DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 100 736 SO 008 008

AUTHOR Archuleta, Lena, Comp.

TM! The Magic of Names -- Their Origin and Meaning. A
BilingualBicultural Resource Booklet for Teachers,
Pre-School through Grade Six.
INSTITUTION Denver Public Schools, Colo.
PUB DATE 73
NOTE 42p.; For related document see SO 008 007

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$1.85 PLUS POSTAGE

DESCRIPTORS American History; *Biculturalism; *Bilingual
Education; Bilingual Teacher Aides; Classroom
Materials; *Diachronic Linguistics; Educational
Games; Language Enrichment; *Mexican Americans;
Resource Materials; Spanish; *Spanish Culture;
Spanish Speaking; Symbolism
IDENTIFIERS Elementary Secondary Education Act Title VIII; ESEA
Title VIII

ABSTRACT
This resource book on Spanish and English names,
origins, and meanings gives the teacher background material for
developing bilingual classroom activities. Knowledge of one's name is
important for developing self-concept in a bilingual-bicultural
education program. Section one contains a history and development of
surnames. Section two traces the origin and development of Spanish
surnames. Section three examines the symbolism and heraldry of coats
of arms. Section four provides the origin and meaning of selected
common names of families in Denver's west side. Sections five and six
give common English names, their Spanish equivalents, and Spanish
aids to pronunciation. Sections seven through nine provide learning
activities for primary and intermediate grades which include
bilingual games and songs. Section ten provides teacher and student
resource suggestions. The appendix includes Spanish place names in
Colorado and a Colorado map. (DE)
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THE MAGIC OF NAMES - THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING

A BILINGUAL-BICULTURAL RESOURCE BOOKLET

FOR TEACHERS

Pre-School through Grade Six

DENVER PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Division of Education
Office of Bilingual-Bicultural Education
Al Aguayo, Supervisor

Compiled by Lena L. Archuleta

 THE MAGIC OF NAMES . THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING

Introduction

This resource book on ,names has been prepared in order to give teachers
background material which may be helpful in planning classroom activities
and experiences centered around this interesting topic.

The most beautiful sound to any person is the sound of his name. How he
feels about it and how he lives with it are important in the development of
his self-concept. For this reason, it is suggested that as part of any
bilingual-bicultural program, some time be given to talking about and working
with names.

This resource booklet includes general information about surnames, which

for the most part are of Spanish and English derivation; brief notes on
coats of arms and other aspects of heraldry; and meaningz and origins of
a selected group of names on which resources were easily available.
Activities for primary and intermediate grades are suggested. A kit of
materials which supplements this written information includes cassette tapes
(to assist teachers or to provide directions for center activities), pictures,
and maps. The appendix contains a list of Spanish place names in Colorado.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Surnames - Their History and Development 1

Some Interesting Facts About Spanish Surnames 3

Coats of Arms - Heraldry 4

Origin and Meaning of Selected Common Names of. Families 6

Common Given Names and Their Spanish Equivalents 16

Spanish Aids to Pronunciation 18

Activities for Primary and Intermediate Grades 20

Games 24

Songs 26

Resources 28

Appendix:

Place Names in Colorado

Colorado Map
 SURNAMES - THEIR HISTORY. AND DEVELOrENT

Until about 1100 A.D. most people in Europe had only one name. As the population
increased it became awkward to live in a village where perhaps one-third of the
men were named John, or Juan, another large group Joseph or Jose, and still
another Stephen or Esteban.

So it was that people decided that another t)r second name was needed. There
were several primary sources for these surnames:

Occupation Patronymical (addition of word for son)

Location (of home, place of Characteristic

historical deed, or memorable
event)

In addition to these, surnames have several other lesser used categories, such
as, relative of the family, heavenly phenomena, names derived from animals,
trees, and vegetables.

OCCUPATION: The local house builder, food preparer, grain grinder, and suit
maker would be named: JOHN CARPENTER, JOHN COOK, JOHN MILLER, AND JOHN TAYLOR.
Similarly in Spanish, the barber took the surname of BARBERO, the mayor, ALCADE,
the banker, BANQUERO, goat herd, CABRERO, the singer, CANTADOR, the author,
ESCRIBANO, the warrior, GUERRERO, etc.

LOCATION: The John who lived over the hill became known as John Overhill, the
onewho lived near the stream might be named John Brook, etc. Juan who had come
from Cordova, Spain, took the name of JUAN CORDOVA. Jose who had taken a trip
to Austria became JOSE AUSTRIA. Miguel who lived near a cave became MIGUEL DE LA
CUEVA. Pablo who had made a pilgrimage to Rome became PABLO ROMERO.

