1-8: Writing Project #1: “Introducing Yourself and Reflecting on Big Ideas!

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Marwan Walaa Mohamed Nabih

Faculty of Computer Science at Galala University and Arizona State University

Introducing Myself & Reflecting on the Big Ideas

Hello! My name is Marwan Walaa, I live in Cairo, Egypt. I have always had a passion for
writing, reading, and analyzing, about which I believe has a place in any learning process. In
writing I have had experiences with simple writing such as writing essays for schools to writing
more blogs. All of these experiences have helped me gain better understanding of clarity,
purpose and relevance of writing. Some of the learning outcomes for this course include;
Increasing my grasp of the various writing approaches for composition, new understanding of
Multimodal writing and enhancing my capacity to edit my work.

The first Big Idea I reflected on is "Writing Is Multimodal." This idea pervades any
communication processes in terms of genders of modalities of language, image, sound, space and
movement and struck me because of how it ties the nature of writing to experience in the realm
of new media. I have sometimes employed distinct modes without really being aware of doing
so. For instance, I often overlay content with text and visuals on social media platforms to create
specific messages. What I have come to know so far is that adjunct type of discourse can provide
amplifications to the message in question beyond that of the linguistic mode. According to this
page, “All writing employs more than one mode of communication to shape and convey
meaning.” This insight will affect my work relations since it will enable me to think in terms of
the images, texts, and other modes and distinctively deliver my ideas.

Big Idea #2, “Writing Is Social” contributes its insight on the way writers write and how society
influences their work. Now I understand that writing has to be adapted to its context, and I have
never associated genres with this necessity before. The idea that “writing is social: the statement
“management communication is influenced by culture, expectations and nature of the

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communication context” (Big Idea #2) helped me realize that the way that I write varies with the
audience and setting. This way I am in a position to know whether to bother writing the paper,
the kind of language, the flow and even the characteristics of the paper in regard to the academic
writing genre I am covering. This concept will be useful to me by enhancing my understanding
of how to approach my writing with different objectives.

Thus, the third Big Idea, “Writing Is a Recursive Process,” resonated with me as during the
writing process, I have noticed numerous similarities as well. This I have realized as often as
possible I go back to the previous drafts to edit the work as I proceed with the work. Writing is
never linear and this year I discovered that it is okay to start all over at some point. The
importance of writing process as the page denotes it, I can agree with it because the writing
process is not straight-line. Knowing that I have some sort of plan for dealing with this process,
even if it seems completely random at times, is something that I intend to work on in this course.
The recursive approach will work for me because it will reduce the level of stress I associate
with revising and editing, because I will realize that they are necessary steps toward getting the
best version of the paper.

Therefore, these identified Big Ideas serve meaningful overviews that can help to form the
writing approach. The segments that I am most interested in are multimodal writing and the way
that I can use the social and recursive practices of writing and I’m looking forward to being able
to apply this to my writing in the academic and personal fields.

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 2-11: Writing Project #2 - The Food Blog Post, Final Draft
Marwan Walaa Mohamed Nabih
Faculty of Computer Science at Galala University and Arizona State University

Pizza: A Comforting Tradition with Global Impact

Personal introduction

Pizza functions beyond its status as sustenance because it serves as an essential element that
creates bonds while providing comfort and reflecting cultural values. The presence of pizza
accompanies my life through special events and extended study sessions with friends thus
influencing my personality development. All the components from the warm crust to the melting
cheese and colorful toppings unite into a dish that communicates more than mere food since
pizza symbolizes joyful communal interaction. To me pizza signifies important bonding events
along with contentment that develops through enjoying food together with others. In addition to
personal significance pizza maintains great cultural importance. The Italian invention has spread
across various cultures worldwide through a process of adaptation, yet it maintains a consistent
core. Pizza serves as a universal language which unites diverse populations while they savor it
either in private at home or during busy social events. The following text explores how pizza
evolved historically while examining the various regional versions and its cultural function in
creating social links from personal to community-oriented bonds.

