ART APPRECIATION MUSIC- Greek word mousa , which means

#1 HUMANITIES muse and the Latin word musa , which

• comes from the Latin words humanus and denotes the goddess of music ,to represent
humanitas meaning humans, the field of a song or poetry.
humanities provides human being LANGUAGE- latin word lingua , which
oppurtunity to think critically and means tongue, language provides
creatively, in order to understand the avenues for better communication using
values and cultures of the world and to the art of speaking and listening.
bring clarity to the future. LITERATURE- Latin word littera or
• They encourage creativity that lets us litterature, which means letter or
develop innovative thinking models. knowledge of books .
• expand our knowledge of human ART
cultures and help us understand what • The word “art” is derived from arti, which
binds us together and what denotes craftmanship, skill, mastery of
differentiates us from one another. form, inventiveness.
VITRUVIAN MAN • Art serves as a technical and creative
record of human needs and
achievements.
NATURE OF ARTS

• The study of humanities may also be

attributed to the symmetry and balance
discussed by the art piece known as the
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci.
• This image demonstrates the blend of
mathematics and art during the
Renaissance and demonstrates
Leonardo's deep understanding of
proportions.
FIELD OF HUMANITIES
ART- it is a human activity in creating visual,
auditory or performing artifacts (artworks),
expressing the author's imaginative,
conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended
to be appreciated for their beauty or
emotional power.
PHILOSOPHY- derived from the Greek
words philos or philein ,which means love
and sophia , means wisdom.
HISTORY- derived from the Latin
word historia , means record the events
from the past.
RELIGION- derived from the Latin word
religare or religio, means to bind.
THE FORMS OF ARTS DIFFERENTIATED THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS
FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS (THE NEED PLATO
FOR LIFE TO BE BETTER) • known for his Dialogues together with
• Architecture Socrates.
• weaving • an artist's work is nothing but a copy
• furniture-making (mimesis) of the original object that is to
be found in the world of ideas and forms.
2 THEORIES OF ART
1. ART IS IMITATION
2. ART IS DANGEROUS
ARISTOTLE
• art back to the love of imitation and
recognizing likenesses which
characterizes humans.
• for him, art was not mere copying. As a
realization in the external form of a true
NON- FUNCTIONAL ART FORMS ( THE idea.
NEED TO EXPRESS AESTHETICS AND IMMANUEL KANT
BEAUTY) • Kant set art free from content, subject
• painting, matter, the client’s wishes, the
• sculpture community’s desires and the needs of
• literature religion.
• music • Beauty results in pleasure if there is order,
• dance and harmony and symmetry
• theater ARTIST AND ARTISANS
ARTIST- it is a person engaged in an activity
related to creating art, practicing the arts, or
demonstrating an art.
ARTISAN- a skilled craft worker who makes
or creates things by hand that may be
functional or strictly decorative.

ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY
• Philosophy is a field of discipline which
has attempted to explain almost all
aspects of human existence.
• Philosophy is the study of general and
fundamental questions about existence,
knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
language.
PHILOSOPHY AND ARTS RELATED
ART FORMS
• Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the
• Architecture. Architecture is an art form
study of beauty and taste, concerned with
that reflects how we present ourselves
the nature of art and used as a basis for
across the earth’s landscape, and, like
interpreting and evaluating individual works
other expressive mediums, it changes with
of art. It is a branch of philosophy that deals
styles, technologies and cultural
with the nature of beauty and taste, as
adaptations.
well as the philosophy of art.
• Sculpture. an artistic form in which hard or
plastic materials are worked into three-
 dimensional art objects. Materials may be
carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought,
welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise
shaped and combined.
• Paintings. Is the application of pigments to
a support surface that establishes an
image, design or decoration. In art the term
“painting” describes both the act and the
result. Most painting is created with
pigment in liquid form and applied with a
brush.
• Dance. Is the movement of the body in a
rhythmic way, usually to music and within a
given space, for the purpose of expressing
an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or
simply taking delight in the movement itself.
• Music. include common elements such as
pitch (which 19 governs melody and
harmony), rhythm (and its associated
concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), ARTIST'S INSPIRATION :
dynamics (loudness and softness), and the 1. Nature- refers to the phenomena of the
sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which physical world, and also to life in general. ” It
are sometimes termed the "color" of a is considered the most commonly used
musical sound). source of art.
• Theatre or theater. is a collaborative form 2. People- considered the most interesting
of performing art that uses live performers, subject of an artwork which may be real or
typically actors or actresses, to present the imagined.
experience of a real or imagined event 3. History- It is the depiction of factual
before a live audience in a specific place, events that occurred in the past whose
often a stage. purpose is either to remember important
• Literature. is any body or collection of events of long ago or to teach the learners
written work. It is classified according to about the lessons of the past.
whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and 4. Legends- based on legends present to
whether it is poetry or prose. viewers of the art something tangible even
#2 SUBJECT AND CONTENT when unverified. Art brings life to these
Subject- is the main focus object in the work stories.
of art, whereas the content is the overall 5. Religion- Religion has played an
meaning of the piece. enormous role in inspiring works of visual
Content- is the message given by the piece arts, music, architecture and literature
of art. It involves the subject, the techniques through ages.
used to make the piece, the colors used, and 6. Mythology- These are sources of subjects
anything that was used by the artist to make that come from the stories of gods and
a statement and give a message. goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse
2 KINDS OF SUBJECT and Egyptians.
Representational art or Objective art 7. Dreams and Fantasy- The wonder of the
• aims to represent actual objects or subjects unconscious is what is being expressed by
from reality art works under this subject source.
Non-representational or Non-objective art 8. Technology- The modernity of the present
• highly subjective and can be difficult to is also an inspiration being used by artists as
define, abstract ; does not represent real a source of subject.
objects.
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE OBJECT Elongation- is when
1. Naturalism the art subject is
• refers to the depiction of realistic objects lengthened, protracted
in a natural setting or extended.
• a true-to-life style which involves the
representation or depiction of nature
(including people) with the least possible
distortion or interpretation.

Mangling- Artists show

the subject as cut,
lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated
blows.

Cubism - is the
2. Realism presentation of
• in the arts is generally the attempt to abstract figures
represent subject matter truthfully, without through the use of a
artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction cone, cylinder, sphere,
and supernatural elements. triangle, square, cube
and circle in place.

Symbolism- is the use

of a visible sign of an
idea to convey to the
viewers, readers or
audiences the message
of his work.

3. Abstraction
• finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of the artist) and Fauvism- the
‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as for the name applied to
viewer). the work produced
• It is the capability of the artist to use their by a group of
imagination to look beyond what we can artists (which
physically see and translate intangible included Henri
emotions onto the canvas. Matisse and André
FORMS OF ABSTRACTION Derain)
Distortion- is the Dadaism- a protest
alteration of the original movement in the art
shape (or other that is playful and
characteristic) of experimental. “Dada ”
something. means a “hobby horse
”. Dadaism is most
often nonsensical.
 • The Technique
The technique of the artwork shows the level
of familiarity with the medium being
manipulated.
• Curation
Derived from the word “curare” which means
to take care. It is a process that involves
Futurism- developed in Italy about the same managing, overseeing and assembling or
time as cubism appeared in France. Futurist putting together a presentation or exhibit for
painters wanted their works to capture the some type of artistic collection.
mechanical energy of modern life. The Different Media of the Visual Art
I. Graphic or Two-Dimentional Arts
A. Drawing
The fundamental skill needed in the visual
arts.
Pencil- made of graphite which comes in
different hardness from soft to hard or
thickness from thick to needle-like.
Shading Techniques
• Hatching
A series of thin parallel lines that run in the
same direction.

