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Impact of Various Priming Treatments on Rato Basmati Rice Variety

Article in International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · December 2024

DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v12i4.71041

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A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v12i4.71041

Research Article

Impact of Various Priming Treatments on Rato Basmati Rice Variety

Arati Dhami1* , Anka Kumari Limbu1 , Mamata Karki1 , Karishma Kshetri1 ,
Kabita Subedi1 , Achyut Gaire2
1
Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College, Baitadi, Nepal
2Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Article Information Abstract

Received: 24 October 2024 An important crop, used as stable food worldwide is rice. The germination stage
Revised version received: 20 December 2024 is crucial for rice crop and is mainly affected by drought stress. A laboratory
Accepted: 21 December 2024 experiment was conducted in GAASC laboratory, Gokuleshwor, Baitadi to
Published: 24 December 2024 study the impact of various priming treatments on Rato basmati rice variety.
The experiment was done in a completely randomized design using 9 treatments
Cite this article as: replicated thrice. The treatments were Hydro priming 24hrs, Hydro priming
A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12hrs, Gibberellin 5mg/liter, Gibberellin 10mg/liter, Gibberellin 15mg/liter,
12(4): 187-193. DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v12i4.71041 NaNO3 0.5%, NaNO₃ 5%, NaNO₃ 15%, and control where seeds were washed
three times followed by 5 hours drying at room temperature. For 10 days, each
*Corresponding author Petri plate was observed every 12 hours. The priming treatment with
Arati Dhami, Gibberellin 10mg/L showed the most promising results for germination
Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College, percentage (100%) within 120 hours, Germination index (11.06) and
Baitadi, Nepal germination energy (0.97), while Gibberellin 15 mg/L showed higher vigor
Email: aratidhami100@gmail.com index (1522), plumule length (40.02 cm), radicle length (15.73 cm). However,
the germination energy (0.93) was found similar in Gibberellin 15 mg/L and
Peer reviewed under authority of IJASBT 24hrs hydropriming. Regarding Plumule to radicle length ratio, highest result
©2024 International Journal of Applied Sciences and was obtained from 24hrs hydropriming (0.55 cm). Thus, this study suggests that
Biotechnology using Gibberellin of both 10 and 15 mg/L for priming in rato basmati variety of
rice showed the best results compared to other treatments.

This is an open access article & it is licensed under a Creative

Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Keywords: Priming; Gibberellin; germination; imbibition; hydropriming; seedling growth.

Introduction an area of 1552469 ha, yielding 5230327 mt with an average

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most significant staple food for productivity of 3.37 t/ha, taking up 58% of the nation's total
people worldwide; rice accounts for about 40% of food arable land and producing 55% of the nation's food grain
calories consumed, nearly 20% of the agricultural gross output (Gairhe and Yadaw, 2020). Rice is a source of
domestic product (AGDP), and nearly 7% of the country's revenue for farmers. 73% of rice is produced in the Terai
overall gross domestic product (GDP) (Gadal et al., 2019). region, with the hills producing 24% and the high hills 4%
According to S. Subedi et al., (2020), rice is farmed in three of the total (Joshi et al., 2020). The world produces 178
major agroecological zones: the Terai and inner Terai (60 - million tons of paddy rice, with Asia producing 90.6 percent
900 masl), the Mid hills (900 -1,500 masl), and the of it, America producing 5.2 percent, and Africa producing
Mountains/High hills (1,500 - 3,050 masl). It is grown on 3.5 percent (Ekeruo, 2023).

