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(/course/docs/26/Class-9) > Science Class 9 (https://edurev.in/courses/598_Science-Class-
9) > Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
Atoms and Molecules Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 3
 Table of contents
 Introduction
 Laws of Chemical Combination
 What is an Atom?
 What is a Molecule?
 Molecules of Compounds
 Writing Chemical Formulae
 Molecular Mass
Introduction
   Atoms and molecules are the building blocks of matter, forming the
   foundation for everything we see and touch in the world around us.
   Understanding these fundamental particles helps us grasp how different
   substances interact and combine to create the diverse materials and
   phenomena we encounter daily
     Maharishi Kanad and Pakudha Katyayama in India suggested that matter can
     be divided into smaller particles called Parmanu.
     Democritus and Leucippus in Greece proposed that matter can be divided until
     it reaches indivisible particles called atoms.
     These ideas were based on philosophical considerations and lacked
   experimental validation until the eighteenth century.
   In the late 18th century, Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical
   sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical combination.
   Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust conducted numerous experiments to establish
   the laws of chemical combinations.
   These laws of chemical combination became crucial in understanding the
   combination and behavior of elements and compounds.
 Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
 Try yourself: Who proposed the idea that matter can be divided into smaller
 particles called Parmanu?
        a. Maharishi Kanad
        b. Democritus
        c. Antoine L. Lavoisier
        d. Joseph L. Proust
                                          View Solution
Laws of Chemical Combination
 Understanding the fundamental principles that govern chemical reactions is
 crucial for grasping the nature of matter. Two key laws—the Law of
 Conservation of Mass and the Law of Constant Proportion—established
 through the pioneering work of Lavoisier and Proust, provide essential
 insights into how substances interact and combine."
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
   Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor
   destroyed in a chemical reaction.
                           Example of Law of conservation of Mass
The Law of Conservation of Mass, established by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust,
addresses the question of mass change during a chemical reaction. An experiment is
conducted using different pairs of chemicals (X and Y), observing the mass before
and after mixing the solutions. The law asserts that mass remains constant in a
chemical reaction—neither created nor destroyed.
  Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
  Try yourself: According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, what happens to
  the mass during a chemical reaction?
         a. The mass increases.
         b. The mass decreases.
         c. The mass remains constant.
         d. The mass is converted into energy.
                                   View Solution
2. Law of Constant Proportion
   The law states that in a chemical substance, the elements are always present in
   de nite proportions by mass.
                       Example of Law of Constant Proportion
For example, water always contains hydrogen and oxygen in the same proportion 1 :
8 by mass, whatever the source of water, from the river, well or rainwater.
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John Dalton's Atomic Theory
   John Dalton's Atomic Theory, emerging as a result of these laws, introduces
   the concept of atoms as the fundamental particles of matter.
                                     John Dalton
Postulates of Atomic Theory
  1. All matter consists of atoms participating in chemical reactions.
  2. Atoms are indivisible and remain unchanged in reactions.
  3. Atoms of the same element are identical in mass and properties.
  4. Atoms of different elements have distinct masses and properties.
  5. Atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds.
  6. The composition of atoms in a compound is constant.
Background on John Dalton
    Born in 1766, Dalton's atomic theory revolutionized the understanding of
    matter.
    His theory explained the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of De nite
    Proportions.
What is an Atom?
  An atom is the de ning structure of an element, which cannot be broken by
  any chemical means.
    Atoms are remarkably small, surpassing easy visualization.
    Stacking millions of atoms results in a layer as thin as a sheet of paper.
Atomic Radius: Measured in nanometers (1/109 meters = 1 nm).
  Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
  Try yourself: Which statement best describes the Law of Constant
  Proportion?
         a. It states that in a chemical substance, elements are always present
            in de nite proportions by volume.
         b. It states that in a chemical substance, elements are always present
            in de nite proportions by mass.
         c. It states that in a chemical substance, elements are always present
            in inde nite proportions by mass.
         d. It states that in a chemical substance, elements can be present in
            any proportions by mass.
                                  View Solution
What Are The Modern Day Symbols Of Atoms Of Different
Elements?
  Element symbols have evolved signi cantly over time, re ecting changes in
  scienti c understanding and international standards. From Dalton's early use
  of symbols to represent atoms to the modern IUPAC-approved symbols, these
  notations now follow a standardized format that ensures clarity and
  consistency in the representation of elements.
   Historical Background: John Dalton was the rst scientist to use symbols for
   elements, where each symbol represented a de nite quantity, speci cally one
   atom of the element. Berzilius suggested that element symbols be derived from
   one or two letters of the element's name.
   Origin of Element Names: Element Names are often derived from the place of
   discovery (e.g., copper from Cyprus). Some names re ected speci c colors (e.g.,
   gold from the English word for yellow).
   Modern Symbols: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
   (IUPAC) now approves element names and symbols. Most symbols are derived
   from the element's English name, using one or two letters. The rst letter is
   always capitalized (uppercase), and the second letter, if present, is lowercase.
   First Letter + Another Letter: Symbols are sometimes formed from the rst
   letter and another letter from the name (e.g., Chlorine: Cl, Zinc: Zn).
