.

--, l JEE ASPIRANTS j

~ANZIL
--r Organic Chemistry ] - - -
BIOMOLECULES
-----f ONESHOT 1-----
0m Pandey, IIT Delhi

1) Carbohydrates

2) Amino Acids @Notes_Care

3) Proteins

4) Vitamins

5) Nucleic Acid

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eBiomolecules) Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins

Nucleic Acids

(carbohydrate~ Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes / ketones

or substances that will yield these types of compounds on hydrolysis .
Hydrates of carbon

C/K~o)}
@Notes_Care H
1 CHO

.:l OH H -,J- - H
H 3
OH H -3 OH
q.
+- H OH H ,,. OH
Carbohydrates = Saccharides
s-CH 2 OH sCH 2 OH
Some of the carbohydrates, which are
sweet in taste, are also called sugars. D-Ribose D-2-deoxy Ribose

1CHO AUo - fJ..t-~M.. I CHO CHO ~ 1 I H 2 0H n

H Z- OH 2- H H --+--OH
~ '-C=O ~
H H -+---+--H I
3 3 HO -C-H
OH OH ----H
31
H 4 H 4- 4 H-C-OH
H OH H , OH H --+--OH 41
s H-C-OH
s I
, CH 2 OH , CH 2 OH CH 2OH
{ CH 2 OH
C-l
Glucose q> i'rvuri Mannose Galactose Fructose
[ C-4 ef' l'\,\QY 4 1h-1L~1
Epimers : Diastereomers with more than one stereocentre that differ in the configuration
about only one stereocentre .

Mono-saccharides : A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed further

( 2021/17 March/Shift-II )

Fructose in an example of:

0 Pyranose

#® Ketoh;~

© Aldohexose

® Heptose

Cyclic Structure of glucose Anomers

ft:) "o'- /~ ~
11 ""- Jo 11 1
rJ: (2.ifJ' H - C
H-~C+-~
H , cOH~ JJ,
H 2 OH
fs.2 I(Iv) HO 3 H O
HO H = HO 3 H
3
0 H -....,.4+---0H
H 4 OH
0 H 4
OH
H---+----

@Notes_Care
() s
H s H s OH
.,
, CH 20H ~-D-Glucose
, CH 2 0H a-D-Glucose
CCH 2 0H
{;
1-t D-Glucose
CH 20H CH 20H

0 H
0~ H
0

H
\__,, a-D-Glucopyranose ~-D-Glucopyranose OH
OH H

Structure of Fructose
1
CH 2 OH 1 CH 1 CH
2 0H 2OH
I /o K I
I
, cH~ :;. C --::-0
v K
O
~c ~
HO 3
HO 3 H )
0
HO 3 H
H 4-
OH H 1- OH o
H 4 OH
H > H---+- --
H OH s-
S'"
, CH 2 0H , CH 2 0H
a-D-Fructose D-Fructose , CH 2 0H
J3-D-Fructose

HOH 2 C ' 0
\
CH 2 OH
0 0
HOH 2 C ' 0
S'

·..a-D- Fructofuranose OH H J3-D-Fructofuranose

OH H
 2023/01 Feb/Shift-I

"
CHO
H
'l-
The correct representation in six membered
HO l H
pyranose form for the following sugar [X] is
H + OH
H2 COH ' CH 2 0H H f OH
0 H2 COH
04 He:, OH
#~
~B 6
Sugar [X]

3 3
H OH H

H2 COH

® H
H OH OH H

Sucrose : C1 a-D-flucose + C2
-- - -~ -D-Fructose
- Maltose : C1 a-D-Glucose + C_4 /i{-D-Glucose

6 6
6
CH 2OH CH 2 OH CH 2 OH

0 H 5 0 H H 5 0
H 5 H
H H H
1 1 4

OH OH H OH
HO HO 3 2
0 3
OH
3 2

H OH OH
@Notes_Care
Glycosidic linkage ::Ila
H OH
Lactose : C1 P-D-Galactose + C4
H
P-D-Glucose
OH

0 6 6
CH 2OH CH 2OH
2
5 0 H 5
HO
H H
0 1
CH 2OH OH OH
1
H H 3 2
OH 3

H OH H OH

2021/20 July/Shift-I

0
Which of the glycosidic linkage between galactose and glucose is present in lactose ?

C-1 of glucose and C-6 of galactose

"
#0 C-1 of galactose and C-4 of glucose

© C-1 of glucose and C-4 of galactose

® C-1 of galactose and C-6 of glucose

2021/26 Feb/Shift-II

Column-I Column-II
(A) Sucrose ~-D-Galactose and ~-D-glucose
(B) Lactose a-D-Glucose and ~-D-Fructose
(C) Maltose ~ (III) a-D-Glucose and a-D-Glucose

0 (A)-(III), (B)-(11), (C)-(1)

0 (A)-(III), (B)-(1), (C)-(11)

© (A)-(1), (B)-(III), (C)-(11)

® (A)-(11), (B)-(1), (C)-(111)

Disaccharide : It produces 2 unit of monosaccharide.

