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Java
Java[a] is one of the islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south
Summarize
Java
and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 153.8 million people, Java is the world's
most populous island, home to approximately 54% of the Indonesian population.[2] Chat With
Native name: JawaThis Website
(Indonesian)
Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast. ꦗꦮ (Javanese)
ᮏᮝ (Sundanese)
Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of Jawè (Betawi)
powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch
East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the
1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of
Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National
Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site.

Java was formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate
under the Sunda Plate. It is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in
Indonesia by landmass, at about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including Topography of Java
Madura's 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi)). A chain of volcanic mountains is the
east–west spine of the island.

Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi.
Javanese and Sundanese are the most spoken.[3] The ethnic groups native to the island are
the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. The
Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island, while the Betawi
in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Most
residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first Geography
or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java's population Location Southeast Asia
comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.[4]
Coordinates 7°20′S 109°37′E
Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Archipelago Indonesian Archipelago
Java, and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.
Greater Sunda Islands
Area 132,011.65 km2
Etymology (50,969.98 sq mi)
Area rank 13th
The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named
Highest elevation 3,678 m (12067 ft)
after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and
that prior to Indianization the island had different names.[5] There are other possible Highest point Semeru
sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".[6] And, in Sanskrit yava Administration
means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.[6] "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in Indonesia
India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army, dispatched his men to
Provinces Banten,
Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[7] It was hence referred to in India by the Special Region of Jakarta,
Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text West Java,
Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital Central Java,
called Nagapuram.[8][9][10] Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a Special Region of
Proto-Austronesian root word, meaning "home".[11] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu Yogyakarta,
was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire. East Java
Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called
Largest Jakarta (pop.11,350,328)
Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java[12] and seems to be derived from the
settlement
Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).
Demographics
The annual news of Songshu and Liangshu (5th century CE) referred to Java as 闍婆 (She-pó Population 153,825,205 (mid 2024)
or She-bó), He-ling (640–818), then called it She-po again until the Yuan dynasty (1271–
Pop. density 1,164/km2 (3015/sq mi)
1368), where they began mentioning 爪 哇 (Zhao-Wa or Chao-Wa).[13] According to Ma
Ethnic groups Betawi, Cirebonese,
Huan's book (the Yingya Shenlan), the Chinese called Java Chao-Wa, and the island was
Javanese (inc. Tenggerese,
called She-po in the past.[14] Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi mentioned two notable islands which
Osing, Banyumasan),
separated Arabia and China: One is the 800 farsakh long Al-Rami, which is identified as
Kangeanese, Madurese
Sumatra, and the other is Zabaj (Arabic: ‫الزابج‬, Indonesian: Sabak), 400 farsakh in length,
(inc. Bawean), Sundanese
identified as Java.[15]: 30–31 When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon, he
(inc. Baduy, Bantenese),
stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was
etc.
led by a queen; Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó.[16]: xii, 192–194 Afanasij Nikitin, a
merchant from Tver (in Russia), traveled to India in 1466 and described the land of java, Additional information
which he called шабайте (shabait/šabajte).[17][18] Time zone WIB (UTC+7)

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Geography
Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north, and Christmas
Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the
north, the Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait[19] and Madura Strait
in the east.[20]

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that
have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active.
The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru, 3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The most active volcano in
Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi, 2,930 metres (9,610 ft).[21] In total, Java has more than Mount Bromo sunrise in Malang,
East Java
150 mountains.[22]

Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for
wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[23] Java was the first place where Indonesian coffee was
grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.[24]

The area of Java is about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including Madura's 5,408.45
square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi) and minor offshore islands).[23] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long
and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River.[25] The river
rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in
the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Other major rivers are Brantas, Citarum, Cimanuk and Serayu.

The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The
northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season.
The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.[26] The Parahyangan highland near
wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and Buitenzorg (now Bogor, West Java),
intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.[27] c. 1865–1872

West Java is wetter than East Java, and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The
Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900
millimetres (35 in) annually.