   Here are some examples of symbols approved by IUPAC
                                   Symbols for Some Elements
  Latin, German, or Greek Roots: Some symbols come from the element's name
  in other languages:
  Iron: Fe (from Latin "ferrum")
  Sodium: Na (from Latin "natrium")
  Potassium: K (from Latin "kalium")
Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
Try yourself: Which scientist pioneered the use of symbols for elements?
       a. Berzelius
       b. Dalton
       c. IUPAC
       d. None of the above
                                         View Solution
Atomic Mass
  Atomic mass is the total of the masses of the electrons, neutrons, and protons
  in an atom, or in a group of atoms, the average mass.
   The mass of an atomic particle is called the atomic mass.
   This is commonly expressed as per the international agreement in terms of a
   uni ed atomic mass unit (AMU).
   It can be best de ned as 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground
   state.
                                    Atomic mass of some
                                         elements
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How Do Atoms Exist?
   Atoms of most elements cannot exist independently.
   Atoms form molecules and ions, and these aggregate to form visible matter.
What is a Molecule?
  A molecule may be de ned as the smallest particle of an element or a
  compound that is capable of independent existence and shows all the
  properties of that substance.
Molecules of Elements
 1. Monoatomic Molecules: Elements like Argon (Ar) and Helium (He) consist of
   only one atom of that element in their molecules.
 2. Diatomic Molecules: Nonmetals like Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen
   (N2), and Chlorine (Cl2) form molecules with two atoms of the same element,
   and this is known as diatomic molecules.
 3. Polyatomic Molecules: Some elements, like Phosphorus (P4) and Sulphur (S8),
   can form molecules consisting of more than two atoms. For example,
   phosphorus forms tetra-atomic molecules (P4), and sulphur forms polyatomic
   molecules.
 Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
 Try yourself: What is the atomic mass of an atom?
        a. The total mass of the electrons, neutrons, and protons in an atom.
        b. The mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state.
        c. The average mass of a group of atoms.
        d. The mass of an atomic particle.
                                          View Solution
Atomicity
  The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.
                          Atomicity of some non-metals
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          Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
Molecules of Compounds
  Atoms of different elements combine in de nite proportions to form
  molecules of compounds.
What is an Ion?
   Compounds composed of metals and non-metals contain charged species called
   ions.
   Ions can be single-charged atoms or groups of atoms with a net charge.
   An ion can be positively charged (cation) or negatively charged (anion).
   Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms with a net charge.
Writing Chemical Formulae
   The chemical formula of a compound serves as a symbolic representation of its
   composition.
   To write chemical formulas, it is essential to understand the symbols and
   combining capacities (valencies) of the elements involved.
   The combining power or capacity of an element is termed its valency.
   This property determines how atoms of an element will combine with atoms of
   another element to form a chemical compound.
   Valency can be likened to the arms or hands of an atom.
Rules for Formula Writing
    The valencies or charges on ions must balance.
    In compounds with both a metal and a non-metal, the metal's name or symbol is
    written rst.
    Examples: Calcium oxide (CaO), sodium chloride (NaCl), iron sul de (FeS), and
    copper oxide (CuO).
    For compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the number of ions present is
    indicated by enclosing the ion's formula in brackets and writing the number of
    ions outside the bracket.
    Examples: Mg(OH)₂, NaOH.
  Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
  Try yourself: What is the atomicity of a molecule?
         a. The number of atoms in a molecule
         b. The number of ions in a molecule
         c. The number of elements in a molecule
         d. The number of protons in a molecule
                                           View Solution
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             Test yourself on topics from Class 9 exam
Formulae of Simple Compound
To write the chemical formulae of binary compounds (made up of two different
elements), one can use the valencies of the ions involved. The process involves a
"crossover" of the valencies of the combining atoms. Example
    The formula of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄): Carbon is a non-metal with a
    valency of 4, and chlorine is a non-metal with a valency of 1. The formula
    involves crossover: CCl₄.
    The formula of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂): Magnesium is a metal with a
    valency of 2, and chlorine is a non-metal with a valency of 1. The formula
    involves crossover: MgCl₂.
Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in
a molecule of that substance. It is expressed in atomic mass units (u).
Example 1:
(a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of water (H₂O).
(b) Calculate the molecular mass of HNO₃.
Solution:
(a) Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u, oxygen = 16u. So, the molecular mass of water (2H
+ 1O) = 2 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 18u.
(b) Molecular mass of HNO₃ (H + N + 3O) = 1 + 14 + 3 × 16 = 63u.
  Question for Chapter Notes: Atoms and Molecules
  Try yourself: What is the chemical formula for magnesium chloride?
         a. MgC2
         b. ZnCl2
         c. MgCl2
         d. Mg
                                           View Solution
Formula Unit Mass
   Formula unit mass, calculated similarly to molecular mass, is applicable to
   substances with ions as constituent particles. It represents the sum of the
   atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound.
Example 2: Calculate the formula unit mass of CaCl₂.
Solution: Atomic mass of Ca + (2 × atomic mass of Cl) = 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 40 + 71 =
111u.
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FAQs on Atoms and Molecules Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 3
 1. What are the different laws of chemical combination?
 Ans. The laws of chemical combination include the Law of Conservation of Mass, which
 states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the Law of
 De nite Proportions, which states that a chemical compound always contains the same
 proportion of elements by mass; and the Law of Multiple Proportions, which states that
 when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
 element that combine with a xed mass of the other are in a ratio of small whole
 numbers.
 2. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?
 3. How do you write chemical formulae for compounds?
 4. What is a molecular mass and how is it calculated?
 5. What are molecules of compounds and how do they differ from
 molecules of elements?
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