010

Icons Hardware

Desktop
(Back Ground)

Task bar Inactive icons clock

4.2 Components of Desktop:-

When the Windows is loaded on a Computer, we see screen as shown in the picture below. This
screen is known as Desktop
There are various components of the Desktop. Let us learn about each one of them
1. Wallpaper- The background of the desktop is called the wallpaper
2. Icons – The small picture which we on the desktop are the Icons. They represent the
programs, files and folders by double click on a icons, we can start program or open a
files. Some common icons in Windows 7 / XP are
 My computer- It is used to see the disk drives and other devices connected to my computer.
 My Document – It is stores data in the form files and folders.
 Recycle Bin- It is dustbin of a computer which keep all deleted files.

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  Internet Explorer – It is used for browsing internet.
 My network Places – It is used to access other computer connected in a network.
3. Taskbar – It is the long bar at the bottom of the desktop. It has
 Start Button on the left side and to display various program installed in a computer. In order
to run the program, we have to first click on the button
 Clock on the right side, It tells the time.
4.3Start Button: (Start Button leq s] s] kb{5g\ )
It is the especial button (main way), which is used to start 99% of the programs based on the
windows ‘OO’XP. It enables you to access: when you click the start button, you will see a menu,
which contains everything you need to begin using windows.
 Program: Is displays a list of programs name and program groups that can be directly used.
 Documents: It displays a list of 15 files, which are recently created or opened. You can easily
open this items (file) without opening/running its associated program.
 Setting: It displays a list of system components, which lets you to change the configuration as
your requirement.
 Search: It helps to find/search an object (files or folders) and its location. It saves your time.
 Help (Help and Support): It provides online help. You can get any information related to
computer with the help of this option.
 Run: It helps to run any program by browsing the location and also used to setup (install) any
new program.
 Shutdown (Turn Off Computer): It enables you to shutdown (off) or restart your computer.
 Log Off: It enables you to close the multi user’s desktop setting.
 Open Office Document:
It enables you to open the documents made in Ms. Office programs like: word, Excel, Powerpoint,
Access, Binder etc.
 New Office Document: It enable you open the Ms. Office programs directly.
 How to Turn off Your Computer? [Computer s;/L jGb ug{] <]
- Click on start menu
- Click on power
- Choose any one what you want,
- Computer jGb ug{ Shutdown df
Click ug'{xf];\ .
 How to change Date and time on your Computer?
 -tkfO{sf] computer df Date &Time s;/L Change ug{]_<
By default, Date/ Time indicator on the Taskbar shows the current date and time. But if the
gives Date and Time are not current then.
I. Give the double click on the Date / time indicator on the Taskbar.
- tnTASK Bar df 8jn Click ug{] . – Date & time df Click ug'xf];\ .
- cj rfx] cg';f/ Date & Time ldnfpg'xf];\ .
Or,
II. Click on Start Button.
III. Choose Setting
IV. Click on the control panel.

---------------------------------------------------------18------------------------------------------------------------------
 V. The control panel Dialog Box with various icons will appear.
v. Give double click on Date/ Time icon.
Then date Time properties dialog box appear.
 Control Panel :- This is a special panel board, which controls overall activities of the
computer. You can use the icons in control panel to change the appearance and functionality
windows XP, 2007, 2008, and 2010. The icons represents options for configuring your computer.
- Click on start menu/button
- Choose settings. ‘Or’
- Click on control panel.

 How to change Desktop (wallpaper) :- (Desktop Wallpaper/Theme/Photos s;/L Change ug{]

<)
Process :-
 Right click on Desktop.
 Click on personalize/properties.
 Choose back ground color/theme etc.

 How to change Screen saver? (Screen Saver s;/L Change ug{] < jf Screen Saver df Name s;/L
/fVg] <
 Right click on Desktop
 Click on personalize/ properties
 click on Theme
 Select theme setting & click on it.
 Click on Screen Saver
 Choose any screen saver,

 How to set your name on Screen Saver [Screen Saver df tkfOsf] gfd s;/L Set ug{] ?]
 Right click on Desktop
 Click on personalize/ properties click on Theme
 Select theme setting & click on it.
 Click on Screen Saver
 Choose 3D text from Screen Saver option., Click on setting
 Write your Name on Custom Text cj o;df gfd n]Vg] h:t} CITY LINK
 Time setting klg ldnfpg] slt Time /fVg] .X]g{] Preview df click ug{] .
 Click on Apply / Ok

---------------------------------------------------------19------------------------------------------------------------------
 How to make a Folder/Brief Case/Folder Zip:- [folder, short cut, folder Zip, Brief Case s;/L
jgfpg] ?]
 Right click on Desktop
 Click on New
 Click on Folder/ Brief Case/ Folder Zip/Short Cut (h'g jgfpg rfof] To;df Click ug{] .
)
 Folder Desktop df b]lvPkl5 To;df Gffd n]Vg] clg Enter ug{] .
CHAPTER -5MICROSOFT DISK OPRATING SYSTEM [MS-DOS]
5.1 Meaning Of DOS What do you understand by MS-DOS ?
Short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line
operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers. MS-DOS
originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced byMicrosoft in August 1981 and was last updated
in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise
manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows.

5.2 Types of Disk Operating System: (Internal/External) Commands

When a Computer is switched on POST (Power on Self Test) operation is performed, which checks
integrity of all components (CPU, Memory, I/O devices) of the system. If a component is found faulty
, error message will be displayed. A chip called ROM - BIOS is read and executed. BIOS (Basic Input
Output Services) information is a pre-written program that is permanently stored on ROM chip. DOS
commands are generally classifieds in two types.
1) Internal Command
DOS commands for which the specifications are available in Shell (Command.com) are called
internal commands. These are frequently used commands, and are called resident commands.
DOS Commands for which specifications are not internally available in command.com are called
External Commands. They reside in the disk in the form of executable program files. They will be
loaded into primary memory only at the time of execution.
Directory Structure of DOS: One thing is to be kept in mind is that a directory can have as many
child (sub) directories, but the child directory can have only one parent directory.
1. CLS: this command is used to clean the screen.
2. DIR: this command allows the user to see all files and sub-directory in the current directory. DIR
Command lists file information in five columns; (first) column gives primary name of the file
(second) column gives extension of the file (third) column gives the file size - number of
bytes used; (fourth) column gives the last updated date; (fifth) column gives the last updated
time.
Dir/p - page by page display of file name and directory names;
Dir/w - width-wise display;
Dir/s - displays all sub directory and files in the sub-directory of current directory.
3. Copy con this command copies whatever typed on keyboard to the file; the file can be closed by
giving the command A2 or F6 key: eg: Copy con test .....A2.

---------------------------------------------------------20------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Date it displays two system date and allows the user to change it if desired ; it is displayed in the
form of mm - dd - yy; eg:c:\> date - enter.
5. Time it displays the system type and enables the user to change it; eg: C:\> Time - enter.
6. md(mkdir) it creates a new directory in sub directory in the current directory; eg: C:\> md <New
directory name>
7. rd(rmdir) this command is used to remove a directory from the disk; it can't remove a directory
which contains sub directory or files, ie, the child should be removed from the parent;
similarly this command can't remove the current directory and root directory. Syntax: c:\>
RD<Dir name>.
8. Type it displays the content of saved file; eg: C:\> Type> file name.
9. Ren this command changes the name of existing file or directory: Syntax: C:\> ren <old name>
new name>
10. Delete delete a file from current directory; Syntax: C;\> del<file name>
11. Ver it displays the version of DOS currently being used in the system; Syntax: C:> ver
12. Copy it copies the given file or files from the source directory to the largest directory;
Syntax:C:\> copy<source file name><target file name>.
13. Prompt allows the user to set a new DOS prompt instead of usual C:\> or A:\>; eg C:\> prompt
pcc; Prompt$p$g - this allows you to reset default prompt; Prompt $d (current date); Prompt
$t (current time);
2) External Command
1. Attrib this command is used for protecting the files from accidental changes or modification. It
can also be used for making a hidden file, archive files, read only files; Syntax: Attrib +R/-
R/+H/-H/+A/-A <file name> +FR protects the file by making it read only, -R removes the read
only protection; eg: Attrib + r <file name >
2. Scandisk/ Chkdisk this command checks the status of the disk; it shows a graphical display,
information about the user file.
3. Tree this command graphically displays the path of each directory and sub directory in given
drive; Syntax: C:\> tree<
4. More it displays one screen of data at a time and is used with another command when one screen
is full; if you press any key on the next screen is displayed: Syntax C:\> type abc.doc| more.
5. Edit the command loads the MSDOS editor, where we can edit files, create new files, open
existing files; Syntax: C:\> edit < file name>
6. Label a label is a name given to a disk which refers to collection of filers and directories on disk;
Syntax: C:\>label A.
7. Sort this command is used for sorting data and displaying the result on the screen:
Syntax:C:\>dir/sort/r (reverse order)
8. Format; this command prepares a disk by arranging random magnetic impulses in to a series of
track and sectors so that it is addressable by a DOS version; Syntax : C:\> format A:/s9

PART –III PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES ON COMPUTER

CHAPTER -6 TYPICAL ACTIVITIES (TYPESHALA, TYPEMASTER)
3.1 How to Run/Start Typeshala or Type Master? (Typeshala s;/L vf]Ng] <_
- Click on start menu.
- Click on all program
- Click on Accessories

---------------------------------------------------------21------------------------------------------------------------------
 - Click on Typeshala
‘OR’
- Double click on Typeshala from Desktop
- Then appears typeshala, or opens itself by instructing users.
- Let see typeshala,

CHAPTER – 7 WINDOWS ACCESSORIES

Windows accessories are auto installed program comes on windows operating system software.
They are used to supporting task for some application software. Like as; WordPad, Note pad, Ms. -
Paint, Character map etc. are used for web application program, text, image, edit, design, shapes.
Following are the windows accessories utilities,
7.1 WORDPAD
WordPad is simple word processing application program. It is one of the most popular
accessories of Windows Operation. It always comes with Windows Operating System, so we needn’t
install it separately like other program. With the help of this program, we can creation simple
documents,reports, articles etc.
7.1.1 Starting System:-
1. Click on Start button.
2. Choose Program.
3. Choose Accessories.
4. Choose WordPad and click on it
OR,
i. Click on Start button.
ii. Click on Run or press window R
iii. Type WordPad inside the box.
iv. Click on OK.
Then you will directly enter into the WordPad and see following dialog box.

