OPENINGS

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (B. TECH)

PREPARED BY:
Ar. Suman Dhakal
 INTRODUCTION- Openings
• Openings - provided for physical, visual & light
penetration into the building interior
• enclose interior spaces
• Provide Thermal Comfort to Built environment
• Functional Purpose
• Building Aesthetic

• Proper Planning – Type, Size, Proportion, Material and Location

• Proper Design to ensure Functionality and Maintenance Factor
DOORS - INTRODUCTION
1. Major Components
2. Location and Size
3. Types and Classification
 INTRODUCTION
• A moveable barrier used to cover an opening
• Universal in buildings of all kinds
• Act as a barrier to noise
• Provide Security
• Fixed in walls or partitions of a building
• Significant in preventing the spread of fire
• Control the physical atmosphere within a space
• For aesthetic purposes
• Keeps formal and utility areas separate
• Basically consists of two parts: a) Door frame & b) Door shutter
The door shutter is held in position by the door frame which in turn is fixed in
the opening of the wall by means of holdfasts.
 INTRODUCTION
LOCATION – Major Consideration
 For adequate air circulation - doors should
be provided in opposite walls facing each
other.
 For proper space utilization and privacy-
doors should be located near the corner of a
room.
 The number of doors in a room should be
less for Optimum Circulation and Privacy
 The location of a door should meet the
functional requirement of a room as well as
that of outer environment.
 Center location should be avoided as far as
possible – instead placed 20cm away from
the corner.
 INTRODUCTION
SIZE OF DIFFERENT DOORS
S.No Type of building Size in mm
Doors of residential buildings
1. a. External doors 1000 x 2000
b.Internal Door 900 x 2000
c. Door for bath , WC 800 x 2000
2.
Public buildings like schools , library, hospitals 1200 x 2000
1200 x 2100
1200 x 2250
3. Doors for Garage for cars 2250 x 2250
 INTRODUCTION
MAJOR COMPONENTS
 It basically consists of two parts:
1. DOOR FRAME
2. DOOR SHUTTER

• Frames are made of timber or of

steel and can also be of RCC
frames

• Frames are fixed onto walls by

Lock
means of bolts or holdfast Rail

• The shutters are generally timber

framework with panels of glass,
timber, plywood, or combination
of different materials
 INTRODUCTION
MAJOR COMPONENTS
Frame: An assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an
enclosure to which the shutters are fixed.
Shutters: Openable parts of a door, An assembly of styles, panels, and rails.
Head: This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of a frame.
Horn: These are the horizontal projections of the head and sill of a frame to
facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall opening.
Styles: The vertical outside member of the shutter of a door.
Top Rail: This is the topmost horizontal member of a shutter.
Lock Rail: Middle horizontal member of a door shutter to which the locking
arrangement is fixed.
Bottom Rail: This is the lowermost horizontal member of a shutter.
 INTRODUCTION
MAJOR COMPONENTS
Intermediate or cross rails: Additional horizontal rails fixed between top &
bottom rails of a shutter. Rail fixed between the top rail & lock rail is called
frieze rail.
Panel: This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails
Mullion: Vertical member of a frame which is employed to sub divide a
window or a door vertically.
Transom: Horizontal member of a frame which is employed to sub divide the
window horizontally.
Holdfasts: These are mild steel flats section 30 x 6mm & 20cm long, generally
bent into Z shape to fix or hold the frame to the opening.
Reveal: External jamb of a door opening at right angles to the wall face.
Rebate: It is depression or recess made inside the door frame to receive the
door shutter.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DOORS

1. Classification Based On the Arrangement of Components

2. Classification Based On Method/Manner of Construction
3. Classification On The Basis Of Working Operation
4. Metal Doors
BASED ON ARRANGEMENT
OF COMPONENTS
 Based On Arrangement of Components
1. BATTENED AND LEDGED DOORS
• The simplest form of doors used for narrow openings.
• Consists of series of vertical battens fixed together
with horizontal supports known as ledges.
• Doors consists of three ledges fixed at top, bottom and
middle of shutter.

