Development of Water
Resources
By
AATIKA BATOOL
Natural Resources
Non-Renewable Renewable
Fossil Fuels,
Minerals Continuous Sustainable e.g
remain of
(metallic & water, wind Vegetation, soil,
animals or
non-metallic waves, Sunlight Landscape
plants
Hydrological Cycle
The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It
is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into
water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and
snow.
Importance of River to Pakistan
Rivers of Pakistan
Eastern Rivers of Indus Western Rivers of Indus
Mean Monthly Discharge of Rivers
Indus : Highest Ravi: Lowest
Uses of Water
Agricultural uses, Domestic Uses and Industrial uses
Why we need Irrigation?
► Pakistan is Arid or Semi-Arid
► Aridity increases from North – South
► Annual rainfall is low (below 250mm)
► Spells of high temperatures
► Higher rate of evapo-transpiration
► Less than 10 rainy days in south
► Only Monsoon winds bring rainfall
► Variable in timing and distribution
► Heavy rainfall drains out leaving no impact on land
► Long and frequent dry spells
Ineffectiveness of Rainfall
Canal Irrigation in Pakistan
Canal Irrigation
Perennial
Canals
Tankers Tubewells
Modern
Irrigation
Systems
Drip
Sprinklers
Irrigation
Persian
wheels
Shaduf Charsa
Conventional
Irrigation
Methods
Tank Inundation
Irrigation Canals
Karez
Irrigation
Limited Area
Irrigation
Difficult to build,
Less Water
maintain and use
availability
e.g; Karez
Disadvantages
of
Conventional
Methods
Manual Labour Inundation
and Draft power Canals flow in
needed Rainy Season
only
Time
Consuming
Dams and Barrages in Pakistan
Dam Vs Barrage
Similarities:- Differences:-
Both are used for: • Barrages are wider than dams
• Flood control • Dams are higher then
Barrages
• Recreation
• No electricity is produced
• Irrigation through Barrages as they are
• Fishing built on flat land while small
or large dams produce
electricity as they are built on
slopes
Indus Water Treaty
► Signed by Pakistan and India in 1960
• It is between Pakistan and India with the help
of World Bank on water distribution of different
rivers
• Pakistan was given three rivers (Indus, Chenab
and Jhelum), while India uses water of the three
eastern rivers (Beas, Sutlej and Ravi)
• New Zealand, Canada, Australia, UK and India
provided financial assistance to Pakistan for the
construction of barrages and link canals
Why was Indus Water Treaty
•
Needed?
Punjab was partitioned in 1947
• The head works of many rivers of Pakistan were in India
e.g. of Ravi at Madhupur/ of Sutlej at Ferozpur
• Pakistan needed water because:
• Insufficient rainfall and • Unreliable rainfall
• Increasing population • Threat of shortage of food
• India stopped water of these rivers in 1948, this
threatened Pakistan’s agro based economy
• Pakistan had to purchase water from India
► A permanent solution was essential to save Pakistan from
Indian exploitation
Link Canals of Pakistan
Siltation in Water Reservoirs
• Soil erosion from
• Accumulation • Large-Scale
Northern Mountains
causes canal Afforestation at
• Deforestation blockage foothills of
• Steep slopes in river • Weakens dam Himalayas
path increases foundation • Concrete
erosion and embankments of
• Reduces dam water
Control
Causes
eventually Siltation
Effects
capacity canals
• Reduces • Silt traps before
agricultural yield reservoirs
• Less HEP • Increasing dam
generation height
• Flooding in plains • Operating at lower
level during floods to
avoid silt
Future Prospects of Irrigation
Land Reclamation
► Land Reclamation An important way to increase our land supply
“To recover land that has lost its productivity and to make it usable
again”
► Land reclamation is also (commonly) used to refer to creating dry land from
an area covered by water (sea, lake, swamp)
Why do we need to reclaim
land?
► Land may be damaged due to natural hazards eg. Fires
► Human activities can also damage the land eg. Poor farming methods.
► Cases of waterlogged land eg. Swamps and marshes
► Problem of land scarcity, where it may be difficult to find new land to
restore or improve.
What are the benefits?
► Increases the availability of arable land
► Expanding the carrying capacity of land
► A feasible solution to the problem of overpopulation
► It allows for further growth of a country’s industries
► Reclaimed land can be used for a multitude of purposes
How to Overcome Waterlogging and
Salinity?
Lining Canals
Canal Closure
Planting Eucalyptus Trees
Installing Tubewells
Surface Drains
Flushing Out of the Salt
Reasons of Water Pollution
Industrial Discharge in Rivers and Streams
Agricultural Dumping
Inadequate Disposal System
Under developed Sewerage System
Oil Seepage from Ships at Karachi Ports
Excess use of Chemical Fertilizers
Management of Water
Resources
► De-siltation of Canals regularly
► Just distribution of water among the provinces
► Implementation of Water Accord of 1991
► Drought Management
► Increased efficiency of IRSA (Indus River System Authority)
► Construction of dams on emergency basis
Management of Water
Resources
► National priorities to maximize the agricultural
yield
► To launch small dam projects to store excess
water of monsoon
► Concrete canal lining to avoid seepage
► Rivers and lakes should not be used as dumping
sites
► To switch over to natural fertilizers
► To launch education and information program
Thank You