This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT 187

A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
Humans prioritize the agriculture subsector, and require expensive materials. Primed seeds develop a
agricultural operations strongly rely on natural resources, stronger, more reliable crop stand and have a high
especially water, soils, and forests. It is especially emergence capacity (Marthandan et al., 2020). They also
susceptible to extreme weather conditions, which emerge faster. They are still working under less-than-ideal
eventually reduce agricultural productivity, such as extreme field conditions. Primed seeds sprouted more readily than
warmth, intense rainfall, droughts, floods, cold waves, etc. unprimed seeds, which led to an earlier flowering period
(Pokhrel et al., 2021). In areas that are prone to dryness, and a higher yield of crops(Yadav et al., 2023). Due to
germination is more likely to be irregular and to last for limited adverse environmental exposure, primed seeds
extended periods (Bourgne et al., 2000). Due to the germinate more quickly at any temperature and produce
subsequent poor crop germination, there are gaps in the uniformly more seedlings than unprimed seeds, which is the
canopy that, when the brief rainy season begins, are quickly main advantage of priming (Khan et al., 2024).
filled in by weeds that are developing quickly and
Hence, the objective of this experiment is to study the effect
competing with the crop plants for nutrients, light, and of different priming treatments on seedlings growth traits of
water (Kropff et al., 1993). Poor seed germination behavior rice and identify the most effective priming treatment that
in field crops can lead to crop failure and lower agricultural can be acquired in farming practices.
yield (Ghiyasi et al., 2008). This can be prevented by
priming treatments, which improve germination and Materials and Methods
establishment in all crops (Basra et al., 2005; Ghiyasi et al.,
2008). Abiotic stress tolerance in plants has been induced Materials and Chemicals Used
using various techniques in recent years. Under many field Petri plates, cotton, forceps, wash bottles, distilled water,
crops, seed priming is an effective, useful, and simple blotting paper, gibberellin, sodium nitrate, ethanol, etc.
approach to promote quick and uniform emergence, high were used for the study.
seedling vigor, and higher yields, especially under adverse Experiment Site
environmental circumstances (Hussain et al., 2016). The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy laboratory
Germination percentage is one of the important traits for of Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College
harvesting optimal yield. Due to the use of poor-quality (GAASC), Gokuleshwor, Baitadi, which is located in the
genetic material, the germination potential of seed is low far-west region of Nepal from 13 July to 23 July, 2023.
leading to poor grain yield (quality and quantity), a Treatment Details
significant problem among farmers in developing countries. Rato basmati variety of rice was used in the experiment
A successful crop’s establishment depends on rapid which was carried out in a completely randomized design
emergence and germination, which is why seed priming (CRD). There were 9 treatments and each treatment was
may be crucial (Yadav et al., 2023). A regulated hydration replicated three times. The treatments consist of priming
method called "seed priming" stimulates the regular using different priming agents (Table 1).
metabolic processes in the early stages of germination
Table 1: List of 9 treatments which are used as priming
before germination is visible (Koirala et al., 2019). Seed
agents for the study
priming is the pre-sowing treatment that helps to improve S.N. Treatments Priming agent
the germination percentage (Subedi et al., 2015a). Priming 1. T1 Hydro priming 24hrs
is important in agriculture for producing better-quality 2. T2 Hydro priming 12hrs
seedlings. It has the potential to enhance seed quality and 3. T3 Gibberellin 5mg/L
enable the release of dormancy, which will increase the 4. T4 Gibberellin 10mg/L
ultimate germination speed and uniformity. Pre- 5. T5 Gibberellin 15mg/L
germination modifications are induced by a variety of 6. T6 NaNO3 0.5%
priming techniques, including hormone priming, 7. T7 NaNO₃ 5%
8. T8 NaNO₃ 15%
hydropriming, Osmo priming, and halo priming (Goswami
9. T9 Control
et al., 2013). Different priming techniques had a significant
role in promoting plant performance. It is an inexpensive Preparation of Priming Solution
and low-risk method (Pawar and Laware, 2018). Recently, All the priming solutions were prepared in 1000 ml
commercial seed priming has been employed to increase solution. The priming treatment calculation was done by
seed vigor in terms of prospective stress tolerance and using a formula given by (Harvey, 2000).
germination (Anwar et al., 2020). Hormonal priming has 𝑤 𝑔𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
been reported by several authors to promote germination 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % (% ) =
𝑣 1000 𝑚𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
under stress, shorten the time it takes for germination to
For the preparation of NaNO₃ 0.5% solution, 0.059gm of
occur, and impart high seed vigor (Gnawali and Subedi,
NaNO3 was added to 1000ml of water. For NaNO₃ 1%
2021; Khan et al., 2020; Sukifto et al., 2020). Priming can
solution, 0.118gm of NaNO3 was added to 1000ml of water.
be done easily on the farm with less effort and does not
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A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
For the preparation of NaNO₃ 1.5% solution, 0.236gm of 𝐺𝐸 =
NaNO3 was added to 1000ml of water. Similarly, For the No. of total germinated seeds in different priming solutions in 72hrs
preparation of gibberellin 5mg/L, 0.005gm of gibberellin Total no. of seeds used for germination
was added to 1000mL of water. For gibberellin 10mg/L,