Control button Ribbon

Menu Bar

7.1.2 How to show / hide toolbar, format bar, ruler, and status bar:
1. Go to view menu.
2. Put or remove the tick mark from required above items.
7.1.3 How to save the document first time:
1. Go to file menu/office button.
2. Click on either Save or save as
OR,
Direct click on save icon on Toolbar (Standard toolbar).

---------------------------------------------------------22------------------------------------------------------------------
 Direct press Ctrl + S key.
7.1.4 How to close and Exit the WordPad? [cj WordPad s;/L jGb ug{] ]
- Go to file/Office button.
- click on close
‘Or’ Direct click on close button [X]of the program.
‘Or’ Direct Press Alt F4 key.
-Finally, click on yes if you want to close it.
7.1.5 How to open saved file ? [Save u/]sf File s;/L vf]Ng] ]
- click on file menu/office button
- click on open
‘Or’ Direct press ctrl + O key.
7.1.6 How to cut/copy /Paste? [cut/copy/paste s;/L ug{] . ]
- First select the text city link
- click on Home menu

- click on Copy/cut anyone what you want,

- click on Pastewhere you want paste or put the copied text

7.2 MS - PAINT
The Paint is an application program used to create simple or complex drawings.it always comes With
Windows operating System. So, we needn’t install this program separately. These drawings can be
either black – and White or colors and can be saved as a bitmap file format or in gif format. You can
use these drawings for your desktop background, or paste it in another document. You can also use
Paint to view and edit scanned photo .The mouse is used to draw picture in the paint.
[MS-paint df Design ug{ jf Photo jf
Document/ Text nfO{ Edit ug{ k|of]u
ul/G5 .
Vff;u/L s'g} s'/fnfO{ Edit ug{ o;sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
 Starting System/ How to
start Ms-Paint ? [ Ms-Paint
s;/L vfNg] ] -
1. Click on Start button.
2. Choose Program.
3. Choose Accessories.
4. Choose Paint and click on it
Or,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Run.
3. Type MS paint inside the box.
4. Click on OK.
“Let see the following dialogue box.”

---------------------------------------------------------23------------------------------------------------------------------
  How to show/hide Tools/Color Box, Status Bar, Ruler
[Toolbox, Color Box, Ruler s;/L Nofpg] jf s;/L x6fpg] ]
- Go to view menu
- Click or () tick on Required Option (status Bar, Ruler)


How to save file, Document or Design [ s;/L Save ug{ <]
- Click on File menu/office Button.
- Click on Save
- Write the file name on inside speared box. [ file name :- City link]
- click on save/ok
“OR”
- Press F12 or Direct press Ctrl + S
 How to open saved File/ Bitmap [ Save u/]sf] File nfO{ s;/L vf]Ng] ]
- Go to file menu
- Click on Open
- Choose your required file or bitmap
- Direct double click or click on open.
“OR”
- Direct Press Ctrl + O
 How to print File/Bitmap :- [ File/Document s;/L Print ug{] ]
- Click on file menu or office button
- Click on print
- Choose the following required options,

- Choose required printer name, printing range, no of copies to print etc.

- Click on Print
“OR”

---------------------------------------------------------24------------------------------------------------------------------
 - Direct press Ctrl + P

7.3 CHARACTER MAP

The Character Map is an accessory of windows ‘00’XP. It always comes with windows. So, you
needn’t it separately with the help of this feature, you can insert different types of symbol and
special characters to the document to make more attractive and meaningful.
1. First open any required program and the cursor at required place, where you want to insert
Special Characters/Symbols from Character Map.
2. Click on Start button.
3. Choose program.
4. Choose Accessories.
5. Choose System Tools.
6. Choose Character Map and click on it.
OR,
7. Click on dropdown arrow of Font and choose required font.
8. Choose required Character by clicking left mouse button on it at once.
9. Click on Select button.
Then, the selected Character will appear in the characters to copy box.

PART-V MICROSOFT OFFICE

CHAPTER- 8 MICROSOFT OFFICE WORD 2007/2010/2013/2016
8.1 Introduction of Ms. Word:-
Ms. Word 2007 is an advance word processing application program it is a major family member of
Ms. Office group. It was developed by Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A With the help of this program;
we can create any type of document, report, thesis, manuals, brochure, designing, newspaper etc.
It also saves the document for future use with retrieving and revision facility. In this program,
if you type any text these are displayed on screen at first then are stored temporarily in the
Computer but these are stored permanently when you save it.
Different version of MS Word ;

---------------------------------------------------------25------------------------------------------------------------------
 Microsoft word is 29 year old. It was first released upon an unsuspecting public on 25 October 1983. 16 but that
there has been 14 versions. There were early numbering inconsistencies (versions 1, 2 and then 6 in the 1980s
and 1990s) More recently,it seems that Microsoft is a superstitious it skipped from 12 (Word 2007) to 14 (word
2010), (2013)&(2016)
8.2Starting System to all Microsoft version:
1. Click on Start button.
2. Choose program.
3. Click on Microsoft office
4. Choose Microsoft Word and click on it
OR,
1. Press windows key with ‘R’
2. Type WinWord on run box
3. Click on ok
After one of the above process you will directly enter into the Microsoft Word and see the
following dialog box.

Let see following various version of MS word ;(opening screen)

 Microsoft office word 2007;

Microsoft office word 2010;

---------------------------------------------------------26------------------------------------------------------------------
Microsoft office word 2013;

---------------------------------------------------------27------------------------------------------------------------------
  Microsoft office 2016 ;

8.3 Limitations of Microsoft Word;

Number of column in table 1 to 63
Number of rows in table 1 to 32676
Zoom 10% to 500%
Font size 1 to 1638 points
Number of newspaper style 1 to 45 columns
columns
Paragraph space, character space 0 to 1584 points
Left / right Indent -22 to 22 inches
First Line/ Hanging Indent 0 to 22 inches
Character Scaling 1% to 600%
Minimum page width/ height 0.1”
Maximum paper size 22”
Size of file word can open 512 MB (office 2007/2010) 512 MB (compatibility
mode)
Maximum size of text in document 32 MB ( total document text only and does not include
graphics, regardless of how the graphics image is inserted

---------------------------------------------------------28------------------------------------------------------------------
8.4 Menu Bar of MS-word
2007/2010/2013/2016,
1) File Menu/ Office Button:-
A) To save the file [Saveug'{ k/]df ]
- Click on file menu ‘or’ Office button
- Click on Save
- Now it will ask you for the file name
- Type file name
- Click on ok.
‘OR’ Press Ctrl+S ‘Or’ F12
B) To close your File [File close jGb
ug{ ];
- Click on office button
- Click on close ‘or’ press ctrl W
C) To open your saved file [Save u/]sf] File/Document vf]Ng ]
- Click on File/ Office button
- Click on Open
- cj tkfO{n] Save u/]sf] File select ug{] .
- Click on open
D) To insert New Page [ New Page Nofpg]
- Click on Office button/ File menu
- Click on New
- Click on Create.
E) Save As: it is used to Re-Save on another
file Name and protect
Security on File. [ csf{] File Name lbP/ Saveug{
jf Duplicate File jgfpg / File df password nufP/
Save ug{ o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .]
- First click on File/Office button
- Click on Save as
- Give the File name like gopanjal
- click on Tools
- Click on General Option
- Give the password As you Like at 4 times.
[4 k6s same Password lbg] ]
- Click on ok
- Finally, click on Save
F) To Exit Your Whole File [ k'/} Document/File jGb ug{ ]
- Click on File/office Button
- Click on Exit
'OR'
Press Alt +F4 to exit
'OR'
Go to Back on office 2010/13/16.

---------------------------------------------------------29------------------------------------------------------------------
2) HOME MENU:-
1. How to change Font size ( TextnfO{;f]gf] 7'nf] ug'{ k/]df )
 Highlight the Text. Example City link
 Click on Home menu
 Click on Font
2) How to change Font style.
 Highlight the Text
 Click on Home menu
 Click on Font.