The History of Pizza

Traditional pizza traces its beginnings backward through Italian heritage. Flatbread evolution in
early Italy resulted in the development of modern pizza through the combination of olive oil and
cheese with herbs. Even though it is simple, this delicious dish first appeared in Naples during
the 18th century as culinary artists integrated tomatoes into their preparations despite the
widespread belief that they were poisonous at the time. Street vendors in Naples achieved
popularity with their signature pizza style through selling them to various social classes from the
beginning of the 18th century.

During the late 1800s Italian immigrants delivered pizza to the United States where it rapidly
gained popularity specifically in New York cities. Pizza gained worldwide popularity only after
World War II ended. The genuine Italian pizzas experienced by American servicemen during
wartime spread knowledge about true pizza to their civilian contacts thus starting an American

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and eventual international pizza trend. In the 1950s and 1960s many countries adopted pizza as
their staple food at the same time regional pizza styles emerged in areas including Chicago and
New York and Japan.

Pizza has developed into a globally recognized culinary delight. The pizza dish grew into
numerous versions across the world starting with the traditional Neapolitan style until it reached
its iconic deep-dish form in Chicago. Today pizza enjoys increasing worldwide popularity since
millions of people worldwide eat this beloved dish frequently (Babbel, 2023; Pizza Facts, 2023;
Real Italian Restaurants, 2023).

Regional Variations of Pizza

The most engaging quality of pizza stems from its ability to transform according to different
cultural traditions. The Italian origin of pizza has expanded into different regional variations that
emerged as the food spread throughout international territories. Pizza functions as an American
national food yet individual regional variations present themselves throughout the United States.

• The traditional Neapolitan pizza consists of the Margherita which features a delicate
chewy base layered with fresh tomatoes, mozzarella cheese, basil along with olive oil
drizzle. The traditional Neapolitan pizza serves as both a sign of Italian pride and
culinary heritage because the European Union granted it special status as a traditional.

• New York-style pizza serves large foldable slices with a crispy crust containing basic
tomato sauce and mozzarella cheese and various optional toppings (Taste of Home,
2023). You can find New York-Style Pizza everywhere due to its dimensions which fit
perfectly into the street food landscape of New York City (Taste of Home, 2023).

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 (Dreamstime, 2023)

• Deep-Dish Pizza from Chicago represents an entirely different pizza format than the
signature New York foldable slices. The Chicago Deep-Dish presents itself with a fat
buttery structure which serves as a substantial holding space for lots of tomato sauce and
cheese combined with various toppings. Chicago residents enjoy deep-dish pizza which
presents its signature combination of stacked sauce along with various fillings placed
over its signature buttery crust (Pizza Facts, 2023).

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 (Food & Wine, 2023)

• California Pizza evolved into an artistic culinary platform in the state since California
revolutionized its pizza approach. Goat cheese and fresh vegetables together with smoked
salmon represent some popular topping choices for pizza in California. As the
fundamental aspect of California’s culinary identity this method relies on using fresh and
locally sourced ingredients that represent the state’s approach to food which prioritizes
creative and seasonal dishes (Taste of Home, 2023).

• Different regional interpretations of pizza exist globally where local flavors and culinary
components create unique adaptations. The toppings available for pizza in Japan include
squid and teriyaki chicken as well as corn and mayonnaise. Any attempt to categorize
pizza needs to consider the popularity of paneer (Indian cheese) and spicy curry toppings
in Indian versions of pizza as these elements demonstrate how the dish has become part
of different global food cultures (Real Italian Restaurants, 2023).

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 (Chew Out Loud, 2023)

The diverse pizza styles across different regions showcase both local eating preferences as well
as how pizza evolved from its Italian origins to achieve widespread global popularity as a
comfort food. Pizza started evolving as it adapted to various cultures by adopting region-specific
ingredients as well as local flavor profiles that represent diverse culinary traditions of each place.
The ability of pizza to accept regional ingredients enables it to create universal comfort while
adapting its flavors to match various eating cultures around the world.

Key Ingredients in Pizza

A basic pizza consists of basic necessary components. A basic pizza dough consists of flour,
water, yeast and salt starting from the foundation. The dough base provides a slightly crisp
foundation for different toppings to rest on because of its unique texture. The key tanginess of
pizza results from its tomato sauce and traditional mozzarella cheese gives it a rich creaminess to
balance the acidic taste.