Surrealism- It emphasizes the activities of

the subconscious state of the mind.
• This method mirrors the evils of the present
society. Surrealism means super realism,
influenced by Freudian psychology. • Cross-Hatching
A series of thin parallel lines and criss-
crossing it with another set of tin parallel
lines.

Expressionism • Stippling
• Features art works describing pathos,
morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was
introduced in Germany from 1900 – 1910. Uses the sharp point
• Expressionists believe that man needs of the pencil to make
spiritual rebirth for him to correct defects that dot patterns in some
ruin the society. parts of the drawing.
#3 THE ART & HIS MEDIUM
The Process of Art Production • Blending
• Medium May be accomplished by using the finger or a
When an artist is ready to express himself in paper stump to gradually change the tone
art and to give shape to his vision, his first from dark to light
thought would be on what medium to use.
2. Ink B.Painting
made of graphite which comes in different it is the process of applying paint onto a
hardness from soft to hard or thickness from smooth surface (ground/support) like paper,
thick to needle-like. cloth, canvas, wood or plaster.
3. Pastel • a.Pigment- part of the paint that gives color
This is composed of dry pigment held • b. Different Media for Painting:
together by a gum binder and compressed 1. Watercolor
into sticks. pigments are mixed with water and applied to
3 Kinds of Pastel paper.
✔ Soft Pastel 2. Gouache
✔ Hard Pastel the pigment has been mixed with water and
✔ Oil Pastel added with a chalk-like material to give it an
opaque effect.
Pastel Techniques
3. Oil Paints
Stippling- Using pastel of different colors to
pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is
produce small marks, thus, creating a
a dense painting medium and gives rich,
pattern.
beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish
Feathering- Using the point of the pastel to
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.
make parallel strokes creating a feather-like
4. Tempera
effect.
pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes
Scumbling- It is like layering but using
with the white) as binder.
pastel.
5. Fresco
Impasto- The technique of thickly applying
pigment is mixed with water and applied on a
the pastel by pressing it hard on the paper
portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used
creating an opaque effect.
for mural paintings.
Sgraffito- Technique that applies a thick
6. Acrylic
deposit of pastel on the support then using a
modern medium with synthetic paint using
blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the
acrylic emulsion as binder.
underlying color
• c.Mosaic
4. Charcoal- An organic medium that comes
wall or floor decorations made of small tiles
from burnt wood.
or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or
2 Kinds of Charcoal
glass
Compressed Charcoal- The vine charcoal
• d. Collage
which comes in thin sticks that is easy to
derived from a French word “coller” which
blend and erase.
means to stick. This is a technique of making
Manufactured Charcoal- Made from loose
art by gluing or pasting on firm support
charcoal mixed with a binder and pressed
materials or found objects.
into sticks.
• e. Printmaking
5. Paper- The most common surface used in
Process used for making reproductions of
two-dimensional art
graphic works. Allows for the repeated
3 Types of Paper
transfer of a master image from a printing
✔ Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth plate (matrix) onto a surface.
✔ Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate Printmaking Techniques:
texture.
1. Relief Painting (Raised)
✔ Rough Paper- Has the most texture. The oldest method of printmaking. The
technique involves cutting away certain parts
of the surface and leaving the ‘raised’ part to
produce the image.

I. Graphic or Two-Dimentional Arts

2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed) 3. Kinetic (mobile)
Instead of the surface of the plate for the A sculpture that is capable of movement by
image, the lines of the image are cut or wind, water or other forms of energy.
incised to a metal plate. The Process of Creating Sculptures
A. Subtractive Process
Involves removing or cutting away pieces of
the material to form the figure.
B. Additive Process
The process involves the construction of a
figure by putting together bits of the material
or by welding together metal parts to create
figures.
C. Process of Substitution
This process is also known as casting. This
method involves using a mold to produce a
3D figure in another material.
Different Media of Sculpture
a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and
relatively permanent.
3. Surface Printing (Flat) b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in
Includes all processes in hardness and durability depending on the
which printing is done from kind of tree it came from.
a flat surface. c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile
strength, ductility and malleability.
d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed
with water and poured into mold.
Sculpture e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or
originated from the Latin word “sculpere” clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
which means to carve . It is defined as the art temperature.
or practice of creating three-dimensional f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a
forms or figures. combination of sand and soda lime.
3 Kinds of Sculpture g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from
1. Freestanding organic polymers.
Sculptures which can be viewed from all Architecture Art of designing buildings and
sides. other structures which will serve a definite
2. Relief function.
Sculptures in which the figures project from a Construction Principles
background.
Two Variations of Relief Sculpture:
• Low Relief (bas relief)
• Figures are slightly raised/projected from its
background.
High Relief
• Almost half of the figures project from its
background, more shows are created

