Introduction to
Modern Art
Modern art is a diverse movement that emerged in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, characterized by experimentation, innovation, and a
rejection of traditional artistic conventions. It encompasses various styles,
including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Fauvism,
Expressionism, and Abstract Art.
by Tannu Antil
Indian Art in the Pre-
Modern Era
1 Ancient Period
Ancient Indian art, dating back to the Indus Valley
Civilization, is known for its intricate sculptures, terracotta
figurines, and stunning architecture, such as the Great
Bath at Mohenjo-daro.
2 Medieval Period
During the medieval era, various art forms flourished,
including Buddhist art, Hindu art, and Islamic art. Notable
examples include the Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, and the
Taj Mahal.
3 Mughal Period
The Mughal Empire, known for its patronage of arts, saw
the development of exquisite miniature paintings,
calligraphy, and architecture, including the Red Fort and
the Jama Masjid.
Transition to
Modernity in Indian
Art
Colonial Influence
1 The arrival of the British in India in the 18th century brought
about significant changes in art, introducing new
techniques, styles, and perspectives.
Art Schools and Institutions
2 The establishment of art schools, like the Government
School of Art in Calcutta, introduced Western art education
and exposed Indian artists to European styles.
Rise of Nationalism
3 The growing nationalist sentiment in the early 20th century
inspired Indian artists to explore themes of identity, culture,
and social reform.
Influences of Western Art on Indian
Modern Art
Impressionism Expressionism Cubism
Indian modern artists drew inspiration Expressionist ideas of emotional Cubist principles of geometric
from Impressionist techniques of expression and personal interpretation abstraction and fragmented
capturing light and color, evident in the found resonance in Indian art, perspectives influenced artists like M.F.
works of Rabindranath Tagore and exemplified by the works of Amrita Husain, who incorporated Indian
Jamini Roy. Sher-Gil. motifs and themes into his works.
Emergence of Indian Modernist
Painters
1 Rabindranath Tagore 2 Amrita Sher-Gil
A prominent figure in Indian art and literature, Tagore A prolific painter, Sher-Gil's works reflected a unique
explored themes of spirituality, nature, and human fusion of Indian and Western art traditions, capturing
emotions in his paintings. the essence of Indian life and identity.
3 M.F. Husain 4 Jamini Roy
Known for his iconic paintings of horses and his bold Roy's style, influenced by folk art and traditional Indian
use of colors, Husain's works captured the dynamism painting, was characterized by simplified forms, bright
and spirit of modern India. colors, and a focus on rural life.
Themes and Styles in Indian Modern
Art
National Identity Social Commentary
Exploring themes of Indian identity, culture, and heritage Many Indian modernist painters used their art to address
was a defining characteristic of Indian modern art, social issues like poverty, inequality, and injustice,
reflecting the nation's struggle for independence and self- promoting social awareness and change.
discovery.
Abstract Expressionism Folk Art Revival
Abstract expressionism, a major trend in Western art, also The revival of traditional Indian folk art was another
influenced Indian artists who experimented with non- prominent theme, as artists sought to rediscover and
representational forms and gestural painting. celebrate the richness of India's artistic heritage.
Prominent Indian
Modern Artists
Rabindranath Amrita Sher-Gil M.F. Husain
Tagore
Jamini Roy S.H. Raza Tyeb Mehta
N.S. Bendre V.S. Gaitonde F.N. Souza
Challenges Faced by
Indian Modern Art
Financial Constraints
Limited funding and support for art made it challenging for many artists to
sustain their practice and gain recognition.
Social Prejudice
Modern art often faced criticism from traditionalists, who viewed it as a
departure from established artistic norms and values.
Lack of Recognition
The lack of proper platforms and institutions to showcase and promote
Indian modern art hindered its recognition and appreciation.
Significance of Indian Modern Art
Globally
International Recognition Academic Study
Indian modern art has gained significant recognition on the Indian modern art has become a subject of scholarly study
global stage, with exhibitions and collections in renowned and research, with universities and institutions offering
museums and galleries worldwide. courses and programs dedicated to its exploration.
The Future of Indian Modern Art
The future of Indian modern art is promising, with new generations of artists pushing boundaries, experimenting with new
mediums, and exploring diverse themes. The continuing growth of art institutions, online platforms, and global collaborations
will provide opportunities for greater visibility and recognition for Indian modern art.
