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12
TERMINALS
(AIRPORTS AND BUS TERMINAL)
AIRPORT TERMINAL
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
KEY POINTS:
• This building type is subject to constant evolution and change
• Terminals are now more like shopping
• Intermodality between all forms of transport is a critical
consideration
• Safety and security are now key components of terminal and
interchange design
Security
In the case of air travel in particular but also in principle for longdistance
rail and sea travel, the checking of passengers and their possessions
requires the installation and manning of suitable equipment and the
strategic location of the check point in order to both ensure that no
passengers evade or avoid the checking procedure and that the procedure
is carried out in the most efficient manner.
Border controls
Quite apart from security considerations, many terminals occur at
national borders and therefore are the point of entry to or exit from
sovereign areas. Accordingly, customs and immigration controls
need to be conducted.
Large public areas
Places of assembly of large numbers of people require special
consideration of means of escape in case of fire as well as the
normal controls on the standard of building construction.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Other factors to be considered are:
• Aircraft movements: number of arrivals and departures per hour, aircraft sizes,
number of stands for each size or range of sizes, passenger load factors
• Baggage quantities: number of pieces per passenger, by class of travel and
traffic (international/domestic)
• Visitors: number of accompanying visitors with departing and arriving
passengers by class of traffic (international/domestic)
• Employees: number and proportion for airport, airline, concessionaire, control
authorities, etc. and proportion of males and females
• Landside transport: number of passengers visitors and employees arriving by
private vehicles (note ratio of owner-drivers), by public transport (note ratios by
bus, coach, hire car, taxi, train,
etc.)
Type of traffic
• International: international terminals involve customs and
immigration procedures.
• Domestic: domestic terminals do not. They can therefore be simpler buildings.
However, increasing need for passenger and baggage security has caused the grouping
of facilities and channelling of passengers, and has reduced the distinction between
the two types.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
INBOUND CUSTOMS GENERAL SECURITY
CLEARANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Factors for consideration : • planning for security should be a
priority in the design on any
Security : customs officers are transportation facility; designing a
increasingly on the lookout for terminal or other transport-related
narcotics, weapons and explosive building without considering
devices rather than contraband. security could result in costly
retrofits.
Government controls : offices and
search rooms will be required. • it is worth bearing in mind that
one of the most effective ways of
ensuring security is the alertness
Quantities to be assessed : of staff and passengers.
Hourly passenger flows : • one of the most vulnerable areas
include landslide transfers of an airport terminal is the
landside zone where many
Processing rate : allows two hundreds of people are dropped
minutes per passenger off and gather with large items of
searched luggage.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Spatial arrangements for domestic terminal
Aircraft
Pre-departure Lounge
Inspection
Airline Check-in Counters
Check-in (tickets and baggage)
Inspection
Curbside
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Spatial arrangements for domestic terminal
Aircraft
Transit Baggage Claim Section
Passengers
Waiting Area
Inspection
Curbside
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Spatial arrangements for international terminal
Aircraft
Transit Pre-Departure Area
Passengers
Waiting Area
Immigration Check
Airline Check-in
Counters
Check-in (tickets and baggage)
Security Detention
Health Check Quarantine
Curbside
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Spatial arrangements for international terminal
Aircraft
Health Check Quarantine
Transit Passengers
Waiting Area
Immigration Check
Baggage Claim
Section
Customs Check
Curbside
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
General spatial arrangements
Building Concepts and Typical Design Solutions for
Passenger Terminals:
The following are some the historic techniques that have been
utilized in the development of passenger terminals:
1. Simple Concept = CONSOLIDATED PASSENGER
Linear Concept Terminal Design
2. Pier Concept = FINGER PASSENGER Terminal
Satellite Concept = SATELLITE PASSENGER Terminal Design
3. Transporter Concept = MOBILE LOUNGE Terminal Design
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE SIMPLE TERMINAL CONCEPT
This concept consists of a single common waiting and ticketing area with exits
leading to the aircraft parking apron, adaptable to airports with low airline activity,
with apron capacity of three to six commercial transport aircrafts; normally
consists of a single storey structure with two to four gates where access to the
aircraft is via a walk across the apron. This concept can consider possibility of
expansion using linear or pier concepts.