Pizza has multiple dimensions as a dish which surpasses simple categorization. Today's pizza
selection extends beyond the traditional pepperoni and mushrooms because customers now order

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arugula along with pineapple and figs as toppings. Pizza is performed to various tastes therefore
it serves as a food that crosses cultural limits.

Traditional values persist throughout the substances employed in pizza production. Mozzarella
cheese used traditionally in pizza comes from buffalo milk following a historic production
technique based in southern Italian Campania region (Real Italian Restaurants, 2023). The
ingredient represents both taste and texture dimensions and honors traditional Italian cuisine in a
meaningful way. The everlasting popularity of pizza depends on maintaining equilibrium
between its core components as its culinary arts transform.

Pizza’s Personal and Cultural Significance

Pizza is more than just food; it’s a cultural experience that brings people together. For me, pizza
represents a sense of comfort and nostalgia. Growing up, pizza was a dish we shared as a family,
whether it was on a busy weeknight or during a special occasion. The act of sharing a pizza with
loved ones has always felt like a ritual—something that fosters connection and camaraderie.

The act of sharing pizza reveals itself as an experience which contributes to cultural unity among
people because it enables collective gatherings. I associate pizza with feelings of comfort which
also brings back memories of my childhood. Pizza became our family meal for both ordinary
weeknights and celebratory occasions during my childhood years. People seek connection
through pizza-sharing with their loved ones since it represents a beloved and timeless ritual
between them.

Conclusion

Pizza serves as both nourishment and cultural phenomenon which people everywhere unite under
its flavor. The humble Italian roots of pizza gave rise to its universal appeal which has spread
across the globe to unite people at every table. Pizza serves as a comforting and delicious dish
which unites people in every setting whether you eat it alone or with friends and family. The
essential components and various regional expressions and cultural importance of pizza establish
it as a universal representation of worldwide unity.

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References

[1] Babbel. (2023, January 24). The cultural history of pizza. Babbel Magazine.
https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/cultural-history-of-pizza

[2] Chew Out Loud. (2023). Deep dish pizza: The real deal [Photograph]. Chew Out Loud.
https://www.chewoutloud.com/deep-dish-pizza-the-real-deal/

[3] Dreamstime. (2023). New York style pizza with thin, crispy crust and pepperoni held by a
customer in a bustling city street [Photograph]. Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/new-
york-style-pizza-thin-crispy-crust-pepperoni-held-customer-bustling-city-street-pizzeria-bright-
lights-urban-image346695645

[4] Food & Wine. (2023). Achari paneer pizza [Photograph]. Food & Wine.
https://www.foodandwine.com/achari-paneer-pizza-8609056

[5] Pizza Facts. (2023). Pizza ingredients. Pizza Facts. https://www.pizzafacts.net/pizza-

making/pizza-ingredients/

[6] Real Italian Restaurants. (2023, January 24). History of pizza in Italy. Real Italian
Restaurants. https://www.realitalianrestaurants.com/blog/history-of-pizza-italy

[7] Taste of Home. (2023). Guide to regional pizza styles. Taste of Home.
https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/guide-to-regional-pizza-
styles/?srsltid=AfmBOoo7sQVByYOQ3kJROCn_hA2rEbGA4SG7K6LJCUaSdrRBTm6BBd-J

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 3-12: Writing Project #3 - The Annotated Bibliography, Final Draft
Marwan Walaa Mohamed Nabih
Faculty of Computer Science at Galala University and Arizona State University

Introduction

The online gaming arena among multifunctional competitive gamers has evolved into a large and
multifaceted digital platform. The digital space provides a platform where real-time players from
different backgrounds both communicate and participate in unified activities and competitive
gameplay. Team interactions in online environments develop both team spirit and work together
but lead to serious problems including toxic behavior. The three main elements constituting
toxicity in online gaming are verbal harassment alongside cheating and disruptive conduct that
create negative impacts on player experiences. Technology growth in the gaming landscape
demands specific measures to fight toxicity because it damages the quality of enjoyable
multiplayer experiences. Unmonitored toxic conduct in gaming produces various negative results
from diminished player loyalty to critical psychological problems that lead to player stress and
high levels of frustration. Consistent negative exposure causes numerous players to stop playing
games completely thus adversely affecting game studios along with game communities.

