Name:Harnavjot Kaur

Student id :5011053
Unit:HBS108 Assignments
Task 2
(Interpreting and Evaluating
Health Evidence)
Date:14 May 2023
Submitted To:Andre Orr
 Table of Contents

TASK A- INTERPRETING STUDY DESIGNS AND APPROACHES.......................................1

QUESTION 1 ........................................................................................................................1
TASK B- IDENTIFYING STUDY METHODS AND RESULTS (A)..........................................2
QUESTION 2.........................................................................................................................2
TASK C- IDENTIFYING STUDY METHODS AND RESULTS (B)..........................................3
QUESTION 3.........................................................................................................................3
TASK D- CONCLUSION-SYNTHESISING RESULTS AND EXPLORING OF LITERATURE
..........................................................................................................................................................3
QUESTION 4.........................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................6
TASK A- INTERPRETING STUDY DESIGNS AND APPROACHES
QUESTION 1
(i) The aim of the study is to identify the perceived motivators, enablers and barriers of
aboriginal and Torres Islanders men with respect to the utilization of primary health
care services along with the exploration of their experiences for making
improvements in these health care services.
(ii) Indigenous methodologies were implemented for the purpose of this research study.
As this particular methodology is considered culturally, respectful and safe in order
to recognize the perspectives of indigenous individuals. Semi structured interviews
were also conducted through a semi structured interview. Therefore, the
methodology implemented for this particular research study is qualitative
methodology which is used by researchers for developing theories and conceptual
frameworks with respect to the aim of the article.
(iii) The data analysis method used for this research study was a thematic analysis. In
qualitative research thematic analysis is the most common method which is used for
analysis of qualitative data. The main emphasis of this analysis method consists of
identification and interpretation of different patterns of data along with their
meanings. With respect to this case study, semi structured interviews were
conducted through which common themes and patterns of qualitative data were
derived. This particular approach enabled researchers to generate and work within a
particular thematic framework and develop new concepts.
(iv) The limitation of this research study might include the fact that the sample
population taken into consideration by researchers were very small. Therefore, the
results might not represent the entire aboriginal population. Furthermore, the
presence of selection bias in recruitment of participants can also be identified as a
limitation. This aspect might be considered problematic as the aboriginal and Torres
Islanders consists of individuals belonging to different cultural backgrounds,
careers and health status. The given research article, however, only recruited
participants belonging to the urban South Australia which might not represent the
perspectives of the entire aboriginal population.

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TASK B- IDENTIFYING STUDY METHODS AND RESULTS (A)
QUESTION 2
a) A cross-sectional study design was conducted by researchers at the Southern Queensland
center of excellence, taking into consideration the aboriginal and Torres Islanders. The
aim of the implementation of a cross-sectional study was to improve the health-related
outcomes for indigenous individuals by increasing the access to a variety of primary and
secondary health and social care services in a culturally safe environment. For the
purpose of this research study, primary research was incorporated.
b) There were different demographic variables taken into account such as age, gender,
education level and duration of presence in clinic. These surveys and questionnaires were
then analyzed in order to identify the rate of frequency through which indigenous people
might face barriers in accessing primary and secondary health and social care services.
The education level in Indigenous people might be considered an important demographic
variable as higher literacy in indigenous people might be associated with positive health
outcomes due to presence of health education.
c) The data collection method employed for this research was a questionnaire consisting of
three sections which was used for serving of participants and collection of data. The
potential limitations of cross-sectional studies include that researchers failed to form an
association between the outcome measures and the demographic variables that is being
examined.
d) The findings of this study as mentioned in table number three indicate that participants
who could speak English were able to access specific primary health care services which
might reduce the need for position of health literacy in the understanding of health related
information. However, understanding of simple language and access to a general
practitioner was considered the bare minimum requirement in order to improve the health
outcomes of aboriginal and Torres Islanders. Table number three, showcase and
association between the different demographic characteristics and health literacy
adequacy of participants.