Natural environment
Java is an island with a large amount of biodiversity. The natural environment of Java is tropical
rainforest, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forest on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs
on the southern coast, and low-lying tropical forest to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of
mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from
west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry savanna environment in the
east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.

Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers

of endemic species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the Javan
rhinoceros,[28] Javan banteng, Javan warty pig, Javan silvery gibbon,
Javan lutung, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and Javan leopard. With
over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species including the Javan
green magpie, Javan hawk-eagle, and Javan peafowl, Java is a
Cymbidium dayanum - typical
birdwatcher's paradise.[29] There are about 130 freshwater fish species
orchid in Java in Java.[30] There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java,
including 5 species of tree frogs.[31] Male Javan rhino shot in 1934 in
West Java. Today only small
Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes numbers of Javan rhino survive in
and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed Ujung Kulon; it is the world's rarest
rhino.
for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human
population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to
highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used
to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants, but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the
remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri, Bromo Tengger
Semeru and Alas Purwo.

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History

Homo erectus presence

Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", dating back 1.3 million[32]
years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River.[33]

H. erectus arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first
African exodus.[34] There is evidence that the Java population of H. erectus lived in an ever-wet forest
habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a savannah, but was likely regularly inundated
("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass (Poaceae),
ferns, Ficus, and Indigofera, which are typical of lowland rainforest.[35]
The syntype fossils of Java Man (H.
H. e. soloensis was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by H. erectus,
e. erectus), at Naturalis, Leiden
beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago
at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong.[36] If the date is correct for
Solo Man, then they would represent a terminal population of H. erectus which sheltered in the last
open-habitat refuges of East Asia before the rainforest takeover. Before the immigration of modern
humans, Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia was also home to H. floresiensis endemic to the island of
Flores, Indonesia, and H. luzonensis endemic to the island of Luzon, the Philippines. Genetic analysis
of present-day Southeast Asian populations indicates the widespread dispersal of the Denisovans (a
species currently recognisable only by their genetic signature) across Southeast Asia, whereupon they
interbred with immigrating modern humans 45.7 and 29.8 thousand years ago. A 2021 genomic study
indicates that, aside from the Denisovans, modern humans never interbred with any of these endemic
human species, unless the offspring were unviable or the hybrid lineages have since died out. Cast of Skull XI at the Hall of
Human Origins, Washington, D.C.
Judging by the sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have
been a sizeable population of H. e soloensis before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their
interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not
always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes.[37]

The southern coastline and estuary of the Bengawan Solo River at that time may have been different from what it is today, due to geological
factors such as sedimentation, erosion, and changes in sea level over time. Currently, the estuary of the Bengawan Solo is in the Java Sea,
but in prehistoric times, the river flow and estuary location may have changed. Geological and paleogeographic studies are often used to
understand these changes.

After the arrival of modern humans

The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation,
which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small
kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of
Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.[38] Before the advent of
Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication,
although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas river and Solo river could provide long-
distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system
of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the Mount Sumbing surrounded by rice
mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was fields. Java's volcanic topography
highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population and rich agricultural lands are the
was difficult.[23] fundamental factors in its history.

The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the
arrival of Aji Saka in 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization
on Java, the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical
sources. Valmiki's Ramayana, made around 500 BC, records that Java already had a
governmental organization long before the story:

"Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands,

rich in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the
sky with its peak."[39]: 6 Standing warrior bronze figures, Java, c. 500 BC – 300 AD

The Greek geographer Ptolemy called the island Iabadius or Sabadius (Ancient
Greek: Ιαβαδίου or Σαβαδίου).[40][41] Ptolemy said that the name meant the "Island of Barley" and produced a lot of grain and gold,
adding that its metropolis was Argyre (Ἀργυρῆ)[42] meaning silver in Greek.[43]

According to Chinese record Míng Shǐ, the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began.[44]: 39

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The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old Javanese text. This story tells of
events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in the past. At that time, the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was
replaced by Aji Saka. This story is considered as an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java. Referring to the Liang dynasty information,
the Javanese kingdom was divided into two: the pre-Hinduism kingdom and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in 78 AD.[15]: 5 and 7

Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era

The Taruma kingdom of western Java existed from the 5th to the 7th centuries,[45]: 83 [46]: 19 while the
Heling kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640.[45]: 53, 79 However, the first major principality
was the Mataram Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century.
Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest
Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century, the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain
and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the
9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java.

Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese The 9th century Borobudur Buddhist
kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also stupa in Central Java
pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established
by Wijaya,[45]: 201 and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over
the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah
Mada, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.[45]: 234 Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however,
Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the
coming of Islam to Indonesia, Majapahit went into decline.[45]: 241

Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates

Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and
Banten were ascendant. The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century.
The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in
the 17th century.

Colonial periods
Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda
kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca. After its failure, the Portuguese presence was confined to
Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the
first Dutch contact with Indonesia.[47] By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their
influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia.
Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants
of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed
to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy
by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration. Tea plantation in Java during Dutch
colonial period, in or before 1926
Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-
producing islands like Banda, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means
of subsistence.[48]

During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France, as did its colony in the East
Indies. During the short-lived Daendels administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction
of the Great Post Road was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to
Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British
invasion.[49] In 1811, Java was captured by the British, becoming a possession of the British Empire,
and Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of
John Fendall, Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the Treaty of Paris.[50][51]

In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.[52] In the second half of the 18th century,
population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century
population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of
British Occupation of Java; men of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice
the Bengal Sappers and Miners cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain
burn houses in the village of Bekasi populations that could not afford rice.[53] Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and
as a reprisal for the murder of five
increased expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by
members of the Royal Air Force and
twenty Maharatta riflemen whose
having more children in the hope of increasing their families’ ability to pay tax and buy goods.[54]
Dakota transport aircraft crash- Cholera claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.[55]
landed near the village.
The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph
systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to
famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the

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Japanese occupation in the 1940s.[56]
However, other sources claimed the Dutch's Cultivation system is
linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops
such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

Independence
Indonesian nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century, and the struggle to secure the
country's independence following World War II was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesian
independence was recognized.

Administration Japanese prepare to discuss

surrender terms with British-allied
forces in Java, 1945.
1
Banten
West Java
Central Java
East Java
2
1 Jakarta
2 Yogyakarta

Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions:[20]

Banten, capital: Serang

Special Capital Region of Jakarta, capital: Central Jakarta (de facto)
West Java, capital: Bandung
Central Java, capital: Semarang
Special Region of Yogyakarta, capital: Yogyakarta
East Java, capital: Surabaya, (which province also includes Madura Island)

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Population
Province Population Population Population Population
Area Area estimate
or Special Map Capital census census census density
km2 % mid
Region 2000[57] 2010[58] 2020[59] mid 2023
2023[60]

Serang 9,352.77 7.1 8,098,277 10,632,166 11,904,562 12,307,732 1,316

Banten

Central
Jakarta 660.98 0.5 8,361,079 9,607,787 10,562,088 11,350,328 17,172
(de facto)
Special
Region of
Jakarta

Bandung 37,040.04 27.1 35,724,093 43,053,732 48,274,160 49,860,330 1,346

West Java
Western Java
(3 areas 47,053.79 34.7 52,183,449 63,293,685 70,740,810 73,518,390 1,563
above)

Semarang 33,750.37 25.3 31,223,258 32,382,657 36,516,035 37,608,336 1,114

Central Java

Yogyakarta 3,170.65 2.4 3,121,045 3,457,491 3,668,719 3,736,489 1,178

Yogyakarta
Special
Region
Central Java
Region
36,921.02 27.7 34,344,303 35,840,148 40,184,754 41,344,825 1,120
(2 areas
above)

Surabaya 48,036.84 37.3 34,765,993 37,476,757 40,665,696 41,527,930 865

East Java

Region
Administered Jakarta 132,011.65 100% 121,293,745 136,610,590 151,591,260 156,391,145 1,185
as Java