Measurement of Radicle Length (RL), Plumule Length
0.01 gm of gibberellin was added to 1000mL of water. For
(PL):
gibberellin 15mg/L, 0.015 gm of gibberellin was added to
5 samples from each petri-plate were selected randomly to
1000mL of water.
measure the length of the overall seedling, root, and
Post-Priming Operation plumule length by using a measuring scale (in centimeters).
The primed seeds were removed and thoroughly rinsed with Radical and plumule length was measured and the data was
distilled water three times and air dried in newspaper at noted.
room temperature for 5 hrs.
Seedling Vigor Index (SVI):
Germination Medium The seedling vigor index (SVI) was calculated by using the
The Whatman filter paper was used as a substrate that modified formula given by Abdul‐Baki and Anderson,
covers the base of Petri plates. Seeds were distributed (1973).
uniformly in sterilized petri plates for the germination tests.
Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) =
Experimental Details
Germination percentage (%) × Seedling length(cm)
The germination test was conducted using the petri-plate
method. Ten seeds from each priming treatment were Statistical Analysis
placed in each petri plate containing a double layer of filter The data was entered and data tabulation was done through
paper and allowed to germinate for 10 days inside the MS-excel whereas statistical analysis was done using
controlled environment of 27.5℃ and relative humidity of RStudio software version 4.1.1. The least significant digit
98%. Each petri plate was observed every 12 hours for 10 (LSD) was used to separate means and compare treatment
days and germinated seeds were counted in each mean at a 5% level of significance.
observation.
Result and Discussion
Data Collection Parameters
Germination Percentage
Germination Percentage (GP):
The analysis of variance revealed that priming treatments
Germination Percentage is an estimate of the viability of a
had a significant influence on rice seed germination
population of seeds. Seeds with a radicle length of at least 2
percentage. Gibberellin (10mg/L), Gibberellin (15mg/L),
mm were considered germinated. Observations on Petri
Gibberellin (5mg/L), and NaNO3 (15%) showed higher
plates were done regularly at 12 hrs intervals and the total
germination than 12hrs hydro priming and control, during
number of seeds germinated was recorded. The formula is
the entire experimental period. The highest total
given in the study of Basnet et al., (2018) was used to
germination was found in treatment 5 i.e. Gibberellin 10
calculate the germination percentage.
mg/L (100%) which is statically at par with Gibberellin
𝐺𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 15mg/L (96.67%), Gibberellin 5mg/L (96.67%), NaNO3
Total number of normal seedlings germinated 15% (96.67%), and the lowest was found in treatment 9 i.e.
× 100% control (76.67%) which is statically at par with 12hrs hydro
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑤𝑛
priming (86.67%). Germination percentages at 36hrs,
Germination Index (GI):
48hrs, 60hrs, 72 hrs, 84hrs and 96 hrs have shown non-
The formula of (R. Subedi et al., 2015b) study was used to
significant results whereas at 24hrs, 108hrs, and 120hrs
calculate the germination index.
have shown significant results. The current study found that
𝐺𝑅𝐼 = (𝐺1/1) + (𝐺2/2) + (𝐺3/3) + ⋯ + (𝐺12⁄12) following seed priming with reagents, the rate of hydration
+ ⋯ + (𝐺𝑛 ⁄𝑛) increased significantly compared to the control group. This
means that seed priming may boost rice seed germination
It means the sum of no. of seeds germinated on day 1
by speeding up imbibition, which could help to accelerate
divided by 1, no. of seeds germinated on day 2 divided by 2
the emergence phase of rice. Similarly, priming was found
likewise no. of seeds germinated over day 12 divided by 12
to promote maize cultivar germination by accelerating
up to ‘n’ days.
imbibition (Tian et al., 2014). Additionally, the exogenous
Germination Energy (GE): application of Gibberellin has been reported to be effective
The percentage of seeds germinated in 3 days i.e., 72hrs is in increasing seed germination (Pipinis and Milios, 2015).
known as germination energy (GE) (Bam et al., 2006). By Significant improvement in seed germination might be due
changing the formula of (Li, 2008), germination energy— to the enhanced breakdown of reserve metabolites present
which is the rate at which germination occurs—was in the seed (Ullah et al., 2020). GA-treated seed was closely
calculated. associated with their rapid utilization in the synthesis of
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A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
various amino acids and amides, which could be the reason followed by 12hrs hydro priming (8.68). During the entire
for the increased germination percentage (Gupta and time highest value for germination index was observed for
Mukherjee, 1982) (Table 2) Gibberellin 10 mg/L. Germination index at 24hrs and
120hrs shown significant result, however, at 48hrs,72hrs,
Germination Index
96hrs it was non-significant. In this work, we investigated
The analysis of variance revealed that priming treatments
the effects of several seed priming agents on germination
had a significant influence on rice seed germination index.
index under standard setting. The use of various seed
All the priming methods Gibberellin (10 mg/L), Hydro
priming methods significantly increased the germination
priming 24hrs, Gibberellin (15 mg/L) and NaNO3 0.5%
index, which is consistent with the findings of the study by
showed higher germination index than control and 12hrs
(Tabatabaei and Ansari, 2020). Similar to our result,
hydro priming. The highest average value was observed in
overall, all priming agents produced GI, with averages
Gibberellin 10mg/L (11.06) which is statistically at par with
higher than those of controls (Fourati and Ahmed, 2024)
Hydro priming 24hrs (10.64), Gibberellin 15 mg/L (10.46)
(Table 3).
whereas the lowest was observed in control (6.98) which is