THE LINEAR TERMINAL CONCEPT
In this concept, aircraft are
parked along the face of the
terminal building.
Concourses connect the various
terminal functions with the
aircraft positions.
It offers ease of access and
relatively short walking
distances if passengers are
delivered to a point near gate
departure by vehicular
circulation systems.
Expansion may be accomplished by linear extension of an existing structure or
by developing two or more linear terminal units with connectors .
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE CONSOLIDATED PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN
The CONSOLIDATED PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN CONCEPT uses
the technique that strings several airlines to a consolidated single
structure. This structure initially provides a simple transfer stage for
ground vehicles and air vehicles.
The epitome of this type of terminal which is considered the most
efficient in operation would be a simple airstrip with no more that a few
aircraft positions and occasional aircraft scheduled.
The effective use of the CONSOLIDATED TERMINAL can best be measured
by convenience to passengers and efficiency of operation for the airline.
Major terminal complexes invariably are multiples of this small,
consolidated group.
AIRCRAFT
Airlines A B & C
TERMINAL BUILDING
CURBSIDE
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE PIER TERMINAL CONCEPT
In this concept, the aircraft are
usually arranged around the axis
of the pier in a parallel or
perpendicular fashion.
Each pier has a row of gates on
both sides, passenger right-of-
way runs along the pier axis for
both enplaning and deplaning
passengers.
TERMINAL BUILDING
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE SATELLITE TERMINAL CONCEPT
This concept shows a building
surrounded by aircraft, which is
separate from the terminal
building, and is usually reached
by means of surface,
underground or above-ground
connectors.
The aircraft are normally parked
in radial or parallel patterns
around the satellite which can
have common or separate
departure lounges.
TERMINAL BUILDING
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE CONSOLIDATED FINGER and SATELLITE PASSENGER
TERMINAL DESIGN
These two illustrations show the evolution of a finger terminal and a
satellite terminal arrangement as an expansion of the concept of the
Consolidated Terminal.
CONSOLIDATED FINGER CONSOLIDATED SATELLITE
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE DECENTRALIZED FINGER and SATELLITE
PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN
These next two illustrations show that decentralization
offers the possibility of lessening the constraint for the
individual airlines and allowing each airline to operate within its
own building, but it also causes difficulties to the public in
terms of rapid communications for the proper selection of a
desired location.
Airline A Airline B Airline C Airline A Airline B Airline C
DECENTRALIZED FINGER DECENTRALIZED SATELLITE
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE DECENTRALIZED FINGER and SATELLITE
PASSENGER TERMINAL DESIGN
The decentralization causes further problems of interline
transfers. While it also permits some advantages of more aircraft
apron space, it does involve great demands upon ground vehicle
transportation, problems which may possibly be solved by the
use of a rapid transit system.
Airline A Airline B Airline C Airline A Airline B Airline C
DECENTRALIZED FINGER DECENTRALIZED SATELLITE
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE AIRLINE REQUIREMENTS
It is important to carefully ascertain from the individual carriers their specific
needs. This information should be correlated to the year of operations, the
anticipated level of passenger and cargo, operational growth, the potential of
changing route structure, and an initial and future projected flight schedule, Table
1 lists the basic data information that is required from the airlines. There are
many additional technical information items which are not listed here, but the
designer will determine these by inference .
Each airline demands a distinctive visual character that will make it readily
identifiable to the public. All too frequently the architect tends to dismiss this
requirement. The careful integration of individual airline identification in a total
building design will assist the passenger. An airline will retain many professional
consultants in attempting to carry a corporate image system-wide, and it will
spend considerable sums of money in order to achieve this.
THE AIRCRAFT PARKING SYSTEMS
The general technique of placement of aircraft on the aircraft apron greatly
affects the apron area as well as the passenger loading system and this is
divided into two categories:
push-out operations and power-out operations
a. Power-out operations involve special design requirements for blast
protection on the wall surfaces of terminal buildings and they require
greater apron area. The advantage of this method of operation is that
fewer ground personnel and equipment are required.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
THE AIRLINE REQUIREMENTS
b. The push-out operation requires the use of expensive tractors and
personnel to move the aircraft out of its gate position before it powers
away from the terminal area. The push-out operation offers the
advantage of requiring less apron area and less square footage of
terminal building because of a reduced linear length.