PATRONYMICAL: Many surnames can be recognized by the termination ---son, such

as WILLIAMSON, JACKSON, etc. With Spanish surnames - es, -ez, or -az which
meant son were added. Hence we have the common names of ESTEBANEZ, son of Esteban.
DIAZ signifies the son of Diego, JUAREZ, son of Juan.

CHARACTERISTICS: An unusually small person might be labeled SMALL, SHORT, LITTLE,

or LYTLE. A large man might be named LONGFELLOW, LARGE, LAND, OR LONG. In
Spanish we find the names of BLANCO (white), RUBIO (blonde), CORTES (courteous),
MORENO (dark), BUENO (good), DLEGADO (thin), HERMOSILLO (beautiful), and BRAVO
(ill tempered).

HEAVENLY PHENOMENA: Some common names derived from heavenly bodies are LUNA
(moon), SOL (sun), LUCERO (star)

RELATIVES OF THE FAMILY: NIETO (grandson), PRIMO (cousin), also English name
COUSINS is applicable to this; category.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS,/TREES, AND VEGETABLES: BORREGO (sheep), VACA (cow),
LOBATO (lobo, wolf), MANZ ARES (apple trees), ROBLE (oak), PINO (pine tree),
TRIGO (wheat), etc.
 panish Names in the United States

The Spanish language left an imprint on the Southwest as well as Mexico

and Latin America.

. The names of three states in the region

are Spanish in origin:

COLORADO
CALIFORNIA
NEVADA

. Sores of rivers and mountains and hundreds of towns

aid cities have Spanish names. Many bear the name of
the patron saint dear to the Spanish pioneers and
conquistatores. (2000 cities)

. In Colorado alone, there are at least 100 cities with

Spanish names, many rivers and streams, and some
mountain peaks.

. In Denver there are numerous streets bearing Spanish

names.
 SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT SPANISH.NAMES

Most Spanish names came to this country from Spain with the colonists and early
pioneers. Most of the Indians of Mexico as with other conquered people took
the names of their conquerors. Thus the Spanish names survived over the Indian
names as did the language. There are people of Hispanic heritage who have names
of Portuguese, French, as well as Italian derivation. A goodly number of
people have names which are Irish or German but are of Hispanic heritage.

Given Names *
Some names have the same spelling but different pronunciations in English and
Spanish: DAVID.

Some names are common to many languages and may be translated from one to the
other: JOHN - JUAN.

Some English and Spanish names are untranslatable, such as new names of recent
years, or nicknames; KIM, PEPE, CHUCHO.

Some names are Spanish in origin and need no translation: GUADALUPE, TRINIDAD.

In many Spanish-speaking countries, boys and girls are named after their patron
or another saint. For example a boy born on September 19 might be named Rodrigo;
a girl born on the fourth of September might be named Rosalia. Thus the child's
birthday is the same as his saint's day. Sometimes this is not the case however,
and he may have both a birthday and a saint's day.

Maria was a very common name for girls, especially in very religious homes and
communities. Sometimes it was contracted with other words to form a new name,
such as Marinez (Maria and Inez), Mariflor (Maria and Flor), or Marisol (Maria
and sol). At one time many boys were given the name of JeAs.

The use of diminutives or pet forms of names is common in Spanish-speaking

areas. For example, Francisco is often called Paco by his family and friends;
Jose may be affectionately called Pepe or Josecito; and Isabela may be called
Chela; Francisca becomes Panchita.

The Use of More than one Surname in Spanish **

The custom of using two surnames connected by Lor by a hypaen is characteristically

Hispanic. The first name is always the father's surname, aid the second the
mother's. Thus Jose', the son of Fernando Gonzales and Josepha Martinez de Gonzales
would be called: JOSg GONZALES Y MARTINEZ

Today, it is the father's name that descends to the children in modern Hispanic
families. When a woman marries, she adds her husband's family name to hers,
preceding it with de. LENA LOVATO DE ARCHULETA PATRICIA BACA DE MCNICHOLAS.

* Adapted from Denver Public Schools telecasts on Hispanic Culture.

** Adapted from Elsdon C. Smith, Treasury of Name Lore. New York: Harper and
Row, 1967.
 YOUR NAME AND YOUR COAT OF ARMS*

In the Middle Ages, during the days of chivalry and knighthood when knights
went about fighting, it was found that men in armor, with helmets covering
the faces, had to have more than surnames to be recognized as friend or foe.
The knights, therefore, painted patterns of various designs on their shields,
and also wove them in cloth coats (that is the origin of the coat of arms).