3) Bold your Text.(cIo/ nfO{ df[]6f] ug])

 Highlight the Text
 Click on Home menu
 Click on font Ctrl+B
4) How to Change Text Underline
 Highlight the Text
 Click on Home menu
 Click on Font
 Click on Ctrl+U
5) How to Italic Text
 Highlight the Text number
 Click on Home menu
 Click on Font
 Click on Ctrl + I
6) Superscript and Subscript(X2)/X2)
 How to Subscript and superscript text
 Click on Home menu
 Click on Font
 Click on (Ctrl+Shift++)(Ctrl+=)

7) CHANGE CAGE (cIF/nfO{ Capital,small agfpg
A) Upper Case (To convert small laters in to capital latters)
- Highlight your text
- Click on Home menu
- Click on Font
- Click on UPPERCASE

B) Lower case(cIF/nfO{ small agfpg)

- Highlight your text
- Click on Home
- Click on font
- Click on Lower case

---------------------------------------------------------30------------------------------------------------------------------
 C) Capital Each Word
- Highlight your text
- Click on Home menu
- Click on font
- Click on capitalize Each Word

8) Alignment
a) Left Align(cIF/nfP{ af“ofl/ NofPg' k/]df)
1. Click on Home
2. Click on Font
3. Click on Ctrl + L

b) Right Align(cIF/nfO{ bf“oflt/ Nofpg' k/]df )

1. Highlight the text
2. Click on Home
3. Click on Font
4. Click on Ctrl +R

c) Center Align( cIF/nfO{ lardf Nofpg' k/]df)

1. Highlight the Text
2. Click on Home menu
3. Click on font
4. Click on Ctrl +E

d) Justify the Text (cIF/nfO{ a/fa/ agfpg k/]df)

1. Highlight the text
2. Click on the Home menu
3. Click on Font
4. Click on Ctrl + J

9) FONT AND FILL COLOR (n]v]sf] cIF/df colcor nufpg)

1. Highlight your text
2. Click on Home menu
3. Click on Font
4. Click on
5. Choose any one color
Given list
10) Select your Text
1. Click on Home menu
2. Click on select

---------------------------------------------------------31------------------------------------------------------------------
11) To insert Bullet & Numbering on Your Text :- (Bullet & Numbering Nofpg )
- Click on Home Menu
- Click on Paragraph Bullet Or Numbering
- Choose any bullet or number

12. How increase or decrease line space:-

- Click on Home Menu
- Click on Line space

13. How group your design or photos & others. [ Group s;/L ug{]]
- First, select your Shapes or design ,
- Process, - click on home menu
- Click on select on right side
- Click on select all
- After selecting, click on page layout Menu
- Click on Group
Then grouped itself.

3. INSERT MENU : -
1. Pages:-
a) Cover page :- Front cover page design u/]s} Nofpg ,
b) Blank Page :-vfln Page Nofpg,
c) Page Break :- Pp6f Page nfO{ b'O{6f jgfpg,

2. Table (6]ansf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{)

 Click on Insert menu
 Click on Table
 Click on Insert table,Draw Table
 Click on ok

a) Marge Cell[Merge cell eGgfn] w]/}nfO{ Pp6]column/row jgfpg' xf]]

 First, insert required row/column from table
 Then, Highlight cell/column/row
 Right click on this selected column
 Click on merge cell
 Then it becomes single column/row

b) To delete Row or Column [/f] jf sf]ndnfO{ s;/L delete ug{] ]

 Highlight your column or Row
 Right click on highlighted row or column

---------------------------------------------------------32------------------------------------------------------------------
 Click on delete

c) To split Row/column/Table : [w]/} Row/column/table nfO[ Pp6} jgfpg ]

 click on merged your column or Row
 Click onon split cell
 Give no of column & row

d) How to insert the additional Row/Column [ yk Row/column Nofpg ]

 Highlight your column or Row
 Right click on highlighted row or column
 Click on insert
 Choose any option what you need ,

e) How to change direction [ n]v]sf] cIf/ Direction s;/L change ug{] ]

 Right click on blanked cell
 Click on Text direction.

 Choose Direction

 Click on Ok
Then it changed

3. How to insert picture, [picture s;/L Nofpg] ]

 Click on insert menu
 Click on picture
 Choose any photo
 Click on insert

4. How to inert shapes [ shapes s;/L Nofpg] ]

 Click on insert menu

---------------------------------------------------------33------------------------------------------------------------------
 Click on shapes

 Choose any shapes

5. How to insert chart,[pie-chart,line,column,bar,area]

 Click on insert menu
 Click on Chart /smart art
 Choose any chart pie or column
 Click on ok

6. How to edit chart or column :- [ s;/L Edit ug{ ]

 clcik on insert menu
 clcik on chart
10
Chart Title
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Column1 Series 2 Series 3

 Dflysf] Chart ,pie-chat jf column Nofpg] ljlQs} dfly Menu Bar df Design Menu df click ug{] .

 Choose chart design

 Dflysf] Chart table edit ug{ jf Chart df rfx] cg';f/ ;Rofpg ,
 click on Design menu

Chart Title
6
5
4
3
2
7. Screenshot :-
1
0
Ram Prem Sandhya Anita

Food Lunch Dinner

---------------------------------------------------------34------------------------------------------------------------------
 This option is used to copy the similar text, template or
8. Links: - [link ug{ use x'G5 ]
a. Hyper link:-Generally, it shows link out to other webhosting
programs. Like HTML, front page, office outlook.
http://www.gopanjal.com.np
b. Bookmark:-adding or deleting the optional point on the book thumb.
9. Header & Footer: - [Page sf] top df jf Bottom df Ps}gf;sf] text ;j} Page df
lbg' k/]df,]
- click on insert menu
- click on header [dfly n]Vg'k/]df Header df click ug{] ]
- or click on footer [ tn n]Vg'k/]df fotter df click ug{] ]
10. How to insert page Number in Pages:-[page df page number s;/L /fVg] ]
 Click on insert menu
 Click on click on page number
 Choose required option [stf number lbg] xf] Top, bottom 5fGg] ]

a) Top of page :- [ page sf] dfly Top df number lbg ]

b) Bottom of Page:- [ page sf] tn bottom df number lbg ]
c) Page margin :- [ page sf] Top/bottom df space lbg ]
d) Page format number :- [Page number s:tf] /fVg] xf] ]

 Format page number 5fGg]

e) Remove page number [Page number x6fpg ]

11. How to text on Box:- [Box leq s;/L n]Vg] .]

 Click on insert menu
 Click on Text Box
 Now, draw the box as your need.
 Then write inside the box.
12. To insert Word Art for high art design, [7'nf ]Attractive size df cIf/ n]Vg ]

 Click on insert menu

 Click on word Art
 Choose word Art Gallery
 Write like Gopanjalon

13. To insert signature line:- [ signature line jgfpg s]

ug{] ]
 Click on insert menu
 Click on signature line on right side
 Click on Microsoft office signature line
 Write here as you need! [cj oxf+ h] rflxof]
n]Vg]]

---------------------------------------------------------35------------------------------------------------------------------
 Click on ok

X
Dipendra Prasad Bhatta
Managing Director

14. How to insert Equation for mathematical solution:-

[Equation jf Math sf Sign x? rflxPdf ]
 click on insert menu
 click on equation
 Choose any equation format as you need, [cj tkfO{nfO{ rflxPsf] Equation Format
Choose ug]{xf];\ . h:t} M
𝑛
𝑛𝑥 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 2
(1 + 𝑥 ) = 1 + + +⋯
1! 2!
15. How to insert symbol [Symbol s;/L Nofpg] ]
 Click on insert menu
 Click on symbol
 Choose any symbol [cj tkfO{nfO{ rflxPsf] Symbol 5fGg'xf];\ ]
 of] eGbf cem} al9 rflxPdf More symbol df Click ug'{xf];\ .
 cj cfkm'nfO{ rflxPsf] Letter /Text jf Symbol Choose ug'{xf];\ ,
 cj o;/L b]vf k5{ ,

C:

Click on
insert.
4. Page Layout Menu/Design
:-
1. Page setup :- [page setting ldnfpg ]

a) Margins :- [ page bfof“, jfof“, tn, dfly lsgf/f ldnfpg jf 5f]8g\ ]

---------------------------------------------------------36------------------------------------------------------------------
 b) Orientation :- [ page nfO{ 7F8F] JFF Tf];f{] s:tf] /fVg] ]

Page 7f8f] vertical /fVg .

Page nfO{ t];f{] Horizontal /fVg .

c) Size: - [ page size /fVg jf ldnfpg .]

d) Column :- [page dfColumn

/fVg, ldnfpg .]

2. Page back Ground :- [page back ground ;DjGwL hfgsf/L ]

a) Watermark:- page sf] k5f8L n]Vg use x'G5.