a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical

supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal
beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks.
b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of c. Truss - System of triangular forms
separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks assembled to form a rigid framework.
called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
Structures that can be Built from the
Principle of Arch:

d. Cantilever - A structure that makes use of

a beam or slab that extends horizontally into
space beyond.

• Barrel Vault- a succession of

arches.

e. Buttress - A structure that is built as a

support for the wall.
Media of Architecture
Compressive Strength - Refers to those
• Groin Vault- a structure that is formed by materials that can support heavy weights
intersecting arches resulting in four openings. without crumbling or breaking down.
Materials that are used for Creating
Building and Infrastructures:
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored
over other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and its
use for building simple structures in its
natural state.
b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can
be constructed using wood except the
foundations.
c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller
• Dome- Structure with the shape of an structures with less use of material when
inverted cup. compared to stone or wood.
d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water,
with aggregates of sand and gravel.
Literature and the Combined Arts Some Genres of Music:
A. Literature a. Classical Music- European tradition that
Art of combining spoken or written words and covered the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms
their meanings into forms which have artistic such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata
and emotional appeal. were standardized.
Types of Literature b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to the popular culture or is written in such a style.
number and length of lines and stanzas but in c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is
recent years they have become more free- inspired in the tradition of rock and roll.
flowing d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American
b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and communities in the late 19th and early 20th
which uses elaborate figurative language. centuries.
c.Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from e. Blues- Originated from the African
real life. Americans in the deep South of the United
d. Drama- Includes all plays or any written States in the late 19th Century.
works that are meant to be performed. f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that
B. Music evolved from rock and roll and pop music.
defined as the art of combining and g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music
regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce that emerged from the independent music of
compositions that express various ideas and the 1980s and gained popularity in the
feelings. 1990s.
a. Vocal Medium- the oldest and most Dance- is said to be the oldest of the arts. It
popular medium for music is the human is the man’s gestures that express emotions
voice. through rhythmic movements.
Classification of Human Voice Types of Dances
• Soprano- Highest female singing voice. a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk
• Contralto- Female singing voice that is low dances associated with national and/or
and rich in quality. cultural groups.
• Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice. b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that
• Bass- Male singing voice that is low and are generally performed in pairs.
rich in quality. c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of
• Baritone- Male singing voice that is the Medieval era.
between tenor. d. Modern- Sometimes called contemporary
Traditional Instruments of Music or interpretative dances. They represent
String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral rebellion against the classical formalism
sounds. of ballet.
Two kinds are: e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to
• Bowed strings- that produce tones by those dances performed by one dancer or
means of a bow of horse hair a group of dancers.
• Plucked strings- that produce tones by Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama
plucking the strings with a finger or with a Drama -Genre of literature that is intended to
plectrum held in one’s hand. be acted-out or performed on stage in front of
Woodwind Instruments - Create sounds an audience.
blowing into them. Theatre - Combined art that includes music,
Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
mouthpieces and expands into a bell-shaped Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
end. a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic
Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by genre
hitting them. b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never
Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by ending battle between good and evil wherein