Madura
Island
(1) – 5,408.45 3.3 3,230,300 3,622,763 4,004,564 4,060,713 751
of
East
Java

Java
Island – 126,603.20 96.7 118,063,445 132,987,827 147,586,696 152,330,432 1,203
(2)

(1) including (all within Sumenep Regency) the neighbouring small archipelagos of the Kangean Islands (648.55 km2), the Sapudi Islands (167.41 km2), Talango Island
(50.278 km2), Masalembu (40.85 km2) and the Giligenteng Islands (30.32 km2).
(2) Other offshore islands are included in this figure, but are comparatively very small in population and area; they include Nusa Barong (100 km2), Bawean (196 km2),
Karimunjawa (78 km2), Nusa Kambangan (121 km2), Panaitan (170 km2), and the Thousand Islands (8.7 km2) – with a combined population of roughly 90,000.

(3) Land area of provinces updated in mid 2023 regency/city annual statistics.

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Demographics

Demographic profile
Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the Historical population
people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and
fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, Year Pop. ±%
1961 63,059,575 —
as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There
1971 76,086,320 +20.7%
is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well
1980 91,269,528 +20.0%
as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More
1990 107,581,306 +17.9%
recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the 2000 121,352,608 +12.8%
economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally 2010 136,610,590 +12.6%
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former 2015 145,013,583 +6.2%
governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama.Java houses the 2020 151,591,262 +4.5%
majority of Indonesia's urban population. Currently, 65% of the 2023 156,391,145 +3.2%
island is urbanized. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Refers to the administrative region
Java however has a younger population than the national average.[64] The slow population growth can (including[61][62][63]
Madura).
Source:
in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better
opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.[65] Java's population continues to rapidly
increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of
Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding
Jakarta and Bandung, which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.

Population development
Java is the most populous major island in the world and is home to 54%
of Indonesia's population, with a combined population of 153.8 million
according to the official estimates as at mid 2024 (including Madura's
4.06 million).[66] At nearly 1,164 people per km2 in 2024, it is also one
of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with
Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with
the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many
coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys
Population density of Java and Madura by subdistrict as of 2022, with surrounding volcanic peaks.
major urban areas shown
The population growth rate more than doubled in economically
depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010,
indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the
population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,[67] while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square
kilometre and accounts for most of the population growth of Java.[66] It is home to three metropolitan areas, Greater Jakarta (with
outlying areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi), Greater Bandung, and Greater Cirebon.

From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran transmigration programs aimed at resettling the
population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts
between the locals and the recently arrived settlers. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively
decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic
Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty.

Ethnicity and culture

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is
comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—
the Javanese and Sundanese. A third group is the Madurese, who inhabit the island of Madura off the
northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century.[68]
The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese
account for 38% and 10% respectively.[68] The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of
Malay, they are the descendants of the people living around Batavia from around the 17th century.
Betawis are creole people, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such
as Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Minang, Bugis, Makassar, Ambonese, mixed with foreign Betawi girl dancers
ethnic groups such as Portuguese, Dutch, Arab, Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia
to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and
Javanese.

The Javanese prose text Tantu Pagelaran (c. 15th century) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.
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Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or Yogyakarta is the Javanese
people heartland and the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands (Sundanese: ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ,
Tatar Sunda) in the western part of Java and Parahyangan as the heartland, the eastern salient of Java
also known as Blambangan. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern
Java.[68] The kejawen of Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy
is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political
elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and
exemplary.[68] The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses
Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.[68] SambaSunda music performance,
featuring traditional Sundanese
In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural music instruments

mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the
Banyumasan culture.[69] In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta,
contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the
region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of
Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows.[70]

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,[71] and as a result, many
literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the
story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and
translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary
Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in
Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

Languages
Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in
The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages Ramayana ballet at Prambanan,
spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing, Banyumasan, and Java
Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Baduy and Bantenese (closely related to Sundanese),
Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese.[72] The vast majority of the population also
speaks Indonesian, often as a second language.[73]

Religion
Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending Languages spoken in Java
(Javanese is shown in white).
with indigenous tradition and culture.[75] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught
"Malay" refers to Betawi, the local
mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs.
dialect as one of Malay creole
Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred dialect.
literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[75] Small Hindu
enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast
nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi.