Several psychological and social factors create a complex problem with toxic behavior during
game sessions that take place online. Online interactions enable anonymity that typically makes
players express themselves beyond what they would do in real-life situations. The aggressive
gameplay competition that exists in multiplayer games generates toxic behavior because it drives
players to act with increasing hostility. Exposed to continuous toxicity, players tend to adapt to it
so negative game interactions become regular practice within online communities. The gaming
industry faces wider challenges because companies need continuous monetary support for tools
to moderate behavior as well as teams to enforce regulations and oversee community relations to
combat toxicity.

The research analyzes academic views about toxic conduct within digital gaming boundaries
through its bibliography format. The research evaluates both the initial reasons why toxic
behavior occurs alongside key behavioral factors responsible for it while studying prevention
methods developers and moderators create. The study merges communication scholarly work
with psychological methods to study in-game conduct that results from anonymity together with
competition and interpersonal relationships. The research conducts an evaluation of the

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effectiveness of existing monitoring methods and design modifications that help reduce harmful
behavior. Different academic studies undergo assessment to establish extensive comprehension
of gaming toxicity while presenting research-based answers on building better digital
interactions.

Annotations

Blackburn, J., & Kwak, H. (2014). STFU NOOB! Predicting crowdsourced decisions on toxic
behavior in online games. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide
Web, 877–888. [1404.5905] STFU NOOB! Predicting Crowdsourced Decisions on Toxic
Behavior in Online Games

The research examines the usage of crowdsourcing technology to detect and counteract toxic
activities that happen in online gaming platforms. Blackburn and Kwak performed an analysis of
player reports and community-moderated systems through an examination of League of Legends'
'Tribunal' system. The researchers leverage statistical models and machine learning to anticipate
behaviors that community members determine are toxic. Results demonstrate that game
participants easily detect open toxic behaviors which lead to penalties, but they do not notice and
fail to reprimand subtle anti-social conduct. The authors establish that automated moderation
tools integrated with community judgment effectively minimize toxicity in games.

The study identifies how community-based moderation both succeeds and fails in its moderation
practices. The major benefit of using human moderators is their capacity to detect subtle
behavioral patterns which electronic detection algorithms would miss. Personal involvement of
players creates bias issues in community-based moderation since their experiences shape
decision-making processes. Data collected from League of Legends gameplay has restrictions
since different gaming environments tend to demonstrate different levels of acceptance towards
specific behaviors. The paper discusses automation and human judgment collaboration but fails
to analyze other moderation methods extensively. The results show how using a combination of
AI technology with human moderators could produce better results for moderation processes.
The research faces continuous opposition due to uncertainties about biased judgment and
irregular decisions from players. For effective toxicity management the research shows
continuous improvements in human and AI-based moderation systems are necessary. Next-
generation research must investigate moderation system success rates in multiple gaming
networks with consideration for various player behaviors and ecosystem diverse cultures. The
information provided in this text remains essential to grasp the possibilities of crowdsourced
moderation in online gaming by demonstrating the need for computer-based detection strengths
alongside human evaluation.

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Kwak, H., Blackburn, J., & Han, S. (2015). Exploring cyberbullying and toxic behavior in team
competition online games. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors
in Computing Systems, 3739–3748. Exploring Cyberbullying and Other Toxic Behavior in Team
Competition Online Games | Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems

A study investigates both cyberbullying together with hostility that affects competitive video
game interactions. Kwak, Blackburn, and Han conducted a review analyzing multiplayer team-
based game behavioral patterns through an evaluation of factors like anonymity, peer influence
and competitive stress that increase player aggression. Research evidence in both reports and
gaming logs proves that toxic gameplay generates long-term toxic behavior from affected players
in subsequent games. The investigation studies how cyberbullying in online gaming produces
prolonged mental effects which damage both game players' psychological well-being as well as
the overall gaming community state. The authors explain that high-intensity team-based gaming
creates emotional states through which toxic behavior rapidly spreads among players. The study
revealed that gamers automatically get encouragement from teammates whenever they perform
toxic behavior thereby enabling the negative gaming system to keep growing.