• The topmost ledge is called as the top ledge, bottom ledge is termed as the
bottom ledge/rail and the middle ledge is known as lock ledge or lock rail.
Battens: 100-150 mm wide Ledges: 100-200 mm wide
20 mm -30 mm thick 25-30 mm thick
 Based On Arrangement of Components
1. BATTENED AND LEDGED DOORS

• Generally middle and bottom ledges are wider than top ledge.
• Ledged doors are particularly good for internal use like in bathrooms and
places where economy is of importance rather than appearance
 Based On Arrangement of Components
2. BATTENED, LEDGED DOORS & BRACED DOORS
• Improved version of battened and ledged doors.
• Consists of two additional members provided in
form of inclined braces between the ledges.
• These braces act as strut and increase the strength
& rigidity of door.
• These types of doors are used for wider opening.

Battens : 100-175 mm wide and 20mm thick

Ledges : 175-225 mm wide and 25-30mm thick
Braces : 125-175mm wide and 25-30mm thick
 Based On Arrangement of Components
2. BATTENED, LEDGED DOORS & BRACED DOORS

• Braced doors are particularly good for both internal and external use like in
garage, passage, side entries, stores and even internal corridors of building.
 Based On Arrangement of Components
3. BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED & FRAMED DOORS
• Improved version of Braced & ledged doors.
• Considered to be superior in strength, durability and
appearance.
• The door framework consists of: two vertical members -
stiles, three horizontal members known - ledges or rails,
vertical battens and two inclined braces.

• The rails positioned near the top, bottom and middle of

the shutter are tenoned into the stiles.
• The battens are tongued & grooved.
 Based On Arrangement of Components
3. BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED & FRAMED DOORS

• This type of door is considered suitable for external use and for larger
openings to garages, factory entrance gates, etc.
BASED ON METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION
 Based On Method of Construction
1. FRAMED AND PANELLED DOORS
• Consists of framework of members
called stiles and horizontal members
called rails.
• Stiles and rails form the framework into
which panels are inserted.
• Additional vertical and horizontal
members called mullions are used to
divide the door into any number of
panels.

• Panels may be solid wood,

plywood, particleboard or
louvered or have glass inserts
• Strong and give better
appearance than batten doors
Based On Method of Construction
1. FRAMED AND PANELLED DOORS

The panel door may be of single leaf or double

leaf according to the nature of opening
required.
 Based On Method of Construction
2. GLAZED OR SASH DOORS
• Provided where additional light is
required to be admitted through the door
or the visibility of the interior of the
room is required from the adjacent room.
• Used in residential as well as public
buildings like hospitals, schools.
• May be glazed fully or partly and
paneled partly.
 Based On Method of Construction
2. GLAZED OR SASH DOORS

• Fully glazed doors are recommended when sufficient lighting is required

through the doors and In case of partly glazed normally 1/3rd height of the
door is paneled and remaining 2/3rd height is glazed.
 Based On Method of Construction
3. FLUSH DOORS
• Have pleasing appearance, simple
construction, high strength & durability & is
economic in nature.
• Popularly used in residential as well as public
buildings
• Feature plain facings on both sides of the
construction
Major types of flush doors
I. Solid core type flush doors
II. Hollow or cellular core type flush doors

• Generally, it consists of a solid or semi solid framed skeleton covered on both

sides with plywood or face veneers presenting flush and joint less surface
which can be neatly polished
• Once the door construction is completed, the finish is treated with a sealant
to protect the color or the stain from any type of damage
 Based On Method of Construction
3. i. Solid Core Type Flush Doors
• Consist of the wooden frame consisting of
stiles and top and bottom rails used for
holding the core
• The core consists either of core strips of
timber glued together under great pressure
and faced on each side by plywood sheets.

• In the Laminated Core the wooden strips are of maximum width of 25mm
glued together and the length of each strip equal to length of laminate core.
• In each type of core, plywood sheets are glued under pressure to the assembly
of the core housed in the frame on both faces.
 Based On Method of Construction
3. ii. Hollow Core Type Flush Doors
• Consists of stiles, top rail, bottom rail and two
intermediate rails not less than 75mm in width
• The Space between the stiles and rails is divided
by fixing wooden battens not less than 25mm in
width such that voids are equally distributed
• These are light duty doors where skeleton core
occupies 30-40% of door core.