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TASK C- IDENTIFYING STUDY METHODS AND RESULTS (B)
QUESTION 3
1) In the hierarchy of evidence, the use of a randomized controlled trial was done in order to
identify a range of strategies that can help the indigenous Australian community to be
equipped with oral health, literacy instruments there for the same, a number of primary
outcomes and secondary outcomes were included in the methodology.
2) The sample size for this research study was 310. However, it is important to highlight that
in context with oral health literacy intervention. The sample size might not represent the
perspectives of the entire aboriginal community. It is important to highlight that there are
individuals belonging two culturally different environments within the aboriginal
community. Therefore, the results might not be valid as the sample size of participants
belonged to only one ethnicity and culture. However, it might be useful for researchers to
recruit aboriginal participants from different communities belonging to different
geographical areas in order to enhance the validity of research study.
3) Risk ratio also named as relative risk, compares the risk associated with a particular
Health event in a given sample group with respect to another group. The risk ratio in the
findings of the research study might indicate that the intervention was successful in
improving the dental health literacy in the sample population.
4) A ratio-based scale of measurement was used in the assessment and analysis of the
question is mentioned in the appendix list.

TASK D- CONCLUSION-SYNTHESISING RESULTS AND EXPLORING

OF LITERATURE
QUESTION 4
a) Key findings of
Article 1: The results of article 1 indicated that the sample size recruited demonstrated feelings of
shame, feelings of discomfort, fear, lack of knowledge and in appropriate information about
health care staff as barriers in accessing of utilization of services. Different logistical factors and
strategies for improving communication were identified and highlighted in this research study
and these strategies were suggested by participants and making significant improvements in the
service utilization of primary health care services.

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 Article 2: The prevalence and risk factors associated with health literacy were identified
in this research study where it was found that 72% of the total sample participants
possessed adequate health literacy. It was also reportedly found that participants
belonging to the age of less than equal to 50 years were rather independently associated
with low levels of health literacy due to completion of schooling. The areas of
improvement that were identified consisting of implementation of communication
techniques and caring about the experiences of patients with their general practitioners.
Article 3: The results of the study indicated that with respect to oral health literacy this
research study was successful in improving the oral health literacy outcomes in the
vulnerable population of indigenous individuals multiple imputation or MI was used in
order to compare the primary and secondary outcomes associated with the social
psychological factors of diseases.
b) Design a study for
Identify the study design: The study design that will be taken into consideration for
investigation of factors contributing to aboriginal and Torres strait islanders will be a
qualitative methodology as a conceptual and theoretical framework will be used in
identification of these factors.
List the research question: What are the factors contributing to the health care outcomes
of indigenous communities?
Explain the chosen sampling method: A random sampling method will be used which
will recruit participants belonging to different cultural backgrounds of the aboriginal
communities. Different demographic variables will also be taken into consideration such
as age, gender, education level and levels of health literacy.
Outline the data collection methods: The data collection method that will be employed for
the investigation of factors will include semi structured, interviews or questionnaires in
the form of surveys.
Identify relevant data analyses: The data analysis technique that will be used will include
a thematic data analysis as the use of this analysis technique will enable researchers to
develop and design concepts and theories relevant to the identification of factors that
impact the health outcomes of indigenous communities.

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REFERENCES
Online:
Canuto, K., Wittert, G., Harfield, S., Brown, & A 2018, ‘“I feel more comfortable speaking to a
male”: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men’s discourse on utilizing primary health
care services’. International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 17, no. 185.
Ju, X., Brennan, D., Parker, E., Mills, H., Kapellas, K., & Jamieson, L. 2017, ‘Efficacy of an oral
health literacy intervention among Indigenous Australian adults’. Community Dentistry
and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 45, no. 5, 413–426.
Lakhan, P., Askew, D., Harris, M. F., Kirk, C., & Hayman, N. 2017, ‘Understanding health talk
in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service: a
crosssectional study’. Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 23, no. 4, 335–341.