A comprehensive database allows researchers to conduct detailed statistical research on toxic

behaviors displayed across different gaming communities. Through reliable statistical research
findings, the authors validate that cyberbullying happens regularly with repetitive patterns that
increase gaming participants' likelihood to display similar behavior. The research investigates
toxic behavior in competitive games while omitting toxic conduct assessment in non-competitive
games. While demonstrating substantial relationships between toxicity and peer impact the
research fails to present extensive assessments about methods to reduce toxic conduct including
moderator practices and Artificial Intelligence moderation systems and social regulations.
Research should investigate alternative moderation methods because such methods could
minimize further cyberbullying cases while improving user happiness. The study drawbacks
challenge complete understanding however its analysis of social and psychological elements in
toxic behavior serves as helpful input for gaming research about toxicity reduction methods.

Saarinen, T. (2017). Toxic behavior in online games (Master’s thesis). University of Oulu.
nbnfioulu-201706022379.pdf

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Saarinen thoroughly analyzes gamut of toxic behavior patterns in online gaming through his
thesis which investigates both origins and visible expressions and behavioral outcomes. The
research methodology combines literary evaluation with interviews from experienced gamers to
explore the effects of toxicity on gaming encounters. Results show that cheating and both
grieving and verbal harassment strongly reduce player enjoyment as well as decrease player
engagement. The data establishes that game retention gets worse, and developer engagement
drops when game makers do not control toxic conduct effectively. The proposed solution
introduces three-tiered toxicity reduction methods starting with community guidelines before
resorting to moderator protocols and completing with user-specific interventions.

As an extensive research paper this thesis provides readers with complete understanding about
the wide-ranging effects of toxic conduct in gaming environments. The qualitative approach of
this research includes real-world player experiences which enhances analysis depth. Since this
research examined veteran player experiences only it fails to show how this data might represent
the behaviors of newer players or occasional players. Despite being pragmatic the proposed
solutions do not provide solutions for their actual implementation difficulties. Through its
analysis the thesis demonstrates how game design features contribute to toxic behavior in
multiplayer games by featuring disproportionate matchmaking systems together with inadequate
reporting system regulation. Additional research about these proposed treatments in various
gaming settings will confirm their effectiveness on a wider scale. Game toxicity mostly stems
from poor competitive design and inadequate moderation that requires game developers to
introduce preemptive fixes like better reward systems and enhanced reporting menus. Future
research needs to examine how various player characteristics, specifically age alongside gaming
experience affect toxic communication behaviors in gaming environments. The study provides
important findings about toxic behavior's psychological results and provides developers and
moderators with new strategies although it has some restrictions.

Zhu, Z., Zhang, R., & Qin, Y. (2022). Toxicity and prosocial behaviors in massively multiplayer
online games: The role of mutual dependence, power, and passion. Journal of Computer-
Mediated Communication, 27(6), 1–12. Toxicity and prosocial behaviors in massively
multiplayer online games: The role of mutual dependence, power, and passion | Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication | Oxford Academic

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Zhu, Zhang, and Qin (2022) studied how MMO game players demonstrate toxic or prosocial
behavior through their mutual need according to their felt powers and their gaming zeal. Survey
research conducted among 782 Chinese gamers reveals the psychological forces which
determine player behavior patterns. The research shows that players who view their virtual
power as higher tend to exhibit altruistic conduct yet those compelled by games cause toxic
outcomes. The research demonstrates that mutual dependence operates as a decisive factor that
either diminishes or enhances toxic conduct in virtual gaming communities enabled by their
structural features and social interactions. The research indicates harmonious passion drives
people toward cooperation and minimizes toxic behavior while obsessive passion leads to non-
cooperative gameplay in online environments.

The study establishes that collaborative gameplay interactions between team members generate
hostile and toxic conduct simultaneously. Game developers receive study results that guide them
to create improved gaming environments through gameplay adjustments which build supportive
interactions among gamers. Research limitations exist because it analyzes Chinese gamers
without proving how Western gamers would respond to the findings. Social interaction standards
and methods of communication within gaming regions establish what counts as toxic behavior
and what defines prosocial activity. The authors studied MMO games specifically while omitting
research about toxic and prosocial behaviors found in competitive first-person shooters and battle
royale games. The research drawbacks persist although this study presents findings about player
involvement and dependence to serve as basis for future investigations toward achieving
competitive stability together with social wellness in online social groups.