In order to prevent another knight from using his colors and design, knights
began to record the description, and to claim exclusive right to its usage.
This right extended to all members of the family, and was passed on from
father to son.

As a consequence, a coat of arms became a source of family pride, and a

preserver of one's heritage. And nowhere in the world.is there greater pride
of family and background than among the Spanish and the descendents of the
Spanish in America.

HERALDIC COLORS

RED: Represents fire. In military application it signifies fortitude.

GOLD: Represents the most excellent metal and exceeds all others in
value, purity, and fineness; the bearer surpassing all others in
valor.

BLUE: The color of the sky, signifying loyalty, fidelity, and truth.

SILVER: This metal represents nobility, peace, and serenity.

GREEN: Nature is green and flourishing. The color green has become
symbolic of youth, strength, and freshness.

PURPLE: The tincture of kings and royalty, representing justice and

majesty.

WHITE: A white field with black spots representing the estate fur. This
is a regal fur, and iLd3cates valor, justice, and leadership.

BLACK: The fur from the sable associated with night and repentance.

Data from Your Name and Your Coat 21:Arms - Priceless Gifte,frzthriA1015
Nancy P. Halbert.
 TRADITIONAL MEANINGS OF HERALDIC FIGURES *

LION: Because of his heroic qualities, the lion is called the "King
of Beasts", and is used as an emblem of strength, courage, and
generosity as well as power and royalty. His noble posture in
a coat of arms is to be erect in rampant position.

UNICORN: This animal is prized and esteemed for his virtue as well as
strength. His haughty spirit and willingness to die rather
than be subjugated, make the unicorn a popular charge in
heraldry.

BOAR: A champion among wild beasts, he encounters enemies with noble

courage, thus symbolizing the traits of bravery and perseverance.

WYVERN or The most valiant of horned creatures with a keen sense of sight
DRAGON: which affords him the ability to guard riches and treasures.

EAGLE: This is the most common of feathered charges. The black eagle
is said to be the bravest, and an emblem of magnanimity and
fortitude of mind. Used by. the Romans and nob' the Teutons
because of its strength and color visibility.

HAWK or Frequently found in the arms of nobility, and often considered

FALCON: more excellent in armor than four footed beasts because he
utilizes earth, sea, and air.

MARLET: A bird without legs, signifying that it cannot leave the ground,
and so makes its nest in the rocks and castles from which it
can easily take flight.

GRIFFIN: A principal charge signifying valor, vigilance, and perseverance.

FISH and Suitable marks for military families to indicate prowess and
MARINE: fortitude. Since fish never sleep, and swim upstream against
currents, they are symbo1.1 of the forces of industry and
science.

* La Luz Magazine, 1973.

 ORIGIN AND MEANING OF SELECTED COMMON
NAMES OF FAMILIES IN DENVER'S WEST SIDE *

All family names are not included for obvious reasons: lack of information
on some common names and limited space that could be devoted to a listing
of this kind. This section is included principally for teacher reference.
Cassettes in companion kit will provide material for pupil use. Care should
be taken that children do not equate the amount of information or the lack
of information about their family names as having any bearing on the dignity
or derivation of their surname. The information is included here because it
will help pupils understand how last names were formed, why people took a certain
name as their own, and, in the case of Spanish names with which some may not
be familiar, how to pronounce them.

If names are not included in which children are particularly interested, check
with the librarian who may be able to secure books of family names or utilize
the resources of the branch library or main library for additional information.

ABEYTA (Sp.), A-1222r 7ta - dweller near the hard wood or pine tree.

AGUILAR OR AGUILERA (Sp.), A-gui-lar, A-gui-le-ra - one who came form Aguilas.
Surname originated in Cordoba, Toledo, and Portugal. The Spanish spelling
is a modification of the proper name "Achilles" (Ger.) which means sharp
sighted.

AGUIRRE (Sp.), A-guk-rre - dweller on a high place; one who came from Aguirre
(high place), in Spain; or one who has been appointed to a high position.

ALMAGUER OR ALMAQUER (Sp.), Al- ma -quer - dweller on reddish-colored ground; one

with red hair or a ruddy complexion.

ALVARADO OR ALVARA (Sp.), Al-va-ra-do, Al-va-ra - dweller near a white hill, or

on dry terrain; one who came from Albarado (whitened place), in Spain. The
name is originally the German word "alvar" meaning a friend.