• Medium duty door of this types are also available where the
skeleton core occupies 50-60 % of door core.
 Based On Method of Construction
4. FLY-PROOF / WIRE GAUGE DOORS
• Used to check the entry of flies & insects
and allow free circulation of air
• Wire mesh is provided in the panels which
permit free passage of air.
• Consists of timber frame with stiles &
horizontal rails & the opening of panels
are fixed with fine mesh galvanized wire
gauge, fixed with nails and timber beading

• The Shutter opening inside is fully panelled

whereas the opening outside is fly proof.
• This type of doors is used in used in kitchens,
canteens, food storage, cupboards etc.
BASED ON WORKING
OPERATION
 Based On Working Operation
1. REVOLVING DOOR
• Provide entrance to one and exit to
other person simultaneously and close
automatically when not in use
• Consists of centrally placed mullion to
which four radiating shutters are
attached
• The shutters may be glazed, panelled,
partly glazed or partly paneled • Vertical rubber pieces
provided at the rubbing ends
of the shutters to prevent entry
of air
• Can be used as an airlock to
minimize a building's heating
and air conditioning losses
• Provided only in public
buildings such as libraries,
museums, banks, hotels etc.
 Based On Working Operation
2. SLIDING DOOR
• Shutters slides on the sides with the
help of runners and guide rails
• No. of shutter depends upon the design
and size of opening available.
• Basically two Types:
I. TOP HUNG SLIDING DOORS
II. BOTTOM ROLLING DOOR GEAR
Based On Working Operation
2. SLIDING DOOR
I. TOP HUNG SLIDING DOORS
• The door is hung by trolley
hangers at the top of the door
running in a concealed track
• All the weight is taken by the
hangers, making the door easy
to move

II. BOTTOM ROLLING SLIDING DOORS

• When weight of the door is immense, bottom
rolling system is used.
• Consists of rollers at the bottom of the door
running on a track and two guides at the top
running in a guide channel.
• As all the weight of the door is concentrated on
the two bottom wheels, more force is needed to
move the door than on a top hung system
 Based On Working Operation
3. SWING DOORS
• Doors has its leaf attached to the door
frame by means of special double
action spring hinges so that the
shutter can move both inward or
outward as desired
• Generally doors have single leaf but
two leaves can also be provided
• The action of spring brings the shutter
in closed position
 Based On Working Operation
4. COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOORS
• Used for shops, garages, godown
where width of opening is large &
provision of hinged shutter is difficult
• Used where light and ventilation are
desired even when the opening is
closed & also used for safety purpose
• Depending upon the size of the
opening the doors may have single or
double shutters
• Consists of vertical double channels spaced at
10-12cm apart
• The door shutter slides over roller mounted at
its bottom and top and are held in position by
the rails
• The door is provided with locking arrangements,
handles, and stoppers and can be opened or
closed manually by slight push or pull
 Based On Working Operation
5. ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER DOORS
• Used for stores, shop fronts, godown etc.
• Door shutter acts like steel curtain and
provides adequate protection and safety
against burglars and fire.

• Consists of thin steel slabs called as

• The door shutter travels on two
laths or slates about 1.25mm thick
interlocked to each other and coiled vertical steel guide channels
upon specially designed shaft known as installed at either end of the
drum mounted on top of opening. opening.
 Based On Working Operation
6. FIRE CHECK DOORS
• Special Design Doors to Block Spread of fire &
Smoke in case of fire hazard
• Considerations: Materials, Location and
Construction Technology
• Use of High thermal resistive materials like fire rated
Plywood, Metals, Ceramic fiber Boards, Calsium
Silicate, Gypsum etc.
• Use of Fire proof accessories
• Doors shutters: min. 44-55mm thick
• Design: Mostly flush type.
WINDOWS - INTRODUCTION
1. Planning Consideration
2. Design Consideration
3. Thumb Rule For Area Calculation
4. Basic Components
 INTRODUCTION
 An opening in a solid surface
 Major Provisions: light, ventilation, view &
aesthetic
 A framework of wood or metal that contains a
glass window pane and is built into a wall or
roof
 Assumptions: weather tight when closed, have
insulation value and be free from condensation
MAJOR MATERIALS: wood, Iron, Steel, Aluminium, Bronze, Plastic/ UPVC
etc. each with their own characteristic Properties.