Sucrose : C1 a-D-Glucose + c2 13 -D-Fructose

Maltose : C1 a-D-Glucose + c4 a-D-Glucose +- o{ - C. / l((olt--
Lactose : C1 13 -D-Galactose + c4 13 -D-Glucose

Cane sugar
@Notes_Care
sucrose

Oligosaecharides : Carbohydrates that produce 2 to 10 monosaccharide units

on hydrolysis

207!/27 July/Shift-II ~
Compound A gives D-Galactose and D-Glucose on hydrolysis. The compound A is:

0 Amylase

0 Sucrose

© Maltose

#® Lactose#
POLYSACCHARIDES Starch : Polymer of a-glucose
Amylose Amylopectin
Linear polymer Branched Polymer
15-20% starch 80-85% starch
Water soluble Water insoluble

Glycosidic linkage at C1 & C4 Glycosidic linkage at C1 & C4 and branch at C6

.vt-O~QHH
CH,OH CH,OH

6
CH 2OH CH 2OH 0~
11-0 ~ 0 OH H ,.....-a-Link
H OH H OH
I 0,.....- Branch at c.
0 0 0-11 01
H OH i
a-Link
i
a-Link
H OH
... ·C\ .. 0 0- 11-0 •
CH,

I
0 0 O·II
.... o"----('\-o
t
4
~ ~
I i-
.. .. ···O~o--o- H OH i H OH i H OH
a -Unk a-Unk

Cellulose: Chain polymer of ~-D-glucose units

Glycosidic linkage between C1 and C4
Most abundant organic substance in plant kingdom ( plant cells )

"
HO~H,C b

@Notes_Care
'- 4 I

H00H,CO l OH

<f. I
HOH,C O

0
OH
1 P-llnks

I ~H

Glycogen : The carbohydrates are stored in animal body as glycogen.

Animal starch because its structure is similar to amylopectin and is
rather more highly branched.
· It is present in liver, muscles and brain. When the body needs glucose,
enzymes break the glycogen down to glucose. 1 0>-f'l ---, a-,t 4 (o.{.(.
00
Glycogen is also found in yeast and fungi.
 Polysaccharide : Carbohydrates that produce a large no. of monosaccharide
units on hydrolysis
n
~
Starch Cellulose Glycogen

Starch

Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste. Hence they are also called non-sugars.

(Reducing&. Non-reducing Sugars) 1()1-1+0~ N,OH "

Reducing sugars : Carbohydrates which reduce Tollen's reagent and Fehling solution
All monosaccharides are reducing sugars. Glucose and Fructose.
H H .JJ: ~
r-o-....J. 4-.,,,,.--0 ·• r-= o ~'1' -C-fi if CK~~
~o~K U I
c=o
Maltose : C1 a-D-Glucose + c4 oZ-D-Glucose.J 1

~
~~f1 @Notes_Care
li'v--o~0~/0
~
Lactose : C1 J3 -D-Galactose + C4 J3 -D-Glucose✓ R,;
~o,\~
/-.. ~

Non-reducing sugars : Carbohydrates which cannot reduce Tollen's reagent and Fehling
solution.

-
Sucrose : C1 a-D-Glucose +
-c
2 J3 -D-Fructose
.,,/

Chemical reactions of Glucose

cooK
i) Tollen's reagent
I
( Cf10K )4- Gluconic acid
ii) w 1
Uf°\.oM

i) Fehling's solution
CHO
I ii) w
(CH-OH) 4 --+
I
CH 2 0H
Br2\water )I

Glucose I

Cone. HN0 3 , _
I - Saccharic acid
 R..t,( p + HI/~
n-hexane

CHO
I
( CH - OH ) 4
Na-Hg
I Sorbitol
CH 2 OH

K
I
-c=e1 HiJ - OH
Glucose Oxime

HCN
Glucose cyanohydrin

CHO
I
(CH- OH) 4
I
CH 2OH

CHO
I
CH-OH
I
(CH-OHh
@Notes_Care
3 Ph- NH-NH 2
Glucosazone
I ~-NK-1\l~~
CH 2OH ~ --~
- P~-rw;i._ AniRi~
- t\11-f
J