ANAYA (Fr.), A-na-ya - descendant of a friar or brother, a member of a men's

religious order preparing for holy orders.

ARAGON (Sp.), A-ra-Ean- dweller on, or near, the arable land. The name implies
one who is of or from the province of Aragon, but the meaning of the name is
unknown, according to most authorities.

ARRELLANO (Sp.), A-re-11a-no - one who came from Arellano (sieve), in Pomplona,
Spain. The name may be derived from the Spanish word "arelar" meaning a
sieve to sift corn.

AYALA (Sp.), - one who came from Ayala, in Spain. The surname is
adapted from that of the valley, in Arag6n, but the etymology is unknown.

*Sources:
The Romance of Spanish Surnames, Charles R. Madwell, Jr.
.1.;,s Luz magazine
Dictionmr of American Family Names, Elsdon Smith
BACA OR Cde VACA (Sp., It., Cz -Sl., Pol.) Ba -ca, Ca -be -za de Ila7ca - descendant
of Baca, a pet form of Iabaca, a variant of Giacomo Italian form of Jacob;
swelter at the sign of the cow.

BABCOCK (Sp.) Bab-cock - The son of Babb or Bab.

BARELA (Sp.) Ba -re -la - The surname Barela appears to be occupational in origin,
and is believed to b e associated with the Spaniard's meaning, "one who made
casks or bazrels.

BASS (Eng.) The short or fat person; descendant of Bass (short).

BEESON (Eng.) The son of Bee (nickname from the bee); one who came from Beeston
(homestead where reed or rush grew), the name of several places in England.

BENAVIDES OR BENAVIDEZ (Sp.) Be-na-vi-dez - one who came from Benavides-(son of

Abidis), in Spain.

BOOGS (Eng.) - dweller at, or near, a bog or marsh; the son of Boge or Boga (bow).

BOYER (Eng.) - one who made and sold bows; one who took care of, or drove, cattle.

BUSTOS (Sp.) Bus-tos - Surname found in Asturias and Galicia, Spain. Derived
from the Latin word "bustom", a tomb.

CAMACHO (Sp.), Ca-ma-cho - one who came from Camacho in Granada; one who had a
hunchback or was otherwise crippled.

CARDENAS (Sp.,lith.), Cgr-de-nas - the dark-complexioned or bluish man; one who

came from Cgrdenas, in Spain; descendant of Kardas (sword).

CARLIN (Ir.,Fr.), descendant of Caireallan; descendant of little Carl (man).

CASADOS OR CASADA (Sp.), Ca-sa-dos, Ca sa-da - Surname found to be very prominent

in Catalonia. Equivalent to the surnames Casador and Cassador. The meaning is
imposition, married.

CASTANEDA (Sp.), Cas-ta-ne-da - one who came from Castaneda (chestnut trees),
the name of several places in Spain. Ancient surname originating in the valley
of Castaneda. The name is derived from the Latin word "castanetum" meaning
a grove of chestnut trees.

CHACON (Sp.), Cha-con - from Chaconne, dance of Spanish or Moorish origin.

CLARK (Eng.), - a clergyman, scholar, scribe, or recorder (British pronunciation

of clerk.)

CHAVEZ OR CHAVES (Sp.), Chg-vez, Chg-ves - Descendant of Jaime, a Spanish form

of Jacobus; or of Isabel, a Spanish male name.

CISNEROS OR SISNEROS (Sp.), Cis-ner-os - The surname Cisneros appears to be

occupational in origin, and is believed to be associated with the Spaniard's
meaning,"one who kept or sold swans."
CONNALLY (Ir.), - grandson of Conghal or Conghalach (valorous), the name of
seven Irish saints.

COOK (Eng.), - one who prepared food.

CORDOVA OR CORDOBA (Sp.), Cor-do-va - one who came from the city or province
of Beirdoba in Spain.

CORNISH (Eng.), - one who came from Cornwall (the Welsh in Cornavia), a country
in England.

CORREA (Sp.), Co-rre-a - one who came from Correa (belt of leather), in Spain.
Surname found in Galicia. Derived from the Latin word "cerrigia" meaning
a leather jacket or leather garment.

COX (Eng.), - sweller at the sign of the cock, a common signboard; dweller near
a small hill or clump of trees.

CRESPIN (Sp.), Cres-2142- Popular surname of unlimited geographic distribution,

originating as a Roman cognomen. Derived from the Latin word "crespus"
meaning angry, vexed, obscure.

CRUZ (Sp.,Port.), Cruz - The origin is very ancient, and a form of the word is
found in nearly every known language. The name applies to the ancient
devotional symbol, the cross, and is derived from the Latin word "crux".