means of a keyboard which consist of a good always wins.
series of black and white keys. c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and direction of a straight line thus forming
criticized human behavior to pave the path to angles.
some form of salvation for human actions. Curved lines - are technically curvilinear
e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the lines. Curve lines suggest grace, movement
emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical and flexibility indicative of life and energy
action, exaggerated situations and Lines can possess a variety of
improbable characters. characteristics, depending on shape,
Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and density,rhythm, angularity, and the
People Behind Motion Picture material that have produced them.
Cinema - Series of images that are projected Properties of Color and How Colors
onto a screen to create the illusion of motion. Relate and Light and Shadow
B. Genres of Motion Pictures: Color - The significance of color as an
a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie element of the visual arts cannot be over
theaters. emphasized. People see and perceive the
b. Animated movies- Use images created world as a multitude of colors. Also the
by artists/ animators. materials used by the artists possess
c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with characteristics of color. Color adds beauty
facts, not fiction. and meaning to all forms of art.
d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, Properties of Color
literal or abstract, which do not necessarily Hue - It is the name given to the color, for
form a narrative. example; red, green, violet and blue.
e. Educational Films- Specifically intended • For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE
to facilitate learning at home or classrooms are called primary hues. They are
People Behind a Motion Picture: considered primary because these hues
• Actors- Play the roles of the characters. cannot be produced from combining any
• Producer- handles finances. hues.
• Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas • When two primary hues are mixed in equal
for the screen or adapts interesting amounts, secondary hues are produced.
• Director- Studies the script, plans and These are ORANGE, GREEN and
visualizes how the film should be portrayed VIOLET.
and guides the actors and the production • Mixing equal amounts of the primary and
crew as they carry out the project secondary hues produces intermediate
#4 Elements and Principles of Art hues which are RED ORANGE, BLUE
Line- A line can be defined in several ways: It GREEN and BLUE VIOLET.
is a path made by a moving point; a series of • Combining in equal mixture any two
dots; a prolongation of points or according to secondary hues produces the tertiary hues.
Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk.
Kinds of lines
Straight lines are geometric, impersonal and
differ in the direction that they take. The
straight lines may move from left to right,
start from the top going down, slant or move
up and down forming angles.
Horizontal lines - move from left to right or
vice versa. It is a line that appears to be
laying down.
Vertical Line - start from bottom to top or
vice versa. It is a line that appears to be
standing.
Diagonal lines - are slanting lines. In the
visual art, diagonals suggest two
meanings, a positive and a negative one.
Zigzag lines - Are angular lines that
resulted in abrupt change in the
Value- refers to the lightness or darkness of Color temperature - refers to the relative
a color. The value of any hues can be warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors
changed by adding a neutral such as black or are colors that have YELLOW as its
white. dominant component WHITE cool colors
• Shade - When black is combined with hue. have blue as their dominant component.
• Tint - When white is added with hue.
• Intensity-denotes the brightness or Light and shadow focuses on what is known
dullness of a color. It gives color its as achromatic value. This refers to the
strength.Colors differ in intensity or changes in the amount of reflected light
vividness. which ranges from black to gray to white
Color harmony is one method of and vice versa.
establishing color quality in a composition. Chiaroscuro is the technique of
There are several ways of creating harmony manipulating light and shadow in painting. It's
that an artist can use. a high-contrast lighting technique that uses a
The most common are the following: key light to achieve dark backgrounds with
Monochromatic harmony - When a single starkly lit subjects.
color in the composition is varied in intensity Fernando Amorsolo, also mastered
and value by adding white or black. chiaroscuro, but his focus was more on the
manipulation of light rather than shadow.
Shape and Classification of Shapes
A shape is formed when two ends of a line
meet to enclose an area.
Picture plane - any flat surface onto which
the artwork is created.
Negative shapes - these are between the
shapes that are not occupied by any form.
In painting, these spaces can be as important
as the shapes themselves.