( 2019/11 Jan/Shift-II)

Column-I Column-II
(A) Glucose+ P/HI Gluconic acid
(B) Glucose+ Br2 /water Glucose pentaacetate
(C) Glucose + acetic anhydride Saccharic acid
(D) Glucose+ HN0 3 Hexane

# 0 (A)-(IV), (B)-(1), (C)-(11), (D)-(III)

® (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(11), (D)-(1)

© (A)-(III), (B)-(1), (C)-(IV), (D)-(11)

® (A)-(1), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(11)

 J
I Amino acids
R-CH -COOH
Amino group Carboxyl group I
~NH 2
-C-o/-f
II
C> a-Amino acids

11- CH -C o<>/1 Ck - (l,j'_ - c ~K

) -:i I
C-lcl ll 1-\l N Ii-<--
AIC\~1v...
1\)\-f
,

( ,l\·1·1111· II < , I,. ('

., .\l.1 I II !I< - < I! ,.\]; I \

1.·.t11 1w 1
i! ! < I ( !! - \';i I \"
l.,·11< 11 1, · i! ! ( I ( 11-< I! I' II

•
I, ,. II• 111, Ii ( .( Ii
_, jj. :I
I
11
:\ 1 :..:,ll1Jl1•· H\-• -\H- I• H.l .\ l ~ !~

f\H

'-.'-. IJ .r-- 11 r, 11 11 .1, L\· I\

I I .f.111:\ 1 ,, ,.1 I Jr" " ( ii ( ii (,[,

' Ii• ·" 1d jjl I )( ii .\ ~ I' ·,

I I

,, C1 f,.I _, H

@Notes_Care
I II' Ill .( H {,:1 1/

:\· '....l'.i,..... ll .,,, I

' 11 .~-:-11 \
11 1:1, ii I :• lj j 111 I
._,, .:1,· ii ) I .........
I 11·, I Jj (

\ 1, Ii .( ii \1
,,
ii•

,, I il.1
l!1,
' 1·1,,
I I. :.II ( cl ( f--
·,:!
I• · II I~~
0' 11 ill• ) I II I II I·.

Classification of amino Acids Depending on nature of synthesis~

Essential Amino acids : Amino acids which cannot be synthesized in our body and
must be obtained through diet .

lPVT-TIM HALL\
I Never Tired , Only Argue

Non-essential amino acids: Amino acids which can be synthesized in body

(i) Amino acids with aromatic chain :

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

(ii) Amino acids with sulphur :

Methionine, Cysteine
 On the basis of functional group

Neutral amino acids Acidic amino acids~

No. of amino group= carboxyl group More no. of carboxyl group than amino group .
-1\l~ -C Ooff
0
II Aspartic.,acid H2 C - HC - COOH
Glycine H - CH - C - OH
I I I
NH 2 COOH NH 2

Basic amino acid More no. of amino group than carboxyl group.

H
I
Lysine H2 N - C - (CHz) 4 - NH 2
I
COOH

Zwitter Ion : Due to presence of both acidic and basic in the same molecule
giving rise to a dipolar ion. This dipolar ion is known as Zwitter ion.
n
\;J1J
0
II
R-CH-C-OH
I
;NH 2

@Notes_Care
This can react with both acid and base. So it has amphoteric character.

Note: Amino acids are crystalline solids;;

These are water soluble and behave like salts rather than simple amines or
carboxylic acids.

• All a-amino acids are optically active except Glycine. Because

there is no chiral carbon in glycine n il-t J\,,o-1,. H-l-cooH~
Isoelectric Point : lJj_J
c,W"
I
NH 2

pH at which the amino acid shows no

tendency to migrate when placed in
an electric field

In acidic solution it exist as the +ve ion

and migrate towards cathode.

In basic solution it exist as -ve ion and

migrates towards anode.
For Neutral amino acid
CH 2 -COOH
I pkc:i = -y_ If
p =
+NH 3

For Acidic amino acid pK,; = "I--

H2C - HC - COOH If
I I
COOH NH 3 1.-
p~;z_ + f"-~-=t
For Basic amino acid

+ +
H3 N - CH - (CH 2) 4 - NH 3
fK'\-:: i I f ~~ = X
U COOH
f~=z
NOTE : Amino acid has minimum aqueous solubilities at their isoelectric points .