DANIELS - the son of Daniel (judged of God).

DE LEON (Sp.), De Le-on - one who came from Leon (lion), a region and ancient
kingdom in Spain; descendant of Leon (lion).

DEAN (Eng.), dweller at the valley orkwoodland pasture; one who was the head
of a body of canons of a cathedral church.

DELGADO (Sp.), Del-gardo - the thin man; very popular surname, originating in the
mountains of Santander. Derived from the Latin word "delicatus" which means
light, tenuous, delicate.

DOMINGUEZ OR DOMINGUIZ (Sp.), Do-min-guez - the son of Domingo, Spanish form of

Dominick (the Lord's day, SundWiT

DORRANCE (Eng.), - variant of Durrand, Durrand, Durrant, Durrance. Descendant

of Durand (lasting).

DURAN (Eng.), Du-ran - descendant of Durand (lasting). Derived from the name
of the village of Duran near Siguenza. This town is noted for a particular
kind of cloth known as durando.

EDWARDS (Wel.), - the son of Edward (rich guardian).

ENCINIAS (Sp.) En-ci-nias - The name was originally of the form "de la Encina"
and is derived !Tim the Latin word "ilicinus" which means an evergreen oak,
or live oak tree.
ESCOBEDO (Sp.), Es-co-be-do - one who came from Escobedo (place where broom is
sold), in Spain. Derived from the Latin word "excoba", a place where the broom
plant grows.

ESPINOSA OR ESPINOZA (Sp.), Es-pi-no-sa - one who came fl.om Espinosa (thorny
thicket), in Spain. dweller at, or near, a thorny thicket.

ESPOSITO (It.), Es-po-si-to - Descendant of Esposito (esposed), a name sometimes

given to a foundling.

ESQUIBEL OR ESQUIVEL (Sp.) Es-qui-bel - one who came from Esquivel (grassy place;
hideout), in Spain.

ESTRADA (Sp.), Es-tra-da - one who came from Estrada (paved road), in Spain;
dweller near a paved road.

FERNANDEZ OR FERNANDES OR FERNANDO (Sp.,Port.), Fer-nan-dez - son of Fernando

(journey, venture). This surname is the second in popular use throughout
Spain. Fernandez is a patronomic derived from Fernando. All are derived
from the German name "Firthunanda" brought into Spain by the Visigoths,

FLORES OR FLOREZ (Sp.), Flo-res - dweller near where flowers grew. The name
means flower, bloom flora.

FRANCO (Sp.,Port.,It.), Fran-co - one who came from Franco (free), in Spain;
descendant of Franco Spanish and Italian form of Frank (free). The word
is originally the German word "Frank" or "Franklin" and comes into Spain
via France. The literal meaning is liberal, free, generous.

FUENTES (Sp.), Fuen-tes - one who came from Fuentes or Fuente (fountain; spring),
the name of many places in Spain; dweller near a spring. The name is
derived from the Latin word "fons" or "fontis" and means a fountain, jet,
or spray of water, but it also implies any place where running or spouting
water can be found.

GALINDO OR GALINDEZ (Sp.), Ga-lin-do - descendant of Galindo, a form of Garin

(spear, friend); one who came from Galindo (place of chickens), in Spain.
The name is derived from the Latin word "gallina" which means a hen, fowl,
or female chicken.

GALLEGOS OR GALLEGO (Sp.), Ga-lle-gos - one who came from Gallego or Gallegos
(Galicia, an ancient Spanish kingdom), the names of places in Spain.
Popular and common surname found in nearly all parts of northern Spain.

GARCIA (Sp.,Port.), Gar-ci-a - descendant of Garcia, Spanish form of Gerald

(spear, firm); one who came from Garcia, in Spain. It is one of the most
popular names.

GARZA (Sp.), Gar-za - dweller at the sign of the heron or dove. Garza also has
the general meaning of bird.

GOMEZ (Sp.), G6-mez - the on of Gomo, a pet form of Gomesano (man, Path).
It :ts one of the ten most common surnames found in Spain and the Spanish-
spe-3,...4, countries. The meaning of the name is unknown.
GONZALES OR GONZALEZ (Sp.), Gon-za-les - the son of Gonzalo (battle, elf).
Gonzales was a twelfth century Spanish saint. "One who made or sold metals;
a smith", and "son of Gunidsaly (battle;elf) ". One of the ten most common
Spanish names.

GRAY (Eng.,Fr.), the gray-haired man; one who came from Gray (Gradus' estate), in
France.