Conclusion

The four scholarly resources evaluate toxic conduct in online gaming with detailed coverage of
root elements and social consequences in addition to possible remedies. The multiple studies
present key findings which elucidate toxic behavior mechanisms while showing different
instigating factors that enable its development. The studies demonstrate an immediate
requirement for game developers and moderators to develop strategic responses which will build
improved gaming spaces. This annotated bibliography presents a complete evaluation of gaming
toxicity through integrated research approaches that supports new academic work and digital
space interaction reduction strategies.

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 4-10: Writing Project #4 – Final Draft

Advocacy for Ethical and Responsible Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Marwan Walaa Mohamed Nabih

Introduction

The healthcare industry experiences transformation through Artificial Intelligence

because this technology boosts diagnostic abilities as well as treatment strategies along with
medical service provision. Medical practice can experience a transformation through artificial
intelligence that allows early disease identification and automatic workflow management and
improved patient results. Medical establishments receive various advantages from AI
implementation through customized treatment methods together with disease situation
predictions and automated operational work that increases system performance. AI diagnostic
tools with deep learning algorithms along with natural language processing (NLP) models
combined with robotic surgical systems deliver accurate medical diagnosis and treatment results.
The deployment of AI needs proactive ethical measures to defend patient rights together with
guarantees of fairness and maintenance of trust between physicians and their patients.

The implementation of artificial intelligence in healthcare faces numerous obstacles

which include biases alongside transparency issues and accountability issues and patient data
protection problems. AI systems will serve patients reliably but only through proper bias
correction and transparency implementation along with strict accountability procedures. AI lacks
proper oversight which enables its capabilities to both sustain present healthcare inequalities
while actively creating new threats that impact minority community patients. The promotion of
responsible AI stands essential for building fair and transparent and accountable Applications of
AI in healthcare. Social values together with legal standards must guide the framework
development of ethical AI governance systems. This research evaluates the moral concerns
surrounding artificial intelligence use in healthcare alongside the effects of advocacy writing on

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regulatory frameworks that control the application of AI in medical practices. The impact of
advocacy writing on both AI ethics and policies gives stakeholders the ability to develop a future
healthcare system that integrates AI technology while protecting ethical standards.

Literature Review: Background and Context

Studies have shown that medical AI technology performs two key functions which
include the early identification of Alzheimer’s disease and the analysis of patient health
predictions. AI-powered clinical decision support systems (CDSS) enable physicians to base
their medical decisions on data while simultaneously minimizing errors and creating better
treatment plans. Medical AI applications utilize this technology for both imaging technologies
and wearable health monitors and robotics-assisted surgery. The existing technological progress
in healthcare continues to face essential ethical dilemmas. Programs which display bias in
algorithms lead to biased treatment recommendations which unequally impact minorities along
with disadvantaged populations (Li et al., 2023). AI systems perform discriminatory operations
when trained with biased data which maintains healthcare discrimination through the delivery of
unaddressed systemic inequalities.

Healthcare professionals need complete transparency together with explainable processes

in AI systems because they must base their medical decisions on these AI recommendations. The
black box nature of deep learning algorithms prevents clinicians from understanding their output
decision-making processes. Concerns about reliability and misuse of AI-driven decisions emerge
because healthcare professionals lack the ability to explain their workings (El-Sappagh et al.,
2025). The autonomy of medical systems through AI raises accountability questions since
clarification is necessary about who bears responsibility for mistakes derived from AI-based
medical operations. The unclear distribution of liability occurs when AI-based medical diagnosis
results in patient injuries since developers' healthcare institutions or regulatory agencies share the
potential responsibilities according to (Benjamins et al, 2019).

Healthcare organizations face substantial challenges regarding data confidentiality. Data

protection laws including GDPR and HIPAA establish important requirements for organizations
to manage patient information because this information remains sensitive in nature. AI-based

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healthcare systems process large patient dataset volumes which raises doubts about patient
permission terms and data protection measures and how data might be misused (El-Sappagh et
al., 2025). Ethical AI guidelines mandate responsible handling of patient information, and they
provide precise rules about data ownership and protection through encryption practices. The
mass usage of AI in medical environments requires composed collaborations between technical
personnel, ethical specialists and legal experts who need to maintain human-centered principles
alongside clinical requirements and societal values.