 Click on page layout menu
 Click on watermark
 Click on custom watermark
 Then type as you need [Gopanjal]
 Click on text watermark, then ok.

a) Page color :- [page df color xfNg ]

 Click on page layout
 Click on page color
 Select any color , more color, fill effect

b) Page Border :- [page df Border xfNg ]

 click on page Layout menu
 Click on page border
 Now select a preferred line style [See the following border line]

---------------------------------------------------------37------------------------------------------------------------------
  Click on ok.
3. Paragraph :- [page sf] Paragraph 36fpg jf j9fpg/ otfplt ;fg{ ]
a) indent :- paragraph otfptL bf“of, jfof“
n}hfg
b) Spacing :- paragraph sf] b'/L glhs jf 6f9f
/fVg

4. Arrange :- [o;sf] cy{ template jf design nfO{ cuf8L, k5f8L ldnfpg ]

a) Position :- template, text, design,shapes nfO{ ljrdf ;]G6/df df jf otfptf /fVg

s:tf] kf]lh;gdf /fVg] eGg] hgfp“5 .
b) Bring to Front :- [Image, photos, text or template nfO{ cuf8L Nofpg]
c) Send to back :- [Image, photos, text or template nfO{ k5f8L n}hfg ]
d) Text wrapping :- [Image, photos, shapes text or template nfO{ cuf8L,
k5f8L Nofpg]
 cuf8L Nofpg M [Bring to Front/forward]
 cuf8L Nofpg M [Send to back/backward]
e) Align :- [Text nfO{ Left,Right, top, bottom /fVg]
f) Group :- [ w]/} Shapes/Design nfO{ Ps} jgfP/ otfplt ;fg{ jf n}hfg
group sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ]
g) Rotate :- Text, picture jf Shapes nfO{ otfplt 3'dfpg

How to insert Table of contents while preparing book, thesis, report

writing.[ Table of contents s;/L Nofpg] <]
Process:-
 Click on references menu
 Click on Table of Contents,
 Choose any type of contents as you like,
 Click on insert table of contents to
insert new format of contents .
 To Bring footnote on your page
[ pagedf footnote Nofpg ]
 Click on reference menu
 Click on insert footnote,

---------------------------------------------------------38------------------------------------------------------------------
  How to insert Ruler, Gridlines, thumbnails, Document map [page df Ruler,
line & Thumbnails s;/L Nofpg] ]

 Click on view menu

 Click on show/Hide
 Select what you want,

CHAPTER -9 MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007/2010/13/16

Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet that runs on a personal computer. You can use it to
organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations
quickly. This lesson will introduce you to the Excel window.
This electronic spreadsheet is developed by an American Company Called Microsoft Corporation of
America. This sheet is the combination of number of rows and number of columns, here row
represented by horizontal line and columns are represented by vertical lines. The total number of
lines are 10, 48,576 and total number of vertical lines are 16,384 (XFD) on MS word 2007. This
electronic spreadsheet is mostly used for Banking, Accounting, Data Analysis and Business fields .
 How to start or run MS-Excel :- [Ms-word s;/L vf]Ng] ]
 Click on start menu
 Click on All program Alternatively, cyjf
 Click on Microsoft office - Click on start
 Click on Microsoft office Excel 2007. - Click on Run [ Press Windows 'R'
- Type Excel – Click on Ok.
Then you can see following excel screen.

MS-EXCEL 2007

ABOUT MENU BAR:-

OFFICE TAB/Button or File Menu :-

a) New: - It is used to insert new page. [ gof“ page Nofpg]

 Click on office button - click on New
 Click on Blank workbook. - Click oncreate

---------------------------------------------------------39------------------------------------------------------------------
 b) Open: -used to open prior saved file. [klxnf save
u/]sf kmfOnx? Vf]fNg o;sf] k|of]u x'G5 .]
c) Save: - used to save current file. [current File x? save
ug{ save df click ug{] ]
 Click on office button
 Click on save
 Give any file name on your saving [like, city link]
- Ctrl + S to save file
 Click on save "OR"
- Direct Press F12 from keyboard to
save the file

d) Save as: - [Ctrl +S or F12 ]

It is used to re-save for another file and protect on file or documents.
 Click on office button
 Click on save as
 Give the file name
 Click on save
[Note:-save ug'{ eGbf klxnf File
df
Password nufpg' k/]df]
 After typing File name
 Click on Tools
 Click on General Option
 Give the password and Conformed same password
 Click on ok
 Click onsave.

e) Print: -[How to print your prepared file nfO{ s;/L Print ug{] .]
 Click on file menu/office button
 Click on print

[Note: - print ug'{ eGbf klxnf print preview df click ul/

Page setup x]g{] ]

 'Or' Ctrl + p
 cj o:tf] Dialogue Box b]vf k5{
 Finally, click on ok.

---------------------------------------------------------40------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. HOME MENU :-
a) Clipboard :-
[How to cut,copy,paste to file]
 File nfO{ s;/L cut, copy, paste ug{] <
 First select your text [cIf/nfO{ klxnf Select ug{] ]
 Click on cut [ cut ug{ cut df click ug{]] "OR" Ctrl + X
 Click on Copy [ copy ug{ copy df click ug{]] "OR" Ctrl + C
 Click on paste [ Paste ug{ Paste df click ug{]] "OR" Ctrl + V

b) Font :-

 Font style,English/ Nepali Font 5fGg o;df Click ug{] .

 Font Size, a9fpg, 36fpg o;df Click ug{] .

 Text jf cIf/nfO{df]6f], kftnf], 58\s] (Bold/Italic/Underline) jgfpg o;df Click ug{] .
 Row, column, Table jf n]v]sf] cIf/df Border lbg o;dfBorder click ug'{xf];\ ,
 Table or Box leq color xfNg o;df click u/L color 5fGg'xf];\ .
 n]v]sf] cIf/df
sn/ xfNg o;df
Click ug'{xf];\ .

c) Alignment :- [Text or line/paragraph nfO{ otfplt, tndfly ;fg{]

 Left Align :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ Left jf jfof“lt/ ;fg'{k/]df]

 Right Align :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ Right jf bfof“lt/ ;fg'{k/]df]

 First select the text
 Then click on Right Align text

 Center Align :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ Center jf ljr}df /fVg'k/]df]

 Orientation :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ 58\s] jf afª\uf] jgfpg' k/]df]

gopanjal
---------------------------------------------------------41------------------------------------------------------------------

G
 Gopa
njal

 Text Wrap :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ Ps nfOgjf6

csf{]nfO{gdfklg b]vfpg'k/]df]

Click Here

 Merge :- [n]v]sf] cIf/nfO{ Ps} nfOgdf Continue /fVg'k/]df]

Click Here

d) Number :-
[Number nfO{
ljleGg ;+s]tdf
Change ]

e) Style: -It is a Table

Formatting style with various
options; [table nfO{ s:tf] Style
df /fVg] eGg] hgfp“5 .

f) Cells: - [Row, column

rfx]cg';f/ Nofpg jf
Delete ug{ o;sf] k|of]u
x'G5 . ]
Process:-
 Click on cell or any

---------------------------------------------------------42------------------------------------------------------------------
 row/column[vflnpage df hxf“ Row/column rflxG5 Totfclick ug{] .
 Click on Home menu
 Click on cells
 cj Row/column Nofpg Insert df click ug{] ,
[RowNofpg ]
[ColumnNofpg ]

 Row/column Delete ug{ .

[Row Delete ug{ ]
[Column Delete ug{ ]

 Row
Height ,
 column Hight j9fpg,

g) Editing :- [ Edit ug{ jf, hf]8\g, jf n]v]sf] Clear ug{,

Filterug{, Find ug{]

 Auto Sum: - [Amount /cost nfO{

Formula use gu/L auto hf]8\g . ]

 Clear :- It is used todelete

 Sort & Filter :- [Pp6} gfdsf JolQmx?, Pp6}

AddressePsf JolQmx? Yffxfkfpg,]

h:t} M

---------------------------------------------------------43------------------------------------------------------------------
 step 1- write nameStep 2 – click on step 3 click on
& address sort & filter Address Option
& Ticked on

Step 4:- Then, you will got required single or one type Of Address box.

2. INSERT MENU :-

a) Illustrations:- [ To insert picture, clipart, shapes and smart art]

rfx]cg';f/ lkSr/,;]k l8hfOg, :df6{cf6{, lSnkcf6{ l8hfO[g Nofpg
On':6];gdf lSns ug{] .
 Click on Insert Menu
 Click on Picture for picture/ photo
And;
 Click on Clip Art for Different clip Cartoon.
And,

 Click on Shapes for Different Shapes or Design

b) Charts :- [ To insert pie chart, Histogram, column, bar, line etc]

 Column Nofpg' k/]df,

 Line Nofpg' k/]df,

 Pie-chart Nofpg' k/]df,

 Bar Nofpg' k/]df,

 Area, Scatter, Other Charts Nofpg' k/]df,

c) Text :-

 Text Box :- [ sf]7fleq n]Vg'k/]df 6]S;6 jS;df lSns ug{] . ]

 Click on insert menu
 Look at Text side
 Click on text box.

---------------------------------------------------------44------------------------------------------------------------------
  Header & Footer Nofpg'k/]df,
 Click on Insert menu
 Click on Header & Footer,

cj oxf“, Menu cfPkl5 tnjf6 5fGg'xf];\ .

Header & Footer Page number Current Date & Time rflxPdf l;w} km'6/df hfg rflxPdf
rflxPdf rflxPdf

 WordArt :- [7'nf] cfs{ifs ljegg l8hfOg cIf/x? n]Vg'k/]df]

[cuf8L MS-Word df u/] h:t} xf] ]
 [lolgx?sf] jf/]df rrf{ ul/;s]sf 5f} ,s[kof cuf8L MS- Worddf x]g'{xf]nf .

3. PAGE LAYOUT MENU :-

a) Page Setup:- [page Setting ldnfpg'k/]df o;df click ug{] , ]

 Click on Drop down arrow of page setup
 Choose following options,
i) Page/ Orientation:- [ page nfO{ 7f8f]
t];f{] jgfpg,

7f8f] t;f{]

ii) Margin:- [ page sf] bf“of jf“of lsgf/f slt 5f]8\g] eGg] hgfp“5 o;n] ,

---------------------------------------------------------45------------------------------------------------------------------
 b) Page Size :- [ Page Size A4,A3, letter, legal like as Ms-word]
c) Background Color :- [ To set color on page at background]
d) Print Area:-[ page sf] print Areayfxf kfpg nfO{g lbG5 . ]
e) Page df ePsf] Gridlines x6fpg jf Nofpg,
 Click on page layout menu
 Click on Gridlines,
 Line Nofpg lepdf l6s nufpg] .