GREGORY (Eng.,Scot.), - descendant of Gregory (watchful).

GRIEGO (Sp.), Grie-go - Spanish word for Greek.

HAMAKER OR HAMACHER (Ger.), one who made harness, especially neck harness for
draft horses.

HARO Ha -ro - The appellation is possibly derived from the German word "hari"
meaning in Spanish "ejercitAr", meaning to exercise.

HERMOSILLO (Sp.), Her-mo-sk-llo - The appellation is derived from the word "hermoso".
The name means little beauty, or small beauty.

HERNANDEZ (Sp.), Her-nan-dez - Son of Hernando (journey, venture); ancient and

common patronomic meaning son of Hernando.

HERRERA OR HERRERO (Sp.), He- rre -ra - the worier in iron, a smith. Very popular
surname originating in Asturias. It is derived from the Latin word "ferrarius"
meaning made from iron.

HIDALGO (Sp.), Hi-dal-go - one of noble descent, a lord; the name means noble,
exalted, excellent.

HINOJOSA (Sp.), Hi-no-lorsa - one who came from Hinojosa (fennel grove), in
Spain.

HOLLAND (Eng.,Scot.,Ger.,Nor.), - dweller on the low land; one who came from
Holland (land on a projecting ridge of land), the name of several places
in England and in Scotland; one who came from the Netherlands; dweller on
the rounded hill farm.

HOWELL (Eng.,Wel.), - descendant of Howell (eminent); descendant of little How,

a variant of Hugh (spirit; mind).

HURTADO (Sp.), Hur -ta -do - one who was kidnapped and escaped; robber; Hurtado is
a very old and honorable name in Spain.

IBARRA (Sp.), I- .ba -rra - one who came from Ibarra (sand bank), in Spain.

IGLESIAS OR IGLESIA (Sp.), - dweller near a church; one who came from
Iglesias (church), in Spain.

IGNACIO (Sp. ), Ig- na-cio - descendant of Ignacio, Spanish form of Ignatius (fiery).
ISLAS OR ISLES (Eng.), Is-las - dweller on an island.

JACQUEZ OR JACQUES (Fr.), Jac-quez - descendant of Jacques, French form of

Jacob.

JAMES (Wel.,Eng.), - descendant of James, Old French form of Jacob.

JARAMILLO (Sp.), Ja-ra-mi-llo - one who came from Jaramillo (place where orach
grew), in Spain.

JIMENEZ OR JIMINEZ (Sp.), Ji-me-nez - descendant of the house or family Jimene

of Simon (gracious henring; hearkening; snubnosed).

JOHNS (Wel., Eng., Ger.), - descendant of John (gracious gift of Jehovah), a

short form of Johannes.

JOHNSON (Eng.,Dan.,Nor.,Sw.), - the son of John (gracious gift of Jehovah).

JUAREZ OR JUARES OR SUAREZ (Sp.), Jug, -rez - The name is a modification of the
German word "suero" or "sug-hariwhey", meaning blood, race, or family,
particulary as belonging to the nobility.

KROUT (Ger.), - variant of Kraut or Krauth; one who raised and sold vegetables.

LARA (Sp.), La-ra - one who came from Lara (fernery; pagan household god), in
Spain.

LAWSON (Eng.), - the son of Law, a pet form of Lawrence (laurel, symbol of
victory.)

LEAL (Port.), Le-al - the loyal man.

LIND (Eng.,Sw.,Est.), - dweller by the lime tree; linden-tree; dweller at the

sign of the bird.

LOPEZ OR LOPAZ (Sp.), Lo -pez - the son of Lope or Lupe (wolf). Fifth most popular
name in Spanish-speaking countries.

LOVATO OR LOBATO (Sp.), Lo-/a-to - the surname Lovato appears to be characteristic

in origin, and is believed to be associated with the Italian's meaning, "one
who was like a wolf."

LOZADO OR LOSADA (Sp.), Lo-la-do - The nameNis derived from the phrase "en lozar"
meaning a pavement made from flagstones.

LUCERO (Sp.), Lu-carro - descendant of Lucero (light; star; the morning star).
Weer() is a name of the planet Venus.

McBRIDE (Ir.), - the son of the servant of St. Brigid.

MADRID (Sp.), Ma -drill - one who came from Madrid (town; small wood), the
capital of Spain.

MANZANARES (Sp.), Man-za-mrres - those who lived by an apple orchard.