Table 2: Effect of different priming treatments on germination percentage (12-hour interval) of rice
Treatments 24hrs 36hrs 48hrs 60hrs 72hrs 84hrs 96hrs 108hrs 120hrs
c a b ab b b bc
Hydro priming 24hrs 10 23.33 46.67 66.67 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33bc 93.33bc
c a a a ab ab ab
Hydro priming 12hrs 10 20 30 43.33 73.33 80 80 83.33ab 86.67ab
a a ab ab ab b bc
Gibberellin 5mg/L 0 20 40 66.67 83.33 90 96.67 96.67c 96.67bc
Gibberellin 10mg/L 10c 23.33a 46.67b 83.33b 96.67b 96.67b 100c 100c 100c
c a ab ab b b bc
Gibberellin 15mg/L 10 26.67 40 70.00 93.33 96.67 96.67 96.67c 96.67bc
c a ab ab b ab abc
NaNO3 0.5% 10 26.67 43.33 70.00 90.00 90 90 90.00bc 90bc
NaNO₃ 5% 0 ab
23.33 a
36.67 ab
60.00 ab
83.33 ab
90 ab
90 abc
93.33bc 93.33bc
NaNO₃ 15% 10c 26.67a 40ab 56.67ab 83.33ab 86.67ab 90abc 96.67c 96.67bc
a a a a a a a
Control 3.33 20 30 43.33 53.33 66.67 73.33 76.67a 76.67a
CV 27.3 20.8 20.5 27.8 21.6 14.1 10.8 6.7 6.5
LSD 3.33 8.41 13.94 29.91 31.14 21.39 16.82 10.73 10.4
Grand mean 7.04 23.33 39.3 62.2 83.3 87.8 90 91.9 92.2
SEM 1.11 2.8 4.65 9.98 10.39 7.14 5.61 3.58 3.47
F test <.001 0.436 0.157 0.174 0.188 0.163 0.075 0.006 0.007
NOTE: Treatment’s mean is separated at 5% probability level using LSD (Least significant difference) test. Means followed by the same
letter(s) within a column are non-significantly different among each other. NS, ".", *, and ** represent non-significance, significance at
confidence level greater than 5%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Table 3: Effect of different priming treatments on germination index (24-hour interval) of rice
Treatments 24hrs 48hrs 72hrs 96hrs 120hrs GI
Hydro priming 24hrs 1c 2.333b 3.111b 2.33bc 1.87bc 10.64bc
c a ab ab
Hydro priming 12hrs 1 1.500 2.444 2 1.73ab 8.68ab
a ab ab bc
Gibberellin 5mg/L 0 2.000 2.778 2.42 1.93bc 9.13abc
c b b c
Gibberellin 10mg/L 1 2.333 3.222 2.50 2c 11.06c
Gibberellin 15mg/L 1c 2.000ab 3.111b 2.42bc 1.93bc 10.46bc
c ab b abc
NaNO3 0.5% 1 2.167 3.000 2.25 1.80bc 10.22bc
NaNO₃ 5% 0 ab
1.833 ab
2.778 ab
2.25 abc
1.87bc 8.73abc
NaNO₃ 15% 1c 2.000ab 2.778ab 2.25abc 1.93bc 9.96bc
a a a a
Control 0.33 1.500 1.778 1.833 1.53a 6.98a
CV 27.3 20.5 21.6 10.8 6.5 12.6
LSD 0.33 0.7 1.04 0.42 0.21 2.08
Grand mean 0.704 1.96 2.78 2.25 1.84 9.54
SEM 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.14 0.07 0.69
F test <.001 0.157 0.188 0.075 0.007 0.017
NOTE: Fisher's LSD (Least Significant Difference) test is used to differentiate treatment means at the 5% probability level. Means followed
by the same letter(s) within a column are non-significantly different. NS, *, and ** represent non-significance, and significance at confidence
levels of 5%, and 1% respectively. CV: Coefficient of Difference, LSD: Least significant difference, SEM: Standard error of the mean.