Ethical Issues in AI Healthcare

AI applications in healthcare generate multiple ethical dilemmas that involve data

security together with bias declaration and system transparency alongside responsibility
accounting. The training of AI algorithms with data sets that contain historical biases ends up
producing discriminatory clinical recommendations according to (Wang et al.,2020). The biases
embedded within AI systems concentrate on minority populations thus resulting in healthcare
disparities becoming worse instead of improving them. The elimination of bias needs diverse
training information and algorithmic bias reduction methods and systematic checks to maintain
fair patient-centric healthcare delivery.

AI decision-making requires transparent operations especially when applied to crucial

medical environments. Healthcare professionals face challenges when they need to analyze and
validate AI recommendations stemming from black-box AI models. The absence of clear
explanations affects the trust level of healthcare professionals who hesitate to implement new
technology systems for clinical practice (Li et al., 2023). The gap between black-box AI models
can be filled through Explainable AI (XAI) techniques which include visual explanation methods
and model interpretability frameworks (El-Sappagh et al., 2025). Science experts are present-day
developing multiple methods to explain AI output transparency through rule-based AI systems
combined with feature attribution techniques and interactive AI visualization tools.

Another critical issue is accountability. Human patients face uncertainty regarding

accountability in medical applications that use autonomous AI systems when system errors
occur. The unclear allocation of accountability becomes a challenge because framework
definitions are absent for liability determination in AI-related medical errors (Benjamins et al.,
2019). Predetermined ethical and legal protocols must serve both to define who bears
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responsibility and to enable oversight structures which protect patient safety. (Wang et al., 2020)
suggest that accountability should be distributed across AI creators together with medical staff
along with government regulators.

The deployment of AI in healthcare operations faces additional obstacles from data

privacy together with security problems. To integrate AI healthcare systems medical institutions,
need large amounts of sensitive patient data which leads to an increased risk of data security
breaches coupled with unauthorized access. AI model attacks originating from cyber security
threats create safety hazards for healthcare patients. The protection of patient confidentiality
demands healthcare institutions to establish encrypted protocols and decentralized data storage
systems and access control procedures (ElSappagh et al., 2025).

Advocate Profile: Dr. Shaker El-Sappagh

My program director Dr. Shaker El-Sappagh leads research in clinical decision support
systems and medical informatics. He focuses specifically on the ethics of artificial intelligence.
His professional mission centers on generating healthcare AI applications while making fairness
and transparent and reliable processing core principles. Dr. El-Sappagh leads the effort of
discovering and resolving biases found in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis AI models and other AI-
based diagnostic procedures. Through his research he stresses explainable AI (XAI) because it
allows healthcare professionals to maintain trust in AI-driven decision-making and
recommendations (El-Sappagh, 2025).

The article published in Artificial Intelligence Review (2023) features Dr. El-Sappagh’s
work on trustworthy AI for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. The research showed that diagnostic
decisions benefit from AI models when they provide transparent operations. Dr. El-Sappagh
wrote an article for the Journal of Disability Research in 2025 about mental health responsible
AI applications and presented interpretable methods for better understanding AI output
information by medical staff (El-Sappagh et al., 2025). His research has guided policy
discussions about AI ethics through essential guidance which policymakers along with
researchers and healthcare institutions leverage (El-Sappagh, 2025).

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 Dr. El-Sappagh devotes his advocacy work to activities that exceed traditional research
publications. Dr. El-Sappagh strategically distributes his research through high-impact
publications and conferences which allows his work to find its way to influential audiences who
include government officials within AI development and healthcare professionals. As a reviewer
for IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems and BMC Medicine he
actively promotes discussion about ethical AI standards which directs healthcare AI governance.
His interdisciplinary work with other fields strengthens his advocacy while guaranteeing ethical
AI principles become active components in real-life medical applications.

The Impact of Advocacy Writing

Dr. El-Sappagh strategically chooses his advocacy writing publications according to the
impact factor of their journals and the prestige of the medical and AI conferences where his work
is presented to reach his audience including policymakers' healthcare professionals and AI
developers. As a reviewer for respected journals, he actively transforms ethical AI conversations
as he guides the development of accountable AI systems. His work with multiple disciplines
enhances his advocacy role which drives responsible AI implementation in healthcare practices.