Classification of Shapes:
Natural or organic shapes - those are seen
in nature like the shape of leaves, animals,
Complementary Harmony - results when
mountains, flowers and seashells.
two colors that are opposite each other in the
Abstract shapes - those that have little or no
color wheel are placed side by side.
resemblance to natural objects.
Analogous harmony - results when hues
Non-objective or biomorphic shapes -
that are adjacent or beside each other in the
seldom have reference to recognizable
color wheel is used in a composition
objects, but most often show a similarity to
Color temperature - refers to the relative
some organic or human forms.
warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors
Geometric shapes - these are triangles,
are colors that have YELLOW as its
rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes.
dominant component white cool colors have
Texture, Methods of Creating Space and
blue as their dominant component.
Movement
Texture - refers to the feel or tactile
quality of the surface of an object. It has
to do with the characteristic of the surface,
whether it is rough or smooth, fine or
coarse, polished or dull, plain or irregular.
Visual texture - in such cases where
touching the artwork is not allowed, textured
can be perceived by the eyes.
Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is
created by techniques that add depth and
distance to two-dimensional art. In sculpture
and architecture, however, space is actually Two ways to present motion or movement
present. in their art
Methods of Creating Space ● Actual movement - in art, specifically in
Overlapping planes (interposition) - sculptures results in kinetic art. Actual
create space when an object covers a part of movements may be achieved naturally
another object which is behind it. using wind and water or mechanically
Relative size - objects that appear large/big through some energy source (batteries or
indicate nearness and small-sized objects as electricity).
distant. Aside from creating the illusion of ● Implied movement - results when a variety
space, this can also be interpreted as power of lines are used together, repeated,
and import. change in position, or decreased/increased
Position on the picture plane (relative in size. This gives the impression of
height) - In some paintings, spatial movement in a stationary two dimensional
representation is based upon the position of art.
objects relative to the bottom Kinetic- artwork that incorporates actual
of the frame. movement.
A picture plane can be divided into three Elements of Music
parts; • Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with
• Foreground - the bottom part. uniform recurrence of accented and
• Middle ground - where the horizon is. accented beat
• Background - the topmost part • Melody - is the succession of tones
Color is also used to give the illusion of arranged in such a way as to give it a
distance. Warm colors advance and make musical sense. It may also refer to the
objects look closer while cool colors recede rising and falling of the tune in time.
making objects look farther away. • Harmony - is the sounding of a series of
Perspective - deals with the effect of groups of tones in the same time.
distance on the appearance of objects. It • Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of
enables the viewer to perceive distance and • the tone that is produced by an instrument
to see the position of objects in space. or by the human voice.
Linear perspective - give the perception • Form - is the structure or the framework of
distance by means of converging lines. It has a composition.
to do with the direction of lines and with the Vocal Forms
size of objects. • Opera is a drama set to music complete
Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of with actions, costumes and scenery
haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near • Cantata is a religious story told in music
objects are seen in detail with the full without actions
intensity of color and as objects recede, • Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to
details are lost and objects appear grayer. music which depicts the conflict between
Space in sculpture may be viewed in the Christians and the Muslims.
two ways: Instrumental Forms
• it may be considered a single solid object • Sonata is a long composition for solo
or an assemblage of solids that exhibits instruments (piano, Violin)
space ; • Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra
• or space may be perceived as it enters into Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of
relations with its surroundings－ extending the sound in music indicated by symbols
into it, enveloping it, or relating across it. to regulate the volume of the sound.
Space in architecture is created and • pp pianissimo - very soft
defined by the shape, position, and the • p piano - soft
materials employed by the architect. • mp mezo piano - half soft
• ff fortissimo - very loud
• crescendo - gradually becoming louder
• decrescendo - gradually becoming softer
Music plays an important role in the dance to
which it is closely related.
Movement is how the dancers use their use when conversing with each other. or