Di peptide : Combination of 2 amino acids by ONE peptide bond ( - ~-tJK-) n

0 0 \:JjJ
NHz-CHz-C-r OH
II r L
H J NH-CHz-C-OH
II
\\ ,i
f\J I-(\.- Of~- c-1\'lli-CI-I'\.- c-011 CJO _ c,.Qd
·The amino acid unit having free -NH 2 groups is called N-terminal end whereas the
amino acid unit with free -COOH group is called C-terminal end.

@Notes_Care
Tri peptide : Combination of 3 amino acids linked by 2 peptide linkages.

Polypeptide :
Combination of 10 or more than 10 amino acids by peptide bonds, is known as
polypeptide.

Naming of polypeptides: ~
Naming starts from -N- terminal residue & suffix - ine of amino acids is replaced
by -yl for all except amino acid of C-terminal residue .

Alanylglycylphenylalanine
i - - -- T'
PROTEINS Proteins are most abundant biomolecule of the living system.
Protein is a polypeptide. 0 ····0·· 0 -·-0·· 0···O··

Hydrolysis
folO f1~J.J.( Protein Av-n ,no c:ic ,J~

Proteins are the polymers of a-amino groups and they are connected to each
other by peptide bond or peptide linkage.

· Peptide linkage is an amide linkage.

. -C-1\JI-{- · . . . 0 ·-0 O ··O · O 0

Classification of Proteins ~
H...,
I
o~o-o-1a -b o
-N-y,-
Two types on the basis of their molecular shape. 0 Globular Proteins
o ··
@ Fibrous proteins
;~_\ ·o

@Notes_Care
Globular Proteins :
The chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical shape. These are
usually soluble in water.

:ff Insulin and albumins

(Fibrous Proteins)

When polypeptide chains run parallel and are held together by hydrogen and
disulphide bonds, then fibre like structure is formed.

Such proteins are insoluble in water.

Keratin [ hair /wool/ silk] and myosin [ present in muscles]

 Structure and shape of proteins can be studied at 4 different levels.
· ···ARa.-C.~-A~- --·
n
~
Primary : Sequence of amino acids in polypetide chain
.....e,~-'1- AJq- flk-
0

Secondary : Shape in which a long polypeptide chain exist

Tertiary : Folding of secondary structure.

Quaternary : Determination of the number of sub-units and their arrangement with

respect to each other in an aggregate protein molecule.

P· ,;11 ir V ~tr uc l(;r r·• ---0- -·0--

:-,, .:oncl:11 y
~tr t1,·_tur•·
f i 1·· I IX·,

@Notes_Care
Ou;itc, lldry
St, uc tur ,-.

Primary structure of proteins :

Specific sequence of amino acids in polypetide chain is termed as primary structure of
proteins.

2° structure of proteins : The shape in which a long polypeptide chain can exist.
2 different types of structures ➔ a-helix & ~-sheet.
n
~

These structures arise due to regular folding of backbone of polypeptide chain due to
hydrogen bonding between - COOH and - NH - groups of peptide bond .
 a-Helix: It is one of the most common ways in which polypeptide chain forms all
possible hydrogen bonds by twisting into a right handed screw (helix). This
n
~
hydrogen bond is in between -NH- group of each amino acid to the -COOH
group of an adjacent turn of helix.

p-pleated Sheet: In P-structure, all peptide chains are stretched out to maximum extent
and then laid side by side (which are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonding).

• The structure resembles the pleated folds of drapery and therefore is known as
p-pleated sheet.

Tertiary structure of proteins :

It represents further folding of secondary structure.
It gives rise to two major molecular shape ➔ fibre and globular.

• Stability of this structure depends on H-bonding, disulphide linkage, Vander Waals

force of attraction and electrostatic forces of attraction. ~ ...s
- C.-1\ll-{-
I/

@Notes_Care
C>
-,!'
Quaternary structure of proteins :
The spatial arrangement of sub unit of proteins with respect to each other is
known as quaternary structure.

(oenaturation of proteins)

Native proteins : Protein found in a biological system with a unique 3D structure and
biological activity is called native protein.

When a native form of protein is subjected to a physical change ( change in

temperature) or chemical change ( change in pH ) hydrogen bonds are disturbed.

Due to this unfolding of proteins or uncoiling of helix happens and protein loses its
biological activity. This is called Denaturation of protein.
0
11
O--c-1\llt-()
• During denaturation 2° /3° structures are destroyed but 1 ° structure remains intact.
··-·O ··Q · O · o
 Oenaturation

Functional protein Denatured protein

e Nucleic Acids)

Nucleus of a living cell is responsible for the transmission of inherent character.