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A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
Gibberellin 15mg/L (40.02 cm) portrayed the highest value
Germination Energy and Vigor Index
which is statically at par with Gibberellin 5mg/L (33.16
For germination energy and vigor index, the highest value
cm), Gibberellin 10 mg/L (28.99 cm), and the lowest length
was observed in the seed primed with Gibberellin 10 mg/L,
was obtained from the control (14.43 cm) and NaNO3 15%
Gibberellin 15 mg/L and 24hrs hydro priming whereas the
(16.46 cm). The longer plumule length resulting from the
lowest was for control, followed by 12hrs hydro priming.
priming treatments aligns with the results reported by (Tian
The result depicted highest germination energy in
et al., 2014) on maize. The notable increase in Plumule
Gibberellin 10 mg/L (0.97) which is statically at par with
length in the primed seeds may be due to meristematic
Gibberellin 15 mg/L (0.93), 24hrs hydro priming (0.93),
growth, cell division, or its role in cell elongation. The
NaNO3 0.5% (0.90), NaNO3 5% (0.83), NaNO3 15% (0.83),
longer seedling length in GA3 priming was attributed to α-
Gibberellin 5mg/L (0.83), while control (0.53) and 12hrs
amylase activity, which produces more reducing sugars
hydro priming (0.73) showed lowest germination energy. In
(Fallah et al., 2018)
stark contrast to this, no priming compounds used caused
substantial changes to GE when applied at different levels
Similarly, the highest radical length was observed in seed
(Subedi et al., 2015c) .
primed with GA 15 mg/L which is followed by GA 5mg/L,
The treatment Gibberellin 15mg/L primed seed displayed while the lowest was in control which is statically at par
the highest vigor index (1522) which is followed by with NaNO3 15% and 24hrs hydro priming. In stark contrast
Gibberellin 5mg/L (1385) and Gibberellin 10mg/L(1088) to this, the highest radical to Plumule length was portrayed
but the lowest value was observed for control (583), and in seed-primed water for 24hrs (0.55) which is statically at
NaNO3 15% (847). Additionally, VI has shown significant par with seed primed in NaNO3 15% (0.54) and control
result. The higher seed vigor index in primed seeds could be (0.53) but the lowest was the value for seed primed in GA
attributed to elevated dehydrogenase and amylase 10 mg/L (0.37). Statistically significant results for root
enzymatic activity (Reichheld et al., 1999). Seed priming length may be linked to how priming therapies modify
boosts α amylase activity, leading to increased soluble sugar hormones or signaling pathways, which may affect root
and protein levels (Bajwa et al., 2018). During seed growth and development (Table 5).
germination, GA stimulates the seed cells to produce
mRNA molecules that comprise code for hydrolytic Table 5: Effect of different priming treatments on Radicle
enzymes (Balchhaudi, 2023) for the elimination of length, Plumule length, and Radicle to Plumule of
germination inhibitors, the counteraction of ABA rice seeds
Treatments PL RL RL:PL
(Miransari and Smith, 2014) (Table 4).
12hrs hydro priming 19.99ab 10.29ab 0.51bc
Table 4: Effect of different priming treatments on 24hrs hydro priming 17.14a 9.45a 0.55c
c bc
Germination energy and Vigor index of Gibberellin 5mg/L 33.16 14.31 0.43abc
bc ab
rice Gibberellin 10mg/L 28.99 10.88 0.37a
c c
Treatments GE (72hrs) VI Gibberellin 15mg/L 40.02 15.73 0.41ab
12hrs hydro priming 0.73b 876ab NaNO3 0.5% 21.62ab 10.98ab 0.52bc
ab
24hrs hydro priming 0.93 892ab NaNO3 5% 20.97 ab
10.40 ab
0.52bc
ab
Gibberellin 5mg/L 0.83 1385cd a a
b NaNO3 15% 16.46 8.75 0.54c
Gibberellin 10mg/L 0.97 1088bcd
Gibberellin 15mg/L 0.93 b
1522d Control 14.43a 7.60a 0.53bc
NaNO3 0.5% 0.90 b
988abc CV 26.2 21.4 14
NaNO3 5% 0.83ab 978abc LSD 10.73 4.06 0.12
NaNO3 15% 0.83ab 847ab Grand Mean 23.6 10.93 0.49
a
Control 0.53 583a SEM 3.58 1.35 0.04
CV 21.6 24 F test 0.001 0.014 0.043
LSD 0.31 422.2 NOTE: Fisher's LSD (Least Significant Difference) test is used to
Grand Mean 0.83 1018 differentiate treatment means at the 5% probability level. Mean followed
SEM 0.1 140.8 by the same letter(s) within a column are non-significantly different among
F test 0.188 0.008 each other.". ", ** represent significance at confidence level greater than
NOTE: Fisher's LSD (Least Significant Difference) test is used to 5%, and 1% respectively.