Religions Total
Islam 151,001,350

Protestant 3,551,176

Roman Catholic 1,677,824

Buddhism 755,560

Hinduism 168,055

Aliran Kepercayaan 21,855

Confucianism 20,303 Religion in Java (2023)[74]

Overall 157,196,123 Islam 96.06 (96.1%)

Protestant 2.26 (2.26%)
[74]
Roman Catholic 1.07
(1.07%)
The coming of Islam, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than
Buddhism 0.48 (0.48%)
98 percent of the Muslims in Java are Sunnis with very minority being Shia and Ahmadis (respectively Hinduism 0.11 (0.11%)
1% and 0.2%), on a broad continuum between abangan (more syncretic) and santri (more orthodox).
Aliran Kepercayaan 0.01
Muslim scholars (Kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no (0.01%)
hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established Confucianism 0.013
an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese pesantren (0.01%)
(Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students around him provided his
needs, even peasants around the school.[75]

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3/6/25, 9:25 AM Java - Wikipedia

A Hindu shrine dedicated to Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Ganjuran Church in Bantul, built
King Siliwangi in Pura monastery near Mendut Yogyakarta, built in traditional in traditional Javanese
Parahyangan Agung temple, Magelang Javanese multi-tiered roof architecture
Jagatkarta, Bogor

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious
leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, belief and practice.[75] The
kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai
leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law,
with those who taught mysticism and those who sought to reform Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division
between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who have mixed pre-Islamic
animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.[75]

There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, primarily among Chinese Indonesian and minority Javanese even some
rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the
Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63
religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and six in East
Java.[75] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify
themselves with one of the official religions.[76] Sunda Wiwitan is a traditional Sundanese religion, its adherents still exist in several
villages.[77]

Economy
Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the Kingdoms
of Sunda, Mataram, and Majapahit were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice
surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth
of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the
4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also took
part in the global trade of Maluku spice from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the
Dutch East India Company (VOC) era.[78]
Water buffalo ploughing rice fields
The VOC set their foothold on Batavia in the 17th century and was succeeded by the Dutch East Indies
near Salatiga, in Central Java
in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial
plants in Java, such as sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. In the 19th and early 20th century,
Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.[79][80][81][82]

Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so
today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since
ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of Java Great Post Road by Daendels
in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of Java
North Coast Road (Indonesian: Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"). The need to
transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the
harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business,
Whoosh high-speed train passing
trade and services flourished in major cities of Java, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and
through Bekasi city
Bandung; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon preserved
its royal legacy and has become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also
growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The toll road
highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major urban centres and surrounding
areas, such as in and around Jakarta and Bandung; also the ones in Cirebon, Semarang and Surabaya. In addition to these motorways,
Java has 16 national highways.

Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat
Statistik), Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion
(int$2.0 trillion, PPP).[83]

Java transport network

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See also
Indonesia portal

Islands portal

History of Indonesia
List of monarchs of Java

Notes

a. /ˈdʒɑːvə, ˈdʒævə/;[1] Indonesian: Jawa, pronounced [ˈdʒawa]; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese: ᮏᮝ

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Bibliography
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean). New Haven and London:
Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.

Further reading
Cribb, Robert (2000). Historical Atlas of Indonesia (https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000crib). London and Honolulu:
RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2111-1.
Padmo, Soegijanto (2000). Java and The Making of The Nation. (https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/11597-java-and-the-makin
g-op-the-nation-2d30d285.pdf) Humaniora Journal, Gadjah Mada University.

External links
Java travel guide from Wikivoyage

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java&oldid=1278588659"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java 12/12