Key Ethical Principles for AI Developers

Dr. El-Sappagh declares that responsible AI systems must follow three essential ethical
principles during development by AI developers.

1. Fairness and Bias Mitigation: The design of AI models must incorporate measures
to stop discrimination which intensifies current healthcare inequality patterns.
2. Transparency and Explainability: Healthcare personnel along with patients need
transparent AI decision systems to establish trust so explanations behind these
decisions must be readily understandable.

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 3. Robustness and Security: AI frameworks require extreme security measures as well
as full compliance with privacy standards and resistance against hacking attempts.
4. Accountability and Compliance: AI developers need to create systems that fulfill
both regulatory and ethical standards by using clear systems of accountability.
5. Human-Centered Design: AI solutions need to focus on protecting patient health
alongside the requirements of medical personnel to let AI work alongside humans
instead of substituting their capabilities (Wang et al., 2020).

Medical informatics and patient care can benefit from trust-based wide adoption of responsible
AI healthcare solutions through such principles' implementation.

Conclusion

Organizations use advocacy writing as a fundamental measure to develop ethical AI

healthcare policies that establish fair and transparent AI systems with proper accountability
standards. The combination of research efforts by policymakers together with AI developers
enables the addressing of critical ethical problems such as bias in AI decisions with limited
transparency and data protection issues and insufficient accountability measures. Building an
ongoing advocacy platform helps lawmakers and researchers develop AI systems which place
people at the center while upholding social fairness principles and public confidence.

AI technology development requires ethical advocacy for building healthcare solutions

that combine innovation with responsibility along with equity. AI development requires ethical
considerations to advance without causing any harm. Academic research should investigate
design modifications for regulatory systems that can simultaneously support AI innovation while
protecting both patient welfare and medical data security alongside clinical outcomes
effectiveness. The development of AI systems requiring medical standards compliance and

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human value integration demands intensive working relationships among developers and
healthcare staff as well as legal experts and ethicists.

The path of AI healthcare applications will shape according to the execution of ethical
responsibility and proficient AI technology implementation. The essential function of advocacy
writing involves linking AI possibilities to ethical responsibility so this process can proceed
effectively. The combining power of advocacy enables effective discussions which supports
policy influence while promoting wide knowledge spread to guarantee AI serves healthcare
positively. Ethical AI advocacy will find the basis for considering the responsible creation and
implementation of medical AI while developing a future healthcare paradigm that combines high
technology with ethical standards.

Works Cited

[1] Benjamins, R., Barbado, A., & Sierra, D. (2019). Responsible AI by Design in Practice. AAAI
Proceedings. [1909.12838] Responsible AI by Design in Practice

[2] El-Sappagh, S., Alonso-Moral, J. M., Abuhmed, T., Ali, F., & Bugarín-Diz, A. (2025).
Trustworthy artificial intelligence in Alzheimer’s disease: State of the art,
opportunities, and challenges. Artificial Intelligence Review, 56(10), 11149–11296.
Trustworthy artificial intelligence in Alzheimer’s disease: state of the art,
opportunities, and challenges | Artificial Intelligence Review

[3] El-Sappagh, S., Nazih, W., Alharbi, M., & Abuhmed, T. (2025). Responsible Artificial
Intelligence for Mental Health Disorders: Current Applications and Future
Challenges. Journal of Disability Research, 4, 1–29. Responsible Artificial
Intelligence for Mental Health Disorders: Current Applications and Future Challenges
– ScienceOpen

[4] Li, F., Ruijs, N., & Lu, Y. (2023). Ethics & AI: A Systematic Review on Ethical Concerns
and Related Strategies for Designing with AI in Healthcare. AI, 4(1), 28-53. Ethics &
AI: A Systematic Review on Ethical Concerns and Related Strategies for Designing
with AI in Healthcare

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[5] Wang, Y., Xiong, M., & Olya, H. G. T. (2020). Toward an understanding of responsible
artificial intelligence practices. Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, 4962-4971. Toward an Understanding of Responsible
Artificial Intelligence Practices

[6] Interview with Dr. Shaker El-Sappagh (2025). Conducted by Marwan Nabih.

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