differentiate treatment means at the 5% probability level. Means followed
by the same letter(s) within a column are non-significantly different among Conclusion
each other. ‘*’ represent significance at confidence level 5%. From the results of the present study, it may be stated that
Plumule, Radical Length, and Radicle to Plumule seed priming through various treatments can significantly
Length boost seed germination of rice. This enhancement is likely
The analysis of variance showed that Plumule length, due to the acceleration of biochemical processes and
Radicle length, and ratio of both have depicted significant enzymatic activities facilitated by these chemicals. For
results. Regarding the Plumule length, seed primed with germination percentage, germination index and germination
energy, best results were obtained from Gibberellin 10
This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org & http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT 191
A. Dhami et al. (2024) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(4): 187-193.
mg/L, while for vigor index, root length, and shoot length Basnet M, Shakya SM, Shrestha SM and Mishra K (2018) Effect
best result was obtained from Gibberellin 15 mg/L. The of nitrogen and off season bulb size on onion seed
result showed that Gibberellin 10 mg/L, Gibberellin 15 production. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and
Animal Science. DOI: 10.3126/jiaas.v33i0.20681
mg/L, and NaNO3 (15%) were comparatively effective and
produced positive outcomes for measured variables Bourgne S, Job C and Job D (2000) Sugarbeet seed priming:
compared with those of control and 12hrs of hydro priming Solubilization of the basic subunit of 11-S globulin in
treatment. Gibberellin priming is recommended as a individual seeds. Seed Science Research 10(2), 153–161.
successful approach for enhancing and hastening seed DOI: 10.1017/s0960258500000167
germination and improving crop stand in the Rato basmati Ekeruo G (2023) Effects of Osmo-priming Duration on Rice
variety. More experiments are needed, however, to gain a (Oryza sativa L.) Seed Germination and Seedling
better understanding of priming-induced mechanisms and Parameters. Journal of Experimental and Molecular
corroborate these findings. Biology 25(September 2023), 1–9. DOI: 10.47743/jemb-
2024-90
Authors’ Contribution Fallah S, Malekzadeh S and Pessarakli M (2018) Seed priming
M. Karki and K. Kshetri conceptualized the research plan. improves seedling emergence and reduces oxidative stress
The experimental work was carried out by A. Dhami, A.K. in Nigella sativa under soil moisture stress. Journal of
Limbu, M. Karki, K. Kshetri, and K. Subedi, with data Plant Nutrition 41(1). DOI:
collection managed by M. Karki, K. Kshetri, and K. Subedi. 10.1080/01904167.2017.1381719
A. Dhami performed the data analysis, and the manuscript Fourati H, and Ahmed B (2024) Effect of priming on germination
was drafted collaboratively by A. Dhami and A.K. Limbu. of sixth wheat varieties (Triticum durum Desf.). DOI:
M. Karki and A. Gaire reviewed and finalized the 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3936293/v1
manuscript. All authors approved the final version.
Gadal N, Shrestha J, Poudel MN and Pokharel B (2019) A review
Conflict of Interest on production status and growing environments of rice in
Nepal and in the world. Archives of Agriculture and
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
Environmental Science 4(1): 83–87. DOI:
regarding the publication of this paper.
10.26832/24566632.2019.0401013
Acknowledgement Gairhe S and Yadaw RB (2020) Status of Rice after NARC
The author would like to thank the Assistant Professor of establishment in Nepal. February. DOI:
Rampur campus Mr. Achyut Gaire for continuously guiding 10.13140/RG.2.2.16756.30080
us and supervising us during the whole research period. The Ghiyasi M, Seyahjani AA, Tajbakhsh M, Amirnia R, and
authors are also grateful to the College administration for Salehzadeh H (2008) Effect of osmopriming with
providing the lab and all required materials used for the polyethylene glycol (8000) on germination and seedling
research. growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under salt
stress. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(10).
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