bodies to move and create organized when expressing his thoughts and emotions.
patterns. Dancers also use gestures which Theme is what the story means. It is how the
express specific emotions or ideas in sign individual elements are put together to give
language. the story significance and perspective. It
Choreography refers to how the steps and relates something about life that is presented
movements are connected for it to be in its totality. The theme may be directly or
performed in an organized manner. indirectly stated.
• Technique is the skill of the dancer in Elements of Theater
executing the movements. A good dancer The Playwright’s role is to work out the plot
has complete control over the muscles of in terms of the actual actions to be performed
the body thus creating grace and fluidity of and dialogue to be spoken by actors within
movements. the limited facilities of the stage.
• Theme is the content or the main The Performers are the ones who portray
ingredient of the dance. It tells what the the characters in a play.
dance is trying to convey. It has something The Director works with the playwright to
to do with the message of the dance. present which is interpreted and translated
• Design is the planned organization or into dramatic action.
patterns of movement in time and space. Production Design includes the scenery,
Pattern in time, is provided by rhythm to be props, make- up, costumes, lights, music,
executed in space on a stage or dance sound and all other special effects used in a
floor. theater production.
• Costume. The type of dance performed Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture)
and the costumes worn relate closely to the • Acting and the Stars Acting is the art of
customs, beliefs, and environment of the portraying or impersonating a character in
people. Costumes enhance the effect of the the story. A performer during filming should
dance. embody the character he is portraying. The
Elements of Drama actor’s portrayal must be perfect and
• Drama is basically one of the genres of complete.
literature that is written primarily to be • Set and Directors should know the setting
performed. The performance is done by of the story and build artificial sets.
actors on stage before a live audience. • Music and Musical Director. Music is
• Plot is the overall structure of the play. It is indispensable in motion pictures. The
concerned about what the story is all about. musical director is in charge of selecting,
Traditional plots have a beginning, a composing new songs, writing
middle, and an ending. orchestration, preparing background music,
• Exposition is the part that familiarizes the creating musical scores and supervising all
audience with the characters and the recording.
situation they are in. • Color in the movies is an innovation in
• Complication happens in the middle part cinematography. It costs twice as much as
of the play which develops the conflict that the black and white films. Most films are
was started in the exposition. now shown in high definition (HD) color.
• Resolution is also called the anticlimax or • Make-up, Hair and Costume Design.
the part where conditions in the story are These people are responsible for applying
normalized and the situation becomes the specific type of make-up, hairstyle and
stable. costume to the actors before they face the
Setting is the locale and period in which the camera.
story takes place. It includes the scenery, • Sound, Camera and Special Effects
props and costumes used in staging. Technicians. Sound technicians are
Characters are the persons involved in the responsible for making the dialogue clear
story. and music of fine quality.
Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the
characters in the story. It what the characters
Principles of Art • Asymmetrical balance is when the sides
Form refers to how specific elements in the of the composition are different but still
artwork are organized to produce a unified looked balanced.
whole. • Radial balance is achieved when the
Form is further classified into: elements are arranged around a central
• Primary Features. This is how the artwork point. Elements may exhibit similarities as
appears to the viewers. Its physical they spread around the central point.
attributes in terms of medium, color, texture Emphasis is the part of the design that
and size. catches the viewer's attention. The artist will
• Secondary Features. This is how the usually make one area stand out by
primary features of the artwork relate to contrasting it with other areas.
one another. Particularly, this refers to Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes
balance, proportion, unity and harmony that when looking through the work of art. Such
are used to create the whole composition. movement can be implied along lines edges,
Content refers to the message the artist shape, and color within the work of art.
wants to convey through his art. Pattern is the repetition of objects, shapes,
The levels of content are: lines, or symbols all over the space or picture
• Factual is the literal interpretation of the plane.
work, its images, attributes, actions and Proportion is the feeling of unity created
