Chapter 2: DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES [GCE ‘O’LEVELS]

RESOURCES:
1. Human source of getting life necessities.
2. Economic, social needs of life
3. Two types of resources: → Renewable and → non renewable resources.
RENEWABLE: 1. Energies that can be reused.
2. They can be refined to use them over again.
3. Water, sunlight, wind power, solar are the examples.
NON RENEWABLE: 1. they are present in scarcity
2. Occurs in limited value.
3. Cannot be reused.
HYDROCYCLE:
1. Cycle of water going to skies and coming back to earth again.
2. Water is received to human by 2 means. → Lake/river →by rain.
USAGES of WATER:
1. Utilized by earth surface.
2. Vaporized to skies.
3. Used by plant and trees.
4. Stored by human for future usage.
EVAPORATION:
1. Process of water returning to skies.
2. The water cools again and forms water.
3. Rain occurs by process of condensation.
COUNTRY RESOURCES:
1. In Pakistan rain is infrequent.
2. Irregular rainfall with infrequent amount.
3. Therefore cannot rely on rainfall.
4. Not enough for population.
MAIN SOURCES PLACES FOR WATER IN PAKISTAN:
1. River are the main sources for water.
2. Two main river systems are: → Indus river → rivers of Baluchistan.
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM:
1. One of the largest river in Pakistan with great amount of area.
2. Originate from hindu kush and karakoram glaciers.
3. During mid level it travels from kalabagh and then enters Punjab.
4. Flows into Arabian sea.
5. Covers one million sq kilometers.
6. Provides irrigation to 60%.
INDUS TRIBUTARIES [EASTERN]:
1. 4 main tributaries of Indus. →jhelum →chenab →ravi →sutlej
2. As the melting of snow increases in summer season, volume of water in them increases.
3. Highest volume and discharge level in june and july.
4. Dams and barrages are built on them to regulate water supplies.
5. To provide water when shortage occurs.
6. They are built because to provide water when shortage occurs.
7. And to avoid flooding.
INDUS TRIBUTARIES [WESTERN]:
1. All are small and contains less amount of flow and volume of water.
2. Most significant is river Kabul and Swat.
3. Tochi, Gomal and Kurram are rivers containing very less amount of water.
4. During summer, some amount of volume increases.
BALUCHISTAN RIVERS:
1. Central position Quetta had vital significant pattern of Baluchistan.
2. Zhob, khander, kalachi drains into Indus.
3. Loralai, chakar, bolan and mula are absorbed in kachi sibbi.
4. Hab, poralai, hingol and mushkai drains into Arabian sea.
5. Other hamuns also available and has less water for irrigation.
OTHER WATER SYSTEM:
1. Obtained by means of earth resources.
2. Two main irrigation system are → tube well and →dams and barrages →karez
3. The amount of water level or called water table differs in different areas.
4. Used in most part of Baluchistan where water and rainfall is less.
IRRIGATION:
1. The alternative way of supplying water
2. To supply water when there is shortage.
3. 78% of area is under irrigation.
REASON FOR IRRIGATION:
1. Many areas have arid and semi arid conditions.
2. Rainfall is ineffective.
3. Scanty rainfall in Sindh and Baluchistan.
4. Monsoon are most rainy season.
5. But again varies in amount.
6. After this season there comes long dry spell.
MODERN TYPE OF IRRIGATION:
1. Tube well: →operated by pumps which are run by diesel engines.
→ obtain waters from 92 meters deep down the ground.
→ very usefull but expensive. →make use of petrol which is expensive.
2. Dams: →september 1960 treaty was signed with India.
→pakistan would have full control over Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. →till 1973, Pakistan was asked to built 2dams
and 4barrages and 8link canals.
→two largest dams of Pakistan are 1. Mangla. 2. Tarbela.
MANGLA:
1. Located on Jhelum.
2. One of the longest 3100m at crest.
3. Controls overflow of river during flood time,
4. Generates electricity by HEP sources.
5. Developed as tourist centres.
TARBELA:
1. Located at Tarbella.
2. 30km from attock town.
3. During himalyas foothills and entrance of potwar plateau it comes under Tarbela.
4. 143m high and area of 243 km sq.
volume storage is = 119billion m cube.
OTHER DAMS ARE:
1. Warsak→ river Kabul.
2. Khurram → river khurram.
3. Rawal→ Islamabad, at river kurrang.
4. Khanpur→ Hazara, river Haro.
5. Nari Bolan → Quetta, river Bolan.
BARRAGES:
1. A flood control program.
2. No electricity generators.
3. Less height then dams and cheap to construct.
4. Location could be flat surface and can be built in cities.
5. No requirement of mountainous areas.
BARRAGES and LOCATIONS:
1. Marala → Chenab
2. Rasul→ Jhelum.
3. Sukker, Chashma, Jinnah, Kotri→Indus.
SILTATION IN RESERVOIRS:
1. One of the major problem.
2. When river flows, it carries heavy silt.
3. Deposited in Sindh and Punjab.
4. These sand and silts are deposited in reservoirs.
5. Could be removed but by technical means.
6. Also jams the hydro electric plants.
CAUSES:
1. Deforestation
2. Eroded material and polluted.
3. Stuff bought down and deposited.
DISADVANTAGE:
1. Weakens the foundation of dams.
2. Blocks flow of water and disturb the gates of dams.
3. Reduces the capacity of water and hydroelectric power plants got jammed.
CONTROL:
1. Bigger scale af-forestation.
2. It stops the slipping of stones.
3. Canals should be cemented.
4. Use of filters so as to block siltation before it reaches dams.
WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY:
1. Irrigation benefits everyone.
2. Faced many problem.
3. Water logging is the rise of water table.
4. Through canals water is available round the year
5. Water is absorbed in ground hence water rises.
6. Salinity is the deposition of salt
→water table rises. →water comes on surface. →evaporation occurs. →water vaporizes hence salt is left.
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM:
1. Water logging: →is a major drawback. →makes the land uncultivable →no agriculture. →due to salt present on
surface.
CAN BE SOLVED:
1. LINING CANALS: → lining them with cements →water could not reach the surface.
2. PLANTATION: →planting trees. →roots of trees absorbs water from surface.
3. SURFACE DRAINS: → drain the water and providing way to water from surface.
4. FLUSHING SALTS: →agencies are formed that flushes the salt with water and resumes the land.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

The Document is prohibited for being copied or being reproduced.