PASSENGER LOADING SYSTEMS
Many systems are available for passenger enplaning and deplaning depending
upon the volumes of passengers, the economic considerations, and the general
climatic conditions of the community. Any combination of systems is available
as illustrated below :
a. Single-level loading: From one-storey terminal to aircraft. This is still being
practiced in many small airports today.
b. Two-level loading: From 2nd floor of terminal, passengers walk down a
flight of stairs, walk across the apron to the aircraft. This system makes
room for future use of jetways.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
c. Rotating Jetway: This method employs a jetway that
rotates into position and has the capability of telescoping to
accomplish the interface with aircrafts of different sill
height.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
GATE LOUNGE CONCEPT
The concept and functions of
the gate lounge are basically
standard throughout the airline
industry. The basic functional
requirements are a ticket
counter with all its commu-
nication equipment, a secure or
semi-secure seating area with
sufficient seating capacity to
handle the passengers, flight
identification, last-minute
baggage, and the circulation
pattern which separates the
deplaning passenger from the
enplaning passenger.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS
Transfer to
Aircraft
Short Long Term
Term Hold Hold
Baggage
Staging
Airline Check-in
Counters
Check-in (tickets and baggage)
Security Check
Curbside
Baggage carousel
9150
4570
9150
6100 Moving
13420
Moving 920
conveyor conveyor
6100
Baggage carts
9150
Circular carousal Racetrack
1140 6100
10680
4570
13720
Moving
17680
6100 Static roller
conveyor
6100
section
Powered
roller section
Linear track
Oval carousel
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
AREA CONSIDERATIONS FOR BAGGAGE SYSTEMS
ENPLANING BAGGAGES
As indicated in the flow diagram, baggage may be received from two
possible sources:
• Counter Check-in
This coincides with the usual ticket counter in the main terminal
area. It is customary to provide mechanization from an area directly
in the back of the ticket counter to the central baggage room .
Baggage
Staging
AIRLINE COUNTERS
Check-in (tickets and baggage)
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
ENPLANING BAGGAGES
• Gate Check-in
In small quantities, bags or
suitcases mistakenly
believed by many
passengers as acceptable
for stowage in passenger
cabin of the aircraft, are
received at the gate.
Gates to Aircraft
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
Flow of baggage
Aircraft
Transfer
from Aircraft
Short Term Long Term
Hold Hold
Baggage
Staging
Carousels
A B C D E F G H
CUSTOMS INSPECTION
Curbside
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. SECURITY SYSTEMS
2. MEDICAL AND FIRST AID CENTERS
3. NURSERY ROOMS AND BREASTFEEDING STATIONS
4. CONVENIENT ACCESS SYSTEMS including automated
doors, sufficiently wide escalators, moving sidewalks, and
other similar devices.
5. INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS using glyphs in lieu of bilingual messages.
6. TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION CENTER with
interpreter services.
7. AMENITIES such as:
a. Bank, Money Exchange, Automated Teller
b. Business Center, Internet Centers, Fax Facilities
c. Camera Shop, Photo Developing, Instant Photo shops
d. Car-Rental Agencies
e. Cocktail Lounge
f. Drug Store, Mini-Grocery Store, Newsstand
g. Duty Free Shops
h. Food Shops, Cafeteria, Employee Cafeteria
i. Hotel Information Center
j. Passenger Assistance Counter
k. Rental Lockers Area
l. Rest Rooms with Diaper Changing Facilities
m. Smoking Rooms
n. Souvenir Shops, Gift/Pasalubong Shops, Flower Shops
o. Telephone Booths, Paging Counters
p. Television Lounges
q. Travel Insurance Office
r. VIP Lounge
8. INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM between airlines, operating authority and
police security.
AIRPORT PASSENGER TERMINALS
PARKING CONCEPTS
Most airport parking facilities are developed for its revenue-generating function.
Therefore, attention must be given to the different types of parking and how they
function as well as the amount of parking required based on rate of turn-over .