 Line x6fpg' k/]df lepdf ePsf] l6snfO[ x6fO{lbg] .

f) Arrange:-
Shape/ Design nfO{ cuf8L,k5f8L ug{,

bfof,jf“ ;j}nfO otf

cuf8 u'?k ug{ ptL
of,ljrdf
L 3'dfpg
k5f8 Nofpg
Nofp
L
g
n}hfg Auditing: -
[It is used to audit or correct
The values of formula as
Required cell.]
- Click on Formula menu
k5f8
- Click on Formula Auditing
L
- Choose the following option,
- Choose trace Dependents,
4. Formula Menu

---------------------------------------------------------46------------------------------------------------------------------
 5. Data Menu :-

6. Data Menu :-

7. View Menu :-

 Practical Problems:
Illustration 1:- General Bill :-
SN Items Quantity Rate Amount
1 Computer 10 20000
2 Printer 5 24000
3 Mouse 12 200
4 Keyboard 15 400
5 Speaker 6 500
6 Scanner 7 5700
7 Digital Camera 8 15000
Total ? ? ?
Discount = Total * 10% ?
Sub Total = Total – Sub Total ?
Vat = Subtotal * 13% ?
Total Amount = Subtotal + Vat ?

---------------------------------------------------------47------------------------------------------------------------------
Illustration 2:-Mint Mart Departmental Store
Tyanglaphant Chowk, Kritipur, Kathmandu
S.N. Name Add Po Salar Tiffin Transport P.fund Amount Adv. Total
ress st salary Salary

Advance Salary=

= salary * 30%

Tiffin = salary * 10% Transport P. Fund Amount=[salary+

= salary * 5 % = salary * 10% Tiffin + Transport-PF]

1 Anita MNR M. 20,000 Total=
D. = salary * 10% [Amount
-
2 Shandhya KTM GM 15,000 Advance
salary ]
3 Maya Palp B. 12,000
a M.
4 Navin Rolp HR 12,000
a M
5 Laxmi Dolp CE 40,000
a O
6 Gita Ruku A/C 8,000
m
7 Puja Salya Peo 5,000
n n
8 Nimesh Ktm PA. 7,000

Illustration 3:-Simple Salary Sheet:-

For the months of …………..
S.N Name of Employee Address Salary Bonus Tax Total salary
1 Laxmi Mnr 10,000
2 Harish Dhangadhi 12,000 Tax= [salary + = [salary + Bonus
Bonus]* 10% –Tax]
3 Kishor Bangaun 13,000 Bonus= Salary * 10%
4 Hem Raj Baitadi 15,000
5 Edward MNR 12,000
6 Jyoti MNR 8,000
7 Sapana MNR 7,000
8 Yasoda MNR 14,000

---------------------------------------------------------48------------------------------------------------------------------
 Illustration 4:-,nDue Salary Sheet:-
For Month of ………………
A B C D E F G
S.N Name of Address Annual Salary Per Total worked Total
Employee Salary Month Month salary
1 Laxmi Mnr 120,000 5
2 Harish Dhangadhi 120,000 6 =[E*F]
3 Binita Bangaun 60,000 = Salary/12 4
4 Hem Raj Baitadi 30,000 6
5 Sarita MNR 120,000 7
6 Jyoti MNR 80,000 4
7 Sapana MNR 240,000 5
8 Yasoda MNR 240,000 3
9 Meen Daijee 120,000 5
10 Ashok Daijee 60,000 6
11 Keshav Dhangadhi 360,000 7

Illustration 5:- ,Salary Sheet With logical Functions:-

For Month of ………………
A B C D D E F G
S.N Name of Address Post Basic Bonus Tax H.A. Net
Employee Salary Salary
1 Laxmi Mnr Asst.officer 20,000
2 Harish Dhangadhi Officer 25,000
3 Binita Bangaun Jr.officer 13,000
4 Hem Raj Dhangadhi Sr.officer 15,000
5 Sarita Dhangadhi Trainee 10,000
6 Jyoti MNR Sr.trainee 12,000
7 Sapana MNR Receptionist 5000
8 Yasoda MNR Trainee 8,000
Criteria:-
 For Bonus;
1. Bonus will give 15% of Basic salary, if his/her salary is less and equal to 5000.
2. Bonus will give 12% of salary, if his/her salary is greater than 5000 and less than equal to
10,000.
3. Bonus will give 10% of salary, if his/her salary is greater than 10,000.
Answer =

---------------------------------------------------------49------------------------------------------------------------------
  Bonus = if( click on salary<=5000,salary*15%,if(and(salary>=5000, salary<=10,000)
,salary*12%,salary*10%))
 For Tax :-
1. Tax will pay 10% of salary, if he/she is not from "Dhangadhi".
 Tax = if(click on address="Dhangadhi",(Salary+Bonus)*10%,0)
 For H.A. :-
1. H.A. will give 15% of Salary, if he/she is from "Dhangadhi".
2. H.A. Will give 10% of salary, if he/she is from "MNR"
3. H.A. will give 5% of salary if he/she is outside from Dhangadhi and MNR.
 H.A. = if (click on address="Dhangadhi", salary*15%, if(address="MNR",
salary*10%,salary*5%))

Illustration 6:- ,nElectricity Bill:-

For Month of ………………
A B C D E F G H I
S.N Name of Customer ID Pre-Read Current Unit Amount Vat Tax
Customer No. Read
1 Laxmi 1200 80 160 ? ? ? ?
2 Harish 1201 70 100
3 Binita 1202 50 60
4 Hem Raj 1203 60 75
5 Sarita 1204 40 60
6 Jyoti 1205 600 900
7 Sapana 1206 700 900
8 Yasoda 1207 450 600
Criteria :-
Unit Rate
<=20 units Rs 80
<=150 units Rs 6.50 per unit extra
>=150 units Rs 9.50 per unit
Solution:-
Pre- read = Current Reading eGbf sd /fVg] .
Current Read = Pre-Reading eGbf jl9 /fVg] .
Unit = Current Read – Pre-Read
Amount = if(click on unit<=20,80,if(click on unit<=150,(click on unit-20)* 6.50+80,
if( click on unit>150,(click on unit-150)*9.50 +(click on unit-20)*6.50+80)))

---------------------------------------------------------50------------------------------------------------------------------
Illustration 7:- ,nTelephone Bill:-
Nepal Telecom
Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
A B C D E F G H I J k
S.N Name of Customer Pre- Current T-call Total Amount Vat Tax Grand
Customer ID No. Read Read Total
1 Laxmi 1200 80 160 ? ? ? ? ? ?
2 Harish 1201 70 100
3 Binita 1202 500 600
4 Hem Raj 1203 500 750
5 Sarita 1204 400 500
6 Jyoti 1205 600 900
7 Sapana 1206 700 900
8 Yasoda 1207 450 600
Criteria :-

 Calls = 175 call will be free which call's charge Rs 250

 Extra or Additional Call charge will Rs 1.50 per call if more than 175
calls.
 Tax 10%
 Vat 13% charged

Solution:-
Pre- read = Current Reading eGbf sd /fVg] .
Current Read = Pre-Reading eGbf jl9 /fVg] .
T-call = Current Read – Pre-Read
Total = if(click on T-call <=175,250,if(T-call>175,(T-call-175)*1.50+250))
Tax = click on Total *10%
Vat = Click on Total * 13%

Illustration 8:- ,nPersonal Mark sheet :-

Bal Jagritee College
Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
Maksheet :-
Mr/Miss/Mrs. …………………………………………………………………….
Roll No:- …………………… Faculty :- ………………. Level……………..
Date of Birth :- ………………………….. year Passed :- ……………….

1 A B C D E

---------------------------------------------------------51------------------------------------------------------------------
 2 S.N. Subjects Full marks Pass marks Obtained marks
3 1 Com.English 100 35 60
4 2 Nepali 100 35 55
5 3 Accountancy 100 35 85
6 4 Computer 100 35 67
Science
7 5 Economics 100 35 71
8 Total = ? Total =sum(E3:E7) or total = 60+55+85+67+81
9 Percentage= ? = Total/No of Subject
10 Pass/Fail =? = if(sum(E3:E7)>=40,"pass","fail")
11 Division = ? = if(click on pass fail or
E10="fail","fail",if(E10>=80,"Dist",if(E10>=60,"first",
if(E10>=45,"second", if(E10<45,"third")))))
12 Remarks =? =if(Click on Division="Dist","Excellent",if(Division= "first",
"very good", if(Div.="Second","Good", if(Div.="Third", "Well"
, "Tryagain"))))

Illustration 9:- ,nGroup Mark sheet

Name of Schools :- …………………………………………………………………………
Roll No:- ……………………… Year……………….. Date of Birth :- ……………….
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
1 Name Eng. Math Nep. Science Opt. A/c Health Soci Total Result % Div Remarks