MARQUEZ (Sp.), Mar-quez - the son of Marcos, Spanish form of Mark (belonging
to the god Mars),

MARTINEZ (Sp.), Mar-ti-nez - the son of Martin (belonging to Mars, the god of
war). Fourth most common Spanish name.

MEDINA (Sp.), Me-di-na - dweller at, or near, the market; one who had returned
from Medina (market), the holy city of Islam, in Arabia. Arab word for
city is Medina.

MILTON OR MILTENBERGER (Eng.), - one who came from Milton (middle homestead;
mill homestead), the name of many places in England. Berger (Fr.,Ger.)
One who took care of a flock, a shepherd; dweller on, or near, a mountain.

MONDRAGON (Fr.), Mon-dra-en - The surname Mondragon appears to be characteristic

in origin, and is believed to be associated with the French, meaning "one who
was fiexce and cruel."

MONTANO (Sp.), Mon-ta -no - dweller in the mountains, or in a hilly district.

MONTOYA (Sp.), Mon -to -ya - one who came from Montoya (horse pasture; mountain
fort), in Spain; dweller on the hilly land. The name may be connected with
the biblical term "montiya", which is the Spanish meaning having gracious
quality.

MORENO (Sp.,It.,Heb.), Mo -re -no - The dark complexioned man; descendant of Moreno
Master. Popular surname well known in France, and
(black); a Hebrew title ---Master.
brought into Spain by the Roman.

MUNOZ OR MUNIZ (Sp.), Mu-ftoz - the son of Muno (hill), or o Nuno (ninth).

NAVARRO OR NAVARRA (Sp.It.), Na-va-rro - One who came from Navarre (plain among
hills), an ancient kingdom in Spain.

NIETO (Sp.), Ek.to - The name is derived from the Latin word "neptus" or
"nepes" meaning grandchild, nephew, niece, or other offspring.

NIXON (Eng.), - the son of Nick, a pet form of Nicholas (peoples Victory.)

OLIVAS OR OLIVA (Sp.It.) 0-1i-vas - one who grew and sold olives; descendant of
Olivo (olive); one with an olive complexion.

ORTEGA OR ORTEGO OR ORTEGON (Sp.), Or-te-ga - dweller at the sign of the hazel
grouse; one with the characteristics of a grouse.

ORTIZ (Sp.), Or-tiz - the son of Ordono (the fortunate or rich).

PACHECO (Port.,Sp.), Pa-c, he-co - dweller in, or near, a country palace. Ancient
surname originating as a Roman cognomen, then passing into Portugal, where
this spelling originated.
PADILLA OR PADELLA (Sp.,It.), Pa-di-lla - one who came from Padilla (frying pan),
in Spain; dweller at the sign of the frying pan; one who prepared food, a
cook.

PATTERSON (Scot.,Eng.), - the son of Patrick (noble or patrician).

PAZ (Sp.), - one who came from Paz (peace), in Spain.

PEA (Sp.), Pe-fla - one who came from PeRa (large rock), the name of several
places in Spain; dweller near a large stone.

PEREZ (Sp.), Pe-rez - the son of Pero, a pet form of Pedro, Spanish form of
Peter (a rock).

PICKETT (Eng.), - descendant of little Pic, or Picot (pike).

PIREDA (Sp.,It.), Pi-fte-da - one who came from Pifleda (place of pine trees), the
name of several places in Spain and Italy; dweller near a pine tree.

PROUT (Eng.), - the proud man.

QUINONES OR QUINONEZ (Sp.), Qui-no-nes - one who came from Quinones (allotted
portions of land), in Spain; one who farmed land on shares.

QUINTANA OR QUINTANO (Sp.), Quin -t a -na - one who came from Quintana (country house),
in Spain; dweller in a country mansion; one who came from Quinta (village), in
Spain.

RAMIREZ (Sp.), Ra-mi-rez - the son of Ramon (wise protector). The name is derived
from the surname Ramiro, which is in turn derived from the German name Ranamers,
or Renetmers, meaning famous.

REESE (Wel.), - the son of Rhys (ardor, a rush).

RENDON (Sp.), Ren-don - dweller at the border or boundary line.

RIBERA OR RIVERA (Sp.), Ri-ye-ra - The name is derived from the Latin word
"riparia" meaning the bank or shore of a river.

RILEY (Ir.), - .grandson of Raghallach (sportsman).

ROBLES (Sp.), Rob-les - one who came from Robles (oak tree grove), in Spain.

RODRIGUEZ (Sp.,Port.), Ro-dri-guez - the son of Rodrigo, Spanish and Portuguese

form of Roderick (fame, rule); seventh most popular name in Spanish-speaking
countries.