The choice of openings not only affects the physical appearance but also the
natural lighting, ventilation, view & the spatial quality of a building interior.
 INTRODUCTION
PLANNING CONSIDERATION - Shape, Size, Location & Number
• Size of room to be lighted (area)
• Location of room and its utility (Position)
• Architectural treatment given to the building
(Aesthetic)
• Direction of wind and its speed
• Climatic consideration of the site such as humidity,
temperature variation (Climatology) etc.
• Material and finish required
 INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• The size & number of windows should be sufficient to provide adequate
light and ventilation in the room
• Windows should be located opposite to each other where ever possible
and windows on northern side provide maximum daylight without glare
• Window sill should be placed at 75-100 cm above the floor level
• For bath & WC the sill level should be at 1.75m above floor level for
privacy
• The top of windows and doors should be at same level
• Shutter of window in external walls should open outside, this checks the
entry of rain water inside the room
• Windows should be provided with a steel grills or bars to safeguard
against theft
• Windows of external walls should be provided with a chajja projections
to prevent the entry of rainwater in room
 INTRODUCTION
AREA REQUIREMENT – Rule of Thumb
• Total area of window opening should normally vary
from 10 to 20% of the floor area of the room
• In hot regions it may be 10-15% of the floor area of
the room
• For buildings located in hot and humid regions area
of openings should vary between 15-20% of the
floor area
• For public buildings like school , offices, factories,
hospital the minimum area of windows should be
20% of the floor area
• For adequate natural light the total area of the glass panes in windows should
be at least 8% of the floor area.
 INTRODUCTION
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A WINDOW
Window comprises of two parts:

a) Window frame, and

b) Window shutter.

 Frames are fixed to the opening of wall by means of holdfasts.

 Shutters are fixed to the windows frames by suitable hinges
 Mullions are the intermediate Vertical Members used for frame
support, opening area division and support for shutters.
 Transoms are the intermediate horizontal members dividing the
opening area and support for shutters.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WINDOWS

1. Fixed Windows 8. Bay Windows

2. Casement Windows 9. Clerestory
3. Awning Windows 10.Corner
4. Pivoted Windows 11.Dormer Windows
5. Sliding Windows 12.Skylight
6. Sash Or Glazed Windows 13.Ventilators
7. Louvered Windows 14.Metal Windows
 CLASSIFICATION
1. FIXED WINDOWS
 The glass pane or the glazed shutter is fixed
to the wall opening so that no part of
window will open.
 No provision of Handle and Hinges
 Usually windows have No shutter at all
 Used where only light is needed and cannot
be used for purpose of ventilation.

 The concept is applied for

elevation treatment of
modern commercial buildings
 CLASSIFICATION
1. FIXED WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
2. CASEMENT WINDOWS
• The shutters acts like doors, i.e are openable.
• It has frame, shutter with stiles, top rails, bottom
rails, vertical & horizontal sash bars with glass
panes
• Depending on design, the frame of the casement
window can have additional members like
Transom and Mullion
• Advantage: easier to clean as both the inside &
outside surfaces are accessible from indoors

• Casements provide excellent ventilation

as both halves of the window open, and
as they seal tightly when closed they are
considered energy efficient.
 CLASSIFICATION
2. CASEMENT WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
3. AWNING WINDOWS
• Literal: A sheet of strong cloth that stretches out
from above an opening to keep off the sun or
rain
• Vertical Rotation of shutter
• Hinged at top or bottom rather than in side.
• Used where there is no place for opening shutters
to sideward

• Economic than contemporary casement

• Relatively More secure window
• Weather tight
• Shutter as a shading device (optional)
 CLASSIFICATION
3. AWNING WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
4. PIVOTED WINDOWS
• The shutter is capable of rotating about a
pivot fixed to the central position of
window frame
• Top and bottom pivots are used instead of
hinges
• The frame has no rebate and the shutter
can rotate horizontally or vertically
depending upon the position of pivot.