2 Rabi 70 85 71 86 92 86 88 62 ? ? ? ? ?
3 Kavi 62 67 55 62 70 80 75 56
4 Jogi 65 70 57 56 45 67 48 49
5 Topi 37 41 36 38 40 41 37 35
6 Kokil 65 12 56 45 31 48 70 56
7 Okil 45 47 59 64 45 78 56 61
Solution :-
Total = sum(c2……………j2) '0R' Click on Auto sum or total = (eng.+Math+………Social) Result
=if(and(c2>=32,D2>=32,E2>=32,F2>=32,G2>=32,H2>=32,I2>=32J2>=32),"Pass","fail")
Percentage(%)= click on Total/No of subject
Division :- = if(click on %>=80,"Dist",if(and(click on % < 80,click on % >=60),"first", if(and(click on %
< 60,click on % >=45),"Second", if(and(click on % < 45, click on % >=32) , "Third", "No Div"))))
Remarks = if(Click on Division="Dist","Excellent",if(Division= "first", "very good",
if(Div.="Second","Good", if(Div.="Third", "Well" , "Tryagain"))))
Illustration 10:- , Bank Statement,
Sunrise Bank Ltd. Mahendranagar, kanchanpur
---------------------------------------------------------52------------------------------------------------------------------
 Name of Account Holder's:-……………… Account No…………………
1 A B C D E
2 Date Particular Withdrawal Deposit Balance
3 2/10/2015 Beginning Balance - 100,000 ? (1st Balance)
4 2/12/2015 By sami cheque No.1230 30,000 (D4) - ?
5 10/12/2015 By keshav saud - 10,000 ?
Guideline:-
To calculate 1st Balance [E3]= D3
To calculate 2nd Balance [E4]= if(click on withdrawal >0,1st Balance-withdrawal, if(D4>0,1st
Balance+D4,""))
To calculate 3rd Balance [E5]= E4+D5
Illustration 11:- ,nPayroll of The Employees/Staffs:-
Ministry of Education
District Education Office,
Mahendranagar,Kanchanpur, Nepal
Payroll for the Month of ……………………....20……………………………………...
S. Name of Post Basic Allowance Deduction Net
N Employee Salary Remote Rental Total P.F. TDS Total Salary

1 Sandhya Gotame Officer 25,000 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

2 Anita chaudhary A/c 12,000
3 Laxmi Khati operator 9,000
4 Arun Chaudhary BO 15,000
5 Baisnavi Singh Subba 12,000
6 Mega Singh Kharidar 10,000
7 Yasoda mahara Na.Su. 13,000
Prepared By …………….. Checked By ……………….. Approved By …………….
Post ………………………… Post………………………….. post …………………………
Date :- ……………………… Date :- ……………………… Date :- ………………………

Criteria:-
a) Remote Allowance = 25% of Basic Salary
b) Rental Allowance = 20% of Basic Salary
c) Total Allowance = Remote + Allowance
d) Provident Fund(P.F.)= 10 % of Basic Salary
e) Tax(TDS) = if(and(Basic Salary +Total Allowance-P.F.)>=10,000,Basic Salary*5%,0)
f) Total Deduction = PF+TDS(Tax)
g) Net Salary = Basic Salary + Total Allowance-Total Deduction

Illustration 12:- ,n Filtering to Address,post,Salary:-

---------------------------------------------------------53------------------------------------------------------------------
[Pp6} 7]ufgf, kb, tnj kfpg] JolQm slt 5g\ eg]/ yfxf kfpg lkmn6/ jf 5fGg] s;/L
<]
 klxnf 6]jn jgfpg] .
 To;kl5 6]jn ;]n]S6 ug{] .
 Click on Home menu or Data Menu
 Click on Filter
 To;kl5 6]jndf o:tf] lrGx cfp“5,
Step 1. Simple Table :-

SN Name Address Post Salary

1 Ram Damak Officer 12000
2 Anu Pokhara Assistant 11500
3 Sanu Damak Officer 12000
4 Basi Ktm Jr officer 11000
5 Magi Damak Officer 12000
6 Lami Dhangadhi Trainee 10000
7 Tami Dadeldhura CEO 30000
8 Umi Damak Officer 12000
9 Saami Damak officer 12000

Step 2 :- Filtered table :- [oxf“ !@))) tnj kfpg] sd{rf/L % hgf /x]5g\ . ]

CHAPTER-10 MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

The PowerPoint

---------------------------------------------------------54------------------------------------------------------------------
 PowerPoint is a presentation software package. With PowerPoint, you can easily create
slide shows. Trainers and other presenters use slide shows to illustrate their presentations.
This lesson introduces you to the PowerPoint window. You use the window to interact with
the software. To begin, open PowerPoint 2007. The window appears and your screen looks
similar to the one shown.
Note: Your screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown. In PowerPoint 2007,
how a window displays depends on the size of the window, the size of your monitor, and the
resolution to which your monitor is set. Resolution determines how much information your
computer monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your
screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more
information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. Also,
settings in PowerPoint 2007, Windows Vista, and Windows XP allow you to change the
color and style of your windows.

The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office button. When you click the button, a menu
appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and
perform many other tasks.
Step 1. Creating Your First PowerPoint Presentation

You create your PowerPoint presentation on slides. You use layouts to organize the
content on each slide. PowerPoint has several slide layouts from which to choose.
Themes are sets of colors, fonts, and special effects. Backgrounds add a colored
background to your slides. You can add themes and backgrounds to your slides. After you
complete your slides, you can run your presentation.
Create a Title Slide [Title Slide automatically comes on your first slide.]
When you start PowerPoint, PowerPoint displays the title slide in the Slide pane. You can
type the title of your presentation and a subtitle on this slide. To enter text:
EXERCISE 1
Create a Title Slide
1. Open PowerPoint. You are presented with a title slide.

---------------------------------------------------------55------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Type College Scholarships and Financial Aid in the Click to Add Title text box.
3. Type Paying for College in the Click to Add Subtitle text box.

Step 2 :- Create New Slides:- [gof“ :nfO{8 Nofpg'k/]df ]

After completing your title slide, you can create additional slides. To create a new slide:
1. Click on Home menu,

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme dialog box
appears and displays several layout templates.
3. cj tkfO{n] rfx]sf] Slide x? 5fGg'xf];\ . .

EXERCISE 2
 Create New Slides
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group.

The Office Theme dialog box appears.
3. Click the Title and Content Layout. The slide appears
on the Slides tab.

4. Enter the information shown here. Type Here is what to do: (including the colon) in the
Click to Add Title text box. Type the bulleted text in the Content text box.

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  Create an Outline
If you need to present the information in your slide in outline form, you can easily create an
outline by using the Increase List Level button to create a hierarchy.
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme dialog box
appears.
3. Click the Title and Content layout.
4. Insert Bullet & Numbering from Home Tab.

 Use Two-Column Text

You can also place text in two separate columns.
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme dialog box
appears.
3. Click the Two Content layout.

Step 3Apply a Theme/Back Ground Color:-

[Slide df background Color s;/L xfNg] jf /fVg] <]

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 A theme is a set of colors, fonts, and special effects. Themes provide attractive backgrounds
for your PowerPoint slides.
 To apply a theme to all of the slides in your presentation:
1. Click on Design menu.

2. Click the More button in the Themes group.

3. Click the design you want. [tkfO{ cfkm'n] rfx]sf] Design df click ug'{xf];\ .]
 To apply a theme to selected slides: [Theme applyug{ ]
1. Click the Slides tab, located on the left side of the window.
2. Hold down the Ctrl key and then click to select the slides to which you want to apply a
theme.
3. Choose the Design tab.
4. Click the More button in the Themes group.
5. Right-click the theme you want to apply. A menu appears.
6. Click Apply to Selected Slides. Excel applies the theme to the slides you selected.
 You can add a dramatic effect to your theme by applying a background. [Back
Ground Color xfNg ]
1. Choose the Design tab.
2. Click the Background Styles button .
3. Click the background you want.
EXERCISE 3
Apply a Theme

1. Choose the Design tab.

2. Click the More button in the Themes group.

3. Click the theme you want. PowerPoint applies the theme to all of the slides in your
presentation.

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  Add a Background [Background color yKg ]

1. Choose the Design tab.

2. Click the Background Styles button .
3. Click the background you want. PowerPoint applies the background to your slides.
 Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show
After you create your slides, you can run your slide show:
1. Do any one of the following:

o Press F5.
o Choose the Slide Show tab. Click the From Beginning button in the Start Slide Show
group.
o Click the Slide Show icon in the bottom-right corner of your screen.
Your slide show appears on your screen.
Navigating the Slide Show

Task Procedure

Go to the next slide. Do one of the following:

 Press the Right Arrow key.
 Press the Enter key.
 Press the Page Down key.
 Left-click the slide.

Go to the previous slide. Do one of the following:

 Press the Left Arrow key.
 Press the Backspace key.
 Press the Page Up key.

End the slide show and return Press the Esc key.
to PowerPoint.

EXERCISE 4
 Run Your Slide Show
1. Press F5 to run the slide show.
2. Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move forward and backward through your slides.
3. Use the Esc key to return to Normal view.

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 Step 4 Animation:- [cj Plgd];g lbg] ]
EXERCISE 1
 Add an Animation to a Slide [cj :nfO8 jf cIf/df Plgd];g lbg] ]

1. Click Slide 2 on the Slides tab.

2. Select "Start saving early."
3. Choose the Animations tab.
4. Click the Custom Animation button . The Custom Animation pane
appears.
5. Click the Add Effect button . A menu appears.
6. Choose Entrance. A submenu appears.
7. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies the effect. If the Auto preview box is checked, PowerPoint
automatically provides you with a preview of the animation.
 Modify the Effect

1. Click the down arrow next to the Start field and then select After Previous.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Direction field and then select From Bottom.
3. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field and then select Medium.

---------------------------------------------------------60------------------------------------------------------------------
  Add Another Animation [csf{]
Plgd];g lbg ]

1. Select "Apply for financial aid."

2. Click the Add Effect button . A menu appears.
3. Choose Entrance. A submenu appears.
4. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies the effect. If the Auto preview box is checked, PowerPoint
automatically provides you with a preview of the animation.
 Modify the Animation [cj Plgd];g df]l8kmfO{ ug{ ]

oxf“Medium
or Slow jgfpg]

1. Click the down arrow next to the Start field and then select After Previous.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Apply for Financial Aid field and then click Timing. The
Fly In dialog box appears.