ROMERO (Sp.), Ro-me-ro - one who has visited a shrine, a pilgrim; "one who made
a trip to a shrine in Rome."

SALAS (Sp.), Sa-las - one who came from Salas (dwelling places; halls), in
Spain. The name is derived from the German word "sal" meaning a large
habitable room or hall.
SALAZAR (Sp.), Sa-la-zar - one who came from Salazar, in Spain; dweller in, or
near, the house or palace; dweller near the place sacred to St. Lazar.

SALINAS (Sp.), Sa-lin-as - worker in a salt mine; one who came from Salinas in
Spain.

SANCHEZ (Sp.), Sgn-chez - the son of Sancho (saintly, holy); eighth most popular
name in Spanish-speaking countries.

SANDOVAL (Sp.), San- do -val - one who came from Sandoval in Spain.

SANTISTIVAN OR SANTESTABAN (Sp.), San-tis-trvan - the surname is most probably

in honor of the early Christian martyr, Saint Stevan.

SERNA (Sp.), Ser -na - one who came from Serna (cultivated field), the name of
several places in Spain; dweller in a cultivated field.

SHARP (Eng.), - an acute, keen-witted or quick person.

SHREWSBURRY (Eng.), - one who came from Shrewsbury (Scrobb's fort), in Shropshire.

SIERRA (Sp.), firma - dweller among saw-shaped mountains; one who came from
Sierra (saw-toothed mountain).

SMITH (Eng.,Scot.,Ir.), - the worker in metals.

SOLANO OR SOLANA (Sp.), So -la -no - Surname found in Santander. Found as the
name of several villages located near Badajoz, Plasencia, Ciudad Real,
Avila, Spain.

TAPIA (Sp.), Ta -pia - Surname found in Asrurias, Spain. The appellation is

derived from the word "toppa" meaning a wall made from mud.

TORRES (Sp.,Port.), Torres - dweller_at, or near, a tower or spire; one who

came from Torres the name of many plaees-in_Spain and Portugal.

TREVINO (Sp.), Tre-irk-no - dweller near a boundary stone ioubhingAhree districts.

TRUJILLO (Sp.), Tru-lkalo - one who came from Trujillo (citadel of Julian) , in
Spain.

URYBE (Sp.), Uri -be - one who came from Uribe (town or city), in Spain.

VALDEZ OR VALDES (Sp.), Val-del- one who came from Valdez (tableland), in
Spain; the son of Baldo, a shortened form of Baldomero (prince, fame).

VALLEJOS (Sp.), Va.-la-j os - one who came from Vallejo (small valley), in
Spain.

VASQUES OR BASQUEZ (Sp.), Vls-quez - Popular and common surname found principally
in the Basque provinces. The name is derived from the words "vasco ",
"velasco ft , or * belasco", meaning of from the Basque provinces.
VIGIL (Sp.), Vi-g41- descendant of Bigil (watchful); one born on the feast of
the nativity.

VILLAREAL (Sp.), Vi-lla-re-al - one who came from Villareal (the royal estate)
the name of several places in Spain. The name therefore implies a village
where crude gold or silver are found.

VILLEGOS (Sp.), Vi-lle-gos - one who comes from a village where manufacturing
is done.

VINE (Eng.), - dweller at a vine; or in, or near, a vineyard.

WATERMAN (Eng.), - one who operated a boat, especially a ferryman; the servant
of Wat or Walter (rule, folk or army).

YANEZ (Sp.), Ya-nez - Surname found in the Basque provinces. Son of Yan or John.

YOUNG (Eng.,Ger.), - one younger than another with whom he was associated; or
or two bearing the same Christian name; the younger son.

ZAMORA OR SAMORA (Sp.), Za-mo-ra - the surname implies one who is of or from
the city, village, or province of that name.
 COMMON GIVEN NAMES AND THEIR SPANISH EQUIVALENTS

English Spanish English Spanish

Adolph Adolfo Evangeline Evangelina

Agnes Ines Eve Eva
Alfred Alfredo
Alice Alicia Felicia Felisa
Ann Ana Ferdinand Fernando
Anthony Antonio Florence Florencio
Arnold Arnaldo Frances Francisca
Arthur Arturo Francis Francisco
Frederick Federico
Beatrice Beatriz
Benjamin Benjamin Gabrielle Gabriela
Bernard Bernardo George Jorge
Bertha Berta Geraldine Gerarda
Bridget Brigida Gertrude Gertrudis
Gilbert Gilberto
Caesar Cesar Grace