TYPES OF PARKING:
1. Short-term (metered) Parking
2. Medium-Term (one or two days) Parking
3. Long-term Parking
4. Valet Parking
5. Car-Rental Parking
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Public information systems used to be just an afterthought of the prime airline
information system, with little consideration devoted to the demands of the
public for accurate travel information. Telephone communication between the
interested party and the airline was the only recourse for getting informed
about flight delays or schedules.
Nowadays, the best available media are the giant electronic billboards,
dynamic alpha numeric display boards, and the simplest is the use of computer
monitors dispersed throughout the terminal building, announcing flight
information in real time. Public address systems and CCTV systems are
important for last-minute announcements and most especially for emergency
calls.
BUS TERMINAL
BUS TERMINALS
Definition:
A bus station is an area away from the general flow of road vehicles, which enables
buses and coaches, to set down and pick up passengers in safety and comfort. The
best locations are near shopping centers or other transport terminals.
Factors affecting size of station
Apart from the physical site constraints, station size is governed by
the following:
• Number of bays to be incorporated (the term bay is used in bus stations instead
of bus stop), determined by the number of services operated from the station; and
by how practical it is, related to the timetable, to use each bay for a number of
service routes.
• Vehicle approaches to the bays. The choice of manoeuvre will be influenced by
the size and shape of the available site, the bus operators’ present and anticipated
needs, and in particular the preference of their staff. Some will accept the saw-
tooth arrangement while others prefer the drive-through. The required area of the
site is further increased by the need for lay-over. This is when vehicles are parked
after setting down passengers, but which are not immediately required to collect
more passengers.
BUS TERMINALS
Facilities for passengers
-these will depend entirely upon anticipated intensity of use and existing amenities.
If, for example, there are already public toilets, a bus and coach information centre
and cafe´s nearby, then these will not be required on the station concourse.
However, waiting room facilities may be required with someone on hand to give
information and supervision. In more comprehensive schemes consider:
• Waiting room
• Buffet
• Public toilets
• Kiosks
• Enquiry and booking
• Left luggage
• Lost property.
Baggage handling transport: double container dolly
BUS TERMINALS
Size of different buses
Single-decker bus
Articulated bus
BUS TERMINALS
Design considerations
Rigid 12m vehicle turning through 90
Rigid 12m vehicle turning through 180
BUS TERMINALS
Design considerations
17m articulated vehicle
turning through 180
A lay-by with one bus stop, assuming normal urban speed of
approach. The transition length of 16.2m is the minimum for a
12m rigid vehicle.
BUS TERMINALS
Parking arrangements
a) Shunting, where a vehicle only sets down passengers on the concourse
before moving off to park pick up more passengers. This avoids waiting to
occupy a pre-determined bay, and reduces effective journey time
b) Drive-through bays are fixed positions for setting down and/or collecting
passengers. They are in a line, so a vehicle often has to approach its bay
between two stationary vehicles. In practice it is often necessary to to have
isolated islands for additional bays, with the inevitable conflict
between passenger and vehicle circulation
BUS TERMINALS
Parking arrangements
c ‘Saw-tooth’ layouts have fixed bay positions for setting down and/or collecting
passengers with the profile of the concourse made into an echelon or saw-tooth pattern.
In theory the angle of pitch between the vehicle front and the axis of the concourse can
be anything from 1° to 90°; in practice it lies between 20° and 50°.
Vehicle maneuvers
used in approaching
parking bays
BUS TERMINALS
Parking arrangements
Passenger safety
and control are
particularly
important
when detailing
saw-tooth bays
Coach park for random
arrival and departure of
vehicles. The larger bay size
(4 m) is necessary if coach
parties enter and leave the
coaches in the park
BUS TERMINALS
Parking arrangements
Bus garaging layout
for where the buses
are parked
in a pre-determined
order to get the
maximum number of
buses in the available
space, subject to the
fire officer’s limitations
BUS TERMINALS Pedestrian
crossing
Sample layout
Bus company
offices & passenger
facilities
Main passenger Passenger
concourse island
concourse
To railway station via
new sopping
precinct & pedestrian
bridge
To town shopping
center
Pedestrian crossing
END