3. Type 0.05 in the Delay text box.

4. Click OK.

5. Click the down arrow next to the Direction field and then select From Bottom.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field and then select Medium. If the Auto preview
box is checked, PowerPoint automatically provides you with a preview of the animation. You

---------------------------------------------------------61------------------------------------------------------------------
 can click the Play button on the Custom Animation pane at anytime to preview an
animation.

EXERCISE 2
 Add Transitions

1. Choose the Animations tab.

2. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of transitions appears.

s
3. Click the Push Up transition. As you roll your pointer over each transition, PowerPoint
provides you with a live preview of the transition.
 Add Sound and Set the Speed [;fp08 xfNg] tyf l:k8 ;]6 ug{] ]

1. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Sound field and then click Click.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Speed field and then click Slow.
 Advance Slide

1. Check the On Mouse Click check box. [ lj:tf/} JofVof ub{} jtfpb} hfg' k/]df o;df lSns ug{] . _
2. Click the Automatically After check box.[ Ps kl5 csf{] cfkm} c6f]d]l6s :nfO{8x? qmdzM Nofpg'
k/]df o;df lSns ug{] . ]
3. Type 00:07 in the Automatically After text box.
4. Click the Apply to All button . PowerPoint applies all of your changes to all of
the slides.

---------------------------------------------------------62------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Click Slide 1 on the Slides tab.
6. Type 00:03 in the Automatically After text box. PowerPoint changes the timing for Slide 1.

EXERCISE 5
 Use Slide Sorter View [;j} :nfO{8x?NFfO{ ;fgf]df hDd} b]vfpg'k/]df ]

1. Click on the View menu/ tab.

2. Click Slide Sorter in the Presentation Views group.
3. Double-click a slide to view it in Normal view.
 How to Print the required slides [ :nfO{8x?nfO{ s;/L lk|06 ug{] . ]

PowerPoint provides you with many printing options. You can print a large view of your
slides or you can print your slides as handouts with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9 slides per page. You
can also print your Notes pages or the Outline view of your slides.
To print:[ lk|06 ug{]
1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.
2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group and then select
what you would like to print. A preview appears onscreen.
5. Click the Print. The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether you want your
slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you are using a black and white
printer, choose black and white. You will use less ink or toner.
7. Click OK.

CHAPTER 11 COMPUTER VIRUSES :-

Computer Virus:-

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A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed,
replicates by reproducing itself (copying its own source code) or infecting other computer programs
by modifying them. Infecting computer programs can include as well, data files, or the "boot" sector
of the hard drive.
When was the term "Virus" first coined?
The concept of a computer program capable of reproducing itself was first mentioned by John von
Neumann in his 1949 "Theory of self-reproducing automata" essay. Later, Fred
Cohen in 1983 coined the term virus in a 1984 research paper as "a computer program that can
affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved)
copy of itself."
What was the first computer virus ever created?
The first computer virus known as the Elk Cloner was written by Rich Skrenta in 1982who was a 15-
year old high school student at the time. The Elk Cloner virus spread to other computers by
monitoring the floppy drive and copying itself to any floppy diskette that was inserted into the
computer. Once a floppy was infected it would infect all other computers that used the disk was. A
computer that was infected would display a short poem on every 50th boot.
 Impact of Virus on Computer:-
A virus always destruct or harm to your running PC due to the different regions like unlicensed or
unauthorized application software installation, Bootable application or operating software, use of
unscented instruments i.e. Pen drive, CD,DVD & Many other instruments. When a Virus entering on
a program of computer;
i) The processing speed of a computer will be delay or slow.
ii) It creates unnecessary file, folders.
iii) It occupies the storage capacity and slow down the speed of the computer.
iv) Stops the normal function of the computer.
v) Add, modify or delete files and folders.
vi) Steal E-mail address held in the computer and send infected E-mails.
vii) It changes the nature of existing files & folders.
Viii) Decreases Hard disk space of the file size.
ix) Hard Disk becomes unusable.
x) A virus affected computer loses your data at any time.
 How to save your PC from computer viruses? [computer Virus af6 tkfO{sf]
computer nfO{ s;/L ;'/lIft /fVg] jf hf]ufpg] ]
When a person suffered from any kinds of dieses he/she use vaccinate to save him self / her self
from different type of dieses. Even though, to prevent or save a computer from viruses we must
follow or use the following preventive measures;
1) The vaccine for the computer virus is Antivirus. Antivirus is the software that detect
and remove any virus or malwarewhich enters on a computer. For Example, The
famous Antiviruses are Kaspersky Antivirus, Quick Heal, Norton Antivirus, AVG
Antivirus, McAfee, Avast etc.
2) Run the Suitable Antivirus to scan all file for viruses at weekly.
[Computer df ePsf ;Dk'0f{File x?nfO{ plrt PlG6efO{/; bf/f :Sofg ug{] .
 How to Scan your computer or Pendrive ?[ tkfO{sf] sDKo'6/ jf k]G8«fOe
nfO{ s;/L :Sofg ug{] ]
 First, insert your pen drive on computer or ready your pc to scan,
[klxnf sDKo'6/df tkfO{sf] k]G8«fOenfO{ sDKo'6/ leq jf o',P;=lj= kf]6{df /fVg'xf];\, jf sDKo'/ :Sofg
ug'{k/]df sDK'6/ cf]kg ug'{xf];\ . ]

---------------------------------------------------------64------------------------------------------------------------------
  Then, open your PC or MY COMPUTER from Desktop. [ 8]:s6kdf ePsf] MY computernfO{ Openug'{xf];\ .
]
Pendrive Scan ug'{k/]df tn Storage device df ePsf] tkfOsf] Pend drive or USB drive df Right click u/Lscan
with Quick Heal Antivirus or( any antivirus what you would installed) df lSns ug'{xf];\ . ]
 Click on Full Scan. Then it detects or scan all file and folders automatically. [ Full Scandf click ug{] To;kl5
cj ;Dk'0f{ file folder cfkm} :Sofg x'G5 . ]
3) Always scan the external storage devices before using them into the computer.
4) Always scan the files before downloading them from the internet..
5) Do not open the E-mail attachments from unknown people or address.
6) Keep a copy of important files and folders separately. This is known as backup which can be
used to recover files in case of emergency.
7) We should always update Antivirus Software in regular basis.
8) Following are the images of important Antivirus software;

 Most Common Types of Viruses and Other Malicious Programs

1. Resident Viruses
This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can overcome and
interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files and programs that are
opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.
Examples include: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky.
2. Multipartite Viruses
Multipartite viruses are distributed through infected media and usually hide in the memory.
Gradually, the virus moves to the boot sector of the hard drive and infects executable files on the
hard drive and later across the computersystem.
3. Direct Action Viruses
The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When a specific
condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or folder that it is in and
in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH. This batch file is always located in
the root directory of the hard disk and carries out certain operations when the computer is booted.
4. Overwrite Viruses
Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in the files
that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been infected.
Examples of this virus include: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D.
5. Boot Virus: This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk. This is a crucial part
of a disk, in which information on the disk itself is stored together with a program that makes it
possible to boot (start) the computer from the disk.
Examples of boot viruses include: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE.
6. Macro Virus: Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications or programs
that contain macros. These mini-programs make it possible to automate series of operations so that
they are performed as a single action, thereby saving the user from having to carry them out one by
one. Examples of macro viruses: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K.
7. Directory Virus: Directory viruses change the paths that indicate the location of a file. By
executing a program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infected by a virus, you
are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have been
previously moved by the virus.
Once infected it becomes impossible to locate the original files.

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8. Polymorphic Virus: Polymorphic viruses encrypt or encode themselves in a different way (using
different algorithms and encryption keys) every time they infect a system.
This makes it impossible for anti-viruses to find them using string or signature searches (because
they are different in each encryption) and also enables them to create a large number of copies of
themselves.
Examples include: Elkern, Marburg, Satan Bug, and Tuareg.

9. File Infectors: This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM
extension). When one of these programs is run, directly or indirectly, the virus is activated,
producing the damaging effects it is programmed to carry out.
10. Encrypted Viruses
This type of viruses consists of encrypted malicious code, decrypted module. The viruses use
encrypted code technique which make antivirus software hardly to detect them. The
antivirus program usually can detect this type of viruses when they try spread by decrypted
themselves.
11. Companion Viruses
Companion viruses can be considered file infector viruses like resident or direct action types. They
are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system they "accompany" the other
files that already exist.
Some examples include: Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069
12. Network Virus
Network viruses rapidly spread through a Local Network Area (LAN), and sometimes throughout the
internet. Generally, network viruses multiply through shared resources, i.e., shared drives and
folders. When the virus infects a computer, it searches through the network to attack its new
potential prey. The most dangerous network viruses are Nimda and SQLSlammer.
13. Nonresident Viruses
This type of viruses is similar to Resident Viruses by using replication of module. Besides that,
Nonresident Viruses role as finder module which can infect to files when it found one (it will select
one or more files to infect each time the module is executed).
14. Stealth Viruses
Stealth Viruses is some sort of viruses which try to trick anti-virus software by intercepting its
requests to the operating system. It has ability to hide itself from some antivirus software programs.
Therefore, some antivirus program cannot detect them.
15. Sparse Infectors
In order to spread widely, a virus must attempt to avoid detection. To minimize the probability of its
being discovered a virus could use any number of different techniques.
16. Spacefiller (Cavity) Viruses
Many viruses take the easy way out when infecting files; they simply attach themselves to the end
of the file and then change the start of the program so that it first points to the virus and then to the
actual program code.