• Allows multiple opening positions

• Good level of impermeability – Sound,
Ventilation & Thermal Control
• Easy Maintenance
 CLASSIFICATION
4. PIVOTED WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
5. SASH OR GLAZED WINDOWS

• The window shutter consists of two

vertical stiles, top rail, and bottom rail
• The panel space between stiles and
rails are divided by small timber
members placed horizontally as well as
vertically
• These bars are known as sash bars or
glazed bars

• The sash bars divide the total panel space of window in small sizes
• Sash bars have rebate for fixing glass panels.
• Glass panels are cut 1.5-3mm smaller in size than of panel.
 CLASSIFICATION
6. SASH OR GLAZED WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
6. SLIDING WINDOWS
• The shutter slides to the sides
• Concept Similar to sliding doors
• Provision of sliding Channels/ Rollers at the
bottom or sides of shutters and frame
• Basically two types:

1. Vertically Sliding Windows

2. Horizontally Sliding Windows

• Usually light shutters are designed for sliding

purpose
• Requires frequent maintenance
• Considered weak in security purpose
• Generally used in utility areas, vehicles, shops etc.
 CLASSIFICATION
6. SLIDING WINDOWS - Vertical
• Consists of pair of shutters
placed one above another
which can slide vertically

• Open by sliding the bottom half

of the window up or sliding the
top half of the window down

• Only half of the window area

can be opened at one time they
provide less ventilation

• Method of hanging the sliding sashes is by means of ropes or chains over

pulleys in a frame, connected into counterweights connected inside the box
frame
 CLASSIFICATION
5. SLIDING WINDOWS - Vertical
 CLASSIFICATION
6. SLIDING WINDOWS - Horizontal
• Horizontally sliding windows have
sashes that move horizontally on a track
• Usually only one of the sashes moves
(50%) ventilation and the other is fixed
• It may consist of three sashes of which
the middle is fixed while the other two
sides slide

• An advantage of this is they are inexpensive,

especially if the frame is aluminum and easy to
clean if the moveable sash is removed.
 CLASSIFICATION
5. SLIDING WINDOWS - Horizontal
 CLASSIFICATION
7. LOUVERED WINDOWS
• Louvers, which overlaps with one
another form the panes of louver
window
• Louvers tilt to open & permit air flow
• The stiles are grooved to receive a
series of louvers
• Louvers may be of glass, wood, Metal
• The louvers are set within the grooves
in inclined position with slope
downwards towards the outside

• It helps obstruct the rainwater

and the horizontal vision at the
same time
 CLASSIFICATION
7. LOUVERED WINDOWS

Section: Glass Louvered

• The angle of inclination of louvers should be 45°
• Louvered window provides ventilation & light even when closed
• Difficult to maintain as dust easily gets inside.
• Used for bathrooms, workshops or areas where privacy is the important.
 CLASSIFICATION
8. BAY WINDOWS
• A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of
a building and forming a bay in a room square, rectangular or polygonal in
plan.
• The angles most commonly used to
provide the illusion of a larger
room, as well as to increase the
flow of natural light indoors.
• May be of Functional space inside
 CLASSIFICATION
8. BAY WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
9. CLERESTORY WINDOWS
• Used to achieve better ventilation and cooling effect
in rooms having ceiling height greater than the
surrounding rooms
• Provided near the top of the roof of the main rooms
and they open out above a lean to roof or verandah
• Provide improved elevation & adequate light in the
room

• Shutter is horizontally pivoted & the window can be opened or closed by use
of two cords, one attached to the top rail and the other to the bottom rail of
the shutter.
9. CLERESTORY WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
10. CORNER WINDOWS
• Windows that meet at right angles (or in defined
shape) at the corner of a room
• It is possible to ensure light and ventilation from
two directions at right angles
• In addition, it serves as an architectural feature for
improving the elevation of the building.
• Usually the corner column is enclosed by the
window.
• Consists of Frame component, Sash component &
Glass component
 CLASSIFICATION
10. CORNER WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
11. DORMER WINDOWS
• Vertical window built in the sloping side of
a pitched roof
• The function is to achieve proper ventilation
& lighting for enclosed space below the roof
• Traditionally Wooden but possible with
Concrete, Fiber Glass and UPVC
• Serves as an architectural feature to the
building
 CLASSIFICATION
11. DORMER WINDOWS
 CLASSIFICATION
12. SKYLIGHT
• Type of fixed window provided on the
sloping surface of a pitched roof, the
window being parallel to the sloping surface