• The particles in nucleus of cell (responsible for heredity), are called chromosomes.

• Chromosomes are made up of proteins and nucleic acids.

DNA @Notes_Care
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
/

-# Nucleic acid Pentose sugar + phosphoric acid + Base

=W DNA ⇒ ~-D-2-deoxyribose + phosphoric acid+ [AGCT]

:II: RNA ⇒ ~-D-ribose + phosphoric acid+ [AGCU]

2022/29 June/Shift-I

-
Sugar moiety in DNA and RNA molecules respectively are
-
0 J3-D-2-deoxyribose, J3-D-deoxyribose

#® J3-D-2-deoxyribose, J3-D-ribose

© J3-D-ribose, J3-D-2-deoxyribose

® J3-D-deoxyribose, J3-D-2-deoxyribose
Pentose sugar AG- Purine
s CUT - Pyrimidine
HOH 2 C 0
A -:-T , G=.C
·.. ·) 1-tyJY<>J'I"\ bl'l'l(;(

C \
OH OH C :'- II C
C i\ 11
IIC .I I C C
P-D-ribose C i\i·CH N

o\d,·r,11w l,\J ( 1lJ.IJll:1t" I( ~l

HOH 2 C 0 OH

Ill'
CI B
~ft: C
!I C
II
!IC
I
1f 1l II (

OH
\. \ I ,~. i I ' ( . I J 1• ;l I
P-D- 2 - deoxy ribose

2021/25 July/Shift-II

Which one of the following is correct structure for cytosine?

-c.=O

@Notes_Care
J::
~N~O
I
H

Nucleoside = Sugar+ base HO-H 2 C o

Nucleotide = Phosphate + sugar+ base OH OH

(
~
0
II ©
O-r-O-H 2 C 0 Base

OH OH
 0

Nucleic acid = Polynucleotides -c-o-G K.3

II
0
= Long chain polymer of nucleotides. II
_ p-o-c
I
Base Base 9
C
Base
Nucleic acid ⇒ [ .... - Sugar - Ph osp h a t e - Sugar - Ph osp h at e - Sugar

• Double strand helix structure for DNA : The two strands are
complementary to each other because the hydrogen bonds are formed between
n
\:JiJ
specific pairs of bases. ,¾ ACt C T DI\J A-

G - C A = T =t=FA<iiCU RNA
\J
~~

~@Notes_Care c:. T

2021/27 July/Shift-I

~ N.,.- H
~~N~O [ compound 'N f T == A
I
H

The compound 'N. is a complementary base of ____ in DNA strands.

0 Uracil

® Guanine

#© Adenine.I

® Cytosine
 RNA
Structure ➔ Single stranded helix.
• RNA molecule are of 3 types
1. Messenger RNA [m-RNA]
2. Ribosomal RNA [r-RNA]
3. Transfer RI\JA [t-RNA]

Biological Functions of Nucleic acids: DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be
regarded as the reserve of genetic information. Another important function of nucleic
acids is the protein synthesis in the cell.

2019/12 April/Shift-I

Which of the following statements is not true about RNA ?

'DI\JA
#@ It has always (double stranded /a-helix structure.

0 It usually does not replicate.

© @Notes_Care
It is present in the nucleus of the cell.

® It controls the synthesis of protein.

Vitamins Organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to

perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of
optimum growth and health of the organism.

Fat soluble vitamins : A, D , E and K . They are stored in liver . [A DEK : FJ]

Water soluble vitamins : B and C

C Water soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet
because they are readily excreted in urine and cannot be
stored ( except vitamin B12 ) in our body.
 .l. ,11,·
\ ll \Ill!! l I (!,( I(.\'( d lt.:l_1:11 \ "!
l{!H ._, 111d !ll !'-,( •JI 11
\\ ! 1l-.1H ...,...,

\ ll !llllll h. [11, l(,l'-, ( d !J]ii. d,. 11',IL'

111111

i ,t'

\ I. I!]! f-.
/
IF'' i ,,
\ I
'
'
1: 1 1 r '/

!• I .. lllli•'
JI) ·J.l

,, 1, ~

2021/18 March/Shift-II

Deficiency of vitamin K causes :

""1/

@ Cheilosis
# fa\
\ J Increase in blood
~
clotting time.

© @Notes_Care
Decrease in blood clotting time.

® Increase in fragility of RB C's .

.l
O"·
r