17. FAT Virus

The file allocation table or FAT is the part of a disk used to connect information and is a vital part of
the normal functioning of the computer.

---------------------------------------------------------66------------------------------------------------------------------
This type of virus attack can be especially dangerous, by preventing access to certain sections of the
disk where important files are stored.
18. Worms
A worm is technically not a virus, but a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-
replicate, and can lead to negative effects on your system and most importantly they are detected
and eliminated by antiviruses.
Examples of worms include: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.
19. Trojans or Trojan Horses
Another unsavory breed of malicious code (not a virus as well) are Trojans or Trojan horses, which
unlike viruses do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.
20. Logic Bombs
They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even programs in their
own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.
Their objective is to destroy data on the computer once certain conditions have been met. Logic
bombs go undetected until launched, and the results can be destructive.
CHAPTER 12Internet& Email :-
 INTERNET:-
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive
range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-
peer networks for file sharing.
Website :-
Web site is the location of the web pages created by an organizations, and government agencies to
provides information's as www.google.com.np
Web Page :-
A document on the World Wide Web, consisting of an HTML file and any related files for scripts and
graphics, and often hyperlinked to other documents on the Web. The content of webpages is
normally accessed by using a browser.
Internet Address:-
Each & every web sites has it's own address is called internet address.
Home Page:-
In the early days of the World Wide Web in the first half of the 1990s, an important part of web
pages belonged to students or teachers with a UNIX account in their university. System
administrators of such systems installed an HTTP server pointing its root directory to the directory
containing the users accounts. On UNIX, the base directory of an account is called "home", and
the HOME environment variable contains its path (for example /home/my_username ).
A home page or a start page is the initial or main web page of a website or a browser. The initial
page of a website is sometimes called main page as well.
ISP :- ISP stands for internet service provider – A company that provides individuals or companies
access to the internet and the Word Wide Web.
World Wide Web :-

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The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents
and other web resourcesare identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked
by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.[1]English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented
the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser computer programme in 1990 while
employed at CERN in Switzerland.
The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the
primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. [Web pages are
primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In
addition to formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, and software components
that are rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content.
Embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages with a
common theme, a common domain name, or both, make up a website. Website content can largely
be provided by the publisher, or interactive where users contribute content or the content depends
upon the user or their actions. Websites may be mostly informative, primarily for entertainment, or
largely for commercial, governmental, or non-governmental organizational purposes.
 EMAIL:- [Electronic Mail]
THE HISTORY& DEFINITION OF EMAIL
Email is much older than ARPANet or the Internet. It was never invented; it evolved from very
simple beginnings. Early email was just a small advance on what we know these days as a file
directory - it just put a message in another user's directory in a spot where they could see it when
they logged in. Simple as that. Just like leaving a note on someone's desk. Probably the first email
system of this type was MAILBOX, used at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1965.
Another early program to send messages on the same computer was called SNDMSG.

Some of the mainframe computers of this era might have had up to one hundred users -often they
used what are called "dumb terminals" to access the mainframe from their work desks. Dumb
terminals just connected to the mainframe - they had no storage or memory of their own, they did
all their work on the remote mainframe computer. Before internetworking began, therefore, email
could only be used to send messages to various users of the same computer. Once computers began
to talk to each other over networks, however, the problem became a little more complex - We
needed to be able to put a message in an envelope and address it. To do this, we needed a means to
indicate to whom letters should go that the electronic pasties understood - just like the postal
system, we needed a way to indicate an address.

This is why Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing email in 1972. Like many of the Internet
inventors, Tomlinson worked for Bolt Beranek and Newman as an ARPANET contractor. He picked
the @ symbol from the computer keyboard to denote sending messages from one computer to
another. So then, for anyone using Internet standards, it was simply a matter of nominating name-
of-the-username-of-the-computer. Internet pioneer Jon Postal, who we will hear more of later, was
one of the first users of the new system, and is credited with describing it as a "nice hack". It
certainly was, and it has lasted to this day.

Despite what the World Wide Web offers, email remains the most important application of the
Internet and the most widely used facility it has. Now more than 600 million people internationally
use email.
By 1974 there were hundreds of military users of email because ARPANET eventually encouraged it.
One of the first new developments when personal computers came on the scene was "offline
readers". Offline readers allowed email users to store their email on their own personal computers,

---------------------------------------------------------68------------------------------------------------------------------
and then read it and prepare replies without actually being connected to the network - sort of like
Microsoft Outlook can do today. This was particularly useful in parts of the world where telephone
costs to the nearest email system were expensive. (Often this involved international calls in the
early days) With connection charges of many dollars a minute, it mattered to be able to prepare a
reply without being connected to a telephone, and then get on the network to send it. It was also
useful because the "offline" mode allowed for more friendly interfaces. Being connected direct to
the host email system in this era of very few standards often resulted in delete keys and backspace
keys not working, no capacity for text to "wrap around" on the screen of the users computer, and
other such annoyances. Offline readers helped a lot.

The first important email standard was called SMTP, or simple message transfer protocol. SMTP was
very simple and is still in use - however, as we will hear later in this series, SMTP was a fairly naïve
protocol, and made no attempt to find out whether the person claiming to send a message was the
person they purported to be.
Email is the most widely used features in the internet. Using this we can exchange any message with
people around the world. Email is the most frequently used application of the internet. Many
people who have access to the internet at school, home and work, use the internet other purpose
than to send receive email. E-mail address consists of the two parts, which are separated by @ (at
the rate) symbol.
a) User name b) Domain name
Let us example, deependraprasadbhatta@gmail.com, bpbhatta76@gmail.com,
gopanjalcomputer@gmail.com , here Dipendra, Bpbhatta, Gopanjal are user name and period (.)
separates the various parts of the domain name. The last few characters in an Email address usually
indicates the type of organization or country, the person belong to.
Country Organization
Com= commercial au = Australia
gov= Government Ca= Canada
net = network it = Italy
edu = Education jp= japan
mil = military np = Nepal
org = organization in = India

Some important websites :-

www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.gmail.com
www.hotmail.com www.twitter.com www.microsoft.com
www.ntc.net.np www.nepalnews.com
www.rediffmail.com www.deathclock.com

Internet Practical:-
 How to make new E-mail ID by using Yahoo?
[ Yahoojf6 s;/L gof“ E-mail ID jgfpg] . ]
 IF YOU DON’T HAVE A YAHOO ID LET, SEE THE FOLLOWING PROCESS

---------------------------------------------------------69------------------------------------------------------------------
 [ olb tkfO{ ;“u Yahoo ID 5}g eg] o;/L jgfpg'xf];\ . ]
Process:-
I. Double click or Right click on Internet Explorer/ Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,opera
from Desktop. [Desktop jf6 Internet Explorer/ Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, opera df
8jn lSns ug{] .]
Let, see the following browser;

II. Now, we take Google Chrome to make ID (let see) [ cj xfdL ID jgfpg Google Chrome
vf]N5f} .
III. Type www.yahoo.com at address Tool bar of Chrome. [ Address Tool bar df
www.yahoo.comn]Vg] clg Enter ug{] ] To;kl5 Yahoo window v'N5 , x]/f}+ ,

IV. Now, click on Mail to create New Account or ID [cj gof“ Account or ID jgfpg Mail df click ug{]
.]
V. cj To;kl5,
- jgfPsf] ID vf]Ng' k/]df oxf“ ID Type
ug'{xf];\ .
- olb ID jgfpg' esf] 5}g eg] Sign Up df click ug'{xf];\ .
- sign Up df click u/]kl5 cj lgDg k|lqmof
k'/f ug'{xf];\ .

vi. You will get sign up Form of Yahoo dialogue

box.[cj tn b]lvPsf] Dialogue box df full/ detail data
eg'{xf];\ .]

vii. Fill the above form requirement,

viii. Then, click on continue. Or create my account.

---------------------------------------------------------70------------------------------------------------------------------
 ix. Click on [verify your phone
Number]
x. To;kl5yahoo account key / code Type ug{] clg Verify df Click ug{] .
xi. To;kl5ID jg]kl5 o:tf] jS; cfp“5 .
xii. To;kl5Let's get started df lSns ug{] .

xiii. To;kl5Yahoo mail Id v'N5 .

 HOW TO CHECK YOUR MAIL ON YOUR YAHOO ID 'or' HOW TO

OPEN YOUR YAHOO ID, [jgfPsf] d]n cfO{l8 s;/L vf]Ng], jf olb
s'g} JolQmn] tkfO{sf] yahoo ID df d]n k7fpsf] 5 eg] s;/L r]s ug{] jf
yfxf kfpg] .]
Process:-
Step1. Open any Brower from Desktop. [Desktop jf6 s'g}klgBrowser open ug'{xf];\ . h:t}
M Opera Mini, UC Browser, Google Chrome, Mozila FireFox.
Step 2. Write www.yahoo.com on Address tool bar.
Step 3.Click on Mail or Sign in
Step 4.cj cfºgf] ID type like, gangabist46@yahoo.comug{] / password klg type ug{]
Step 5.Click on Sign in or continue To;kl5Yahoo Idv'N5 .

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 How to Logout or Sign out Your ID.

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