• It is provided to permit the room below to

be fully lightened with natural light

• Opening is properly treated by lead flashing

so as to ensure complete water proofing of
the roof surrounding the opening
 CLASSIFICATION
12. SKYLIGHT
 CLASSIFICATION
13. VENTILATORS
• Small windows, fixed at greater height,
about 30-50 cm below roof level.
• Can be horizontally pivoted, where shutter
is opened or closed by means of cords.
• Or can be hinged at top or bottom, and can
open out.
• Ventilator provided in continuation of door
or window, at top is termed as fan light

• Traditional
Ventilation system –
replaced by modern
HVAC System
WOODEN WINDOWS DETAIL
WOODEN WINDOWS
WOODEN WINDOWS
METAL WINDOWS

1. Steel Windows
2. Aluminium Windows
3. Iron Windows
4. Bronze Windows
 METAL WINDOWS
• Its use is increasing these days (Ultra Design).
• Materials used are metal like mild steel, galvanized mild steel,
aluminum, bronze, stainless steel etc.
• Bronze, aluminum, stainless steel considered best as they possess
elegance, finishing and durability.
• Bronze and steel are expensive, so they are used in posh buildings.
• Mild steel is less costlier and is extremely used.
• As an economic measure, steel window parts are manufactured in a
wide range of standard sections from which windows of a required
design is fabricated.
 METAL WINDOWS
STEEL WINDOWS
 Cheapest of all metal windows.
 can be fixed direct in the
masonry opening in the wall or
may be fitted in a wooden frame
fixed in the window opening

 Size of window opening kept slightly more than the size of window unit as
to allow clearance between the frame and the sides of opening
 METAL WINDOWS
STEEL WINDOWS
 Standard steel casements, for windows
are made from hot rolled ‘Z’ sections
 Sections are used both for frame,
casements and vent lights
 The sections are cut to length and
mitered and welded at the corners.

 The assembled and cleaned parts of the windows are then ‘rust proofed’ by
hot dip galvanizing process, where the window parts are dipped in a bath of
molten zinc.
 METAL WINDOWS
STEEL WINDOWS DETAILS
CLASSIFICATION
STEEL WINDOWS
 METAL WINDOWS
ALUMINIUM WINDOWS

• Aluminum is light and strong.

• Cheaper than steel (condition applied).
• It is a modern material but with a long and approved history.
• Environment is better protected (LESS CARBON).
• More glass is available and has stately (Imperial) finish.
• Maintenance is negligible.
• It is more resistant to warping, twisting or sticking when subjected to
the elements.
• Additionally aluminium never absorbs water, rots or rusts.
• Aluminium doesn’t decay.
 ARCHES AND LINTELS

• Both Lintels and Arches are structural members situated above the
openings and designed to support the vertical loads from the beams
and upper portion of wall.
• They transmit the loads to the adjacent wall portion over which they
are supported.
 LINTELS
• A Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the upper portion of an
opening.
• It is a sort of beam, whose width is equal to the width of wall.
• Lintels are simple and easy to construct.
Classification of Lintels
According to the materials used,
1. Timber Lintels
2. Stone Lintels
3. Brick Lintels
4. Steel Lintels
5. RCC Lintels (mostly used)
 ARCHES
• Arch is a curved member which is placed across the upper portion of an
opening.
• Specific formwork and techniques is required for the construction of arches.
• Arches are constructed where,
1. Heavy loading is present
2. Span is longer
3. Special architectural appearance is required.
 TYPES OF ARCHES
• Based on shape,
1. Flat arch
2. Segmental arch
3. Semi circular arch
4. Horse shoe arch
5. Pointed arch
6. Stilted arch
 TYPES OF ARCHES
• Based on shape, • Based on materials,
1. Flat arch 1. Stone arch
2. Segmental arch 2. Brick arch
3. Semi circular arch 3. Concrete arch
4. Horse shoe arch
5. Pointed arch
6. Stilted arch
 ELEMENTS OF ARCH
1. INTRADOS/ SOFFIT- It is the inner
surface of an arch.
2. EXTRADOS- It is the outer curve of an
arch.
3. VOUSSOIR- These are wedge shaped
units of masonry forming an arch.
4. CROWN- It is the highest part of
extrados.
 ELEMENTS OF ARCH
5. KEY- It is the wedge shaped unit fixed
at the crown of an arch.
6. ABUTMENT- It is the end support of an
arch.
7. PIER- This is the intermediate support
of an arch.
8. SPAN- It is the clear horizontal distance
between the supports.
THANK YOU!