④ MORAL PHILOSOPHY AND BIOETHICS ①TYPES OF ETHICS
HUMAN EXISTENCE AND ETHICS
- 1) GENERAL ETHICS / Normative Ethical Inquiry
=incomprehensible contradiction • Refers to all diverse ethical
=utilize the life given to us (Cannon) formulations of general and
=why do we need to understand life? to universal concepts and principles
understand and value the life of our that serve as the foundation of
patients morality
=individual is born without his/her • Raises questions about moral
knowledge and usually dies against his/ norms and attempts to formulate
her will and defend a system of
=at the very moment and individual is fundamental ethical perceptions
born,he/she begins to suffer and will that determine which acts are
continue to suffer until he/she dies good and which are evil.
• Deals with the issue of the "norm"
MORAL PHILOSOPHY of morality
=deals with morality,moral rectitude,or the • Sometimes called "Normative
rightness and wrongness of human act Ethical Inquiry"
= As Practical Science: • ex: wrong to kill someone, littering
• ethics deals with systematized body is bad, return lost wallet
of knowledge that can be used,
practiced and applied to human action 2) NORMATIVE
⑦ ②
• considers the usefulness, practicality • Attempts to disclose the
>③
and application of human knowledge underlying moral norm by which
to one's experience, as distinguished people act, judge and decide on
from Itheoretical knowledge, which B.
✓
simply interested in the truth for its
7
certain ethical matters.
• Wants to know about a moral
own sake, without any bearing action standard, if any that makes people
and experience behave the way they do.
= As Normative Science: ✓ S• " What is the code behavior that
• ethics establishes norms or standards underlies their beliefs and
for the direction and regulation practices?"
Human actions;normally na ginagawa ng
isang tao
3) APPLIED Special Ethics • Also leads to examining new
• special ethics; pinakamalikot, findings and data from the
pinakamarami; every human act is physical and natural sciences
studied • an interdisciplinary approach:
• 70applies general moral concepts and biological, philosophical,theological,
principles to specific situations in medical, legal, psychological, and
life which they are applicable,valid, sociological
and legitimate
• ex:death penalty, abortion,
EVOLUTIONAL PHASES OF BIOLOGICAL
euthanasia, white lies, pre marital
STUDIES ④ Medical Ethics ② Research Ethics ⑧ Public Policy
sex, gay/lesbian marriage, giving
to poor, war tactics • Evolution- gradual development of
something; from simple to more
complex form
4) PROFESSIONAL
• applied type of ethics
1) MEDICAL ETHICS
• professional kinemper….
• *__-µ#--s--a___.
Hippocratic Oath;
• oldest phase of bioethical
exploration (herbs)
• formulation of medical norms for
Legal, Code of Ethics
the conduct of healthcare
= used under specific professional
professionals in the treatment of
practice
patients
• basis of medical ethics during greek
€
BIOETHICAL AND APPLIED ETHICS
• Ethics of life
times: Hippocratic Oath (physician’s
duty to keep the patient away from
• A branch of applied ethics that harm and injustice)
investigates practices and
development in the life sciences
2) RESEARCH ETHICS
and/or biomedical fields.
• second phase in the development
• An applied study of ethical issues
of bioethical study in the
and values not only in medicine and
biomedical field
biology but also in the behavioral
• conducting experiments using
sciences.
humans as specimens
• Primary predicaments are:0 life,
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health and death.
.
0
3) PUBLIC POLICY AUTONOMY
•Third stage of development of = principle marks the significance of
bioethical inquiry. individual autonomy, which mandates a
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• Its accentuates the participatory strong sense of personal responsibility
aspect of decision-making in a for one’s own life.
democratic set-up concerning = only the individual who personally
:
formulation of public policies fir the assumes the burden of responsibility
benefit of all. should make the decision
• People's effort and involvement in = underscores individual freedom, giving
formulating public guidelines for both centrality to the sovereignty of the
clinical cases and biomedical research. individual’s conscience, especially in cases
• Done by consulting the people of moral uncertainty
through surveys, meetings,
conferences and conversations “The voice of one’s reason must prevail; it is
the ultimate moral guide of every individual,
about their views and opinions on rich or poor”
particular bioethical issues.
• Universal Health Care (current)
DOMINANT THEMES IN BIOETHICAL must
the voice A- one 's mom
INQUIRY
te ultimo
prevail 1 It B
BENEFICENCE
god of my
inoiira
= is the most common principle
= Health care professionals, as much as
possible, should not aggravate an ill
patient’s condition by causing further
injury.
= An obligation to keep people from
harm
Positive Aspect – the production of
good.
Negative Aspect – the avoidance of
harm.