poses. when all parts relate well with each other.
• Conventional level takes into Repetition works with patterns to make the
consideration the basic genres and the work seem active. The repetition of elements
figurative meanings usually indicated by of design creates unity within the artwork.
• familiar signs and symbols and the quality Rhythm is created when one or more
of work. elements of design are used repeatedly to
• Subjective level takes into consideration produce a feeling of organized, continuous,
the effect of form and content on the sometimes flowing movement. To keep
viewers of the art. rhythm exciting and active, variety is
• Context refers to the various important.
circumstances that influence how a work of Variety is the use of several elements of
art was produced and interpreted. design that adds interest in order to hold the
The two types of context are: viewer’s attention and guide the viewer’s eye
• Primary context pertains to the through and around the work of art.
characteristic of the artist, his personality, Unity is the feeling of harmony between and
beliefs, interests and values. among the parts of the work of art, which
• Secondary context pertains to the setting. creates a feeling of completeness in the
The historical period, time in which the composition.
work was produced. Included here are the The Rule of Thirds and the Seven Da
functions served by the art work, its Vincian Principles
religious 85 and philosophical conviction, The Rule of Thirds
socio political and economical undertones, • The surface with two equally spaced
climate and geography. vertical lines and two equally spaced
Principles of Design horizontal lines.
Balance is the distribution of the visual • These lines divide the picture plane into
weight of objects, color, texture and space. nine equal parts with four intersecting
The use of these elements should be points.
balanced to make the viewers see and feel • Based on studies, placing an object in one
design as stable. of the intersecting points results in a
Three types of balance: pleasing composition.
• Symmetrical balance results when the • Balance is achieved by placing another
elements used on one side of the design object at the point opposite the first one.
are similar to those on the other side. The Seven Da Vincian
Principles Leonardo da Vinci was more than
an artist. He was also an architect, scientist,
inventor, anatomist, geologist, historian and NOTES:
writer. Through the centuries, Da Vinci GAMABA_Traditional
influenced various areas in many disciplines. *Weaving
Based on the research conducted by Michael *Artisan
J. Gleb (born 1952), specifically, in his book NATIONAL ARTIST
“How to Think like Leonardo da Vinci” (1998), *Artist and Artisans
da Vinci’s genius was based on 7 principles PRINCIPLES IF DESIGN
which he called the seven da Vincian CHIAROSCURO
Principles. -manipulating light and shadow
7 principles (seven da Vincian Principles) -focus on dark
1. Curiosita is approaching life with a -dominate color: White
heightened level of wonder and continuous Monochromatic
search to know and learn more. -Single color na pwede iadd white at black
2. Dimostrazione is the commitment to test Complementary
knowledge and to persist in this task, which -2 colors na opposite sa color wheel ang ini-
includes experiencing both success and add
failures in undertaking. Analugus
3. Sensazione is experiencing life through results when magkatabing kulay sa color
refinement of the senses. For example, the wheel pinag add
eyes should do more than see, it should be Kinds of Lines
able to distinguish between the beauty of Straight Line- Start to top to bottom
various colors, note minute details and savor Horizontal - Left to right
the physicality of everything the world has to -Laying Down
offer. Vertical - bottom to top
4. Sfumato literally translates to “going up in - Standing
smoke”. It is accepting life’s paradoxes and -Straight
uncertainties. It is knowing and realizing that Diagonal- Slanting Lines
not everything is cause and effect and that + - Action and movement
events happen that even logic can explain. - - Uncertainty, stress, defeat
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a balance between Zigzag- Angular resulted to abrupt change
art and science or logic and imagination. This - portrays Tension, conflict, Chaos,
relates to the concept of a whole brain violence
thinking (not just the left and right brain). Curved Lines/Linear
6. Corporalita is taking care of one’s body. -Suggest grace
Ensuring that healthy habits are practiced -Life and energy
and sustained. A sound mind is usually the - wavy line shows fluidity
product of a sound body and vice versa. Shade - Black combine to color / hue
7. Connessione is realizing that all things Tint - white cinombine sa color
are interconnected. It is discovering patterns ELEMENTS COMES FIRST THAN
in the way things work and how things and PRINCIPLES
lives work out. Interconnectedness is seeing
how events in the past led to the present AN ARTWORK STARTS WITH A LINE
state of affairs. A closer study of history
would make one realize how events in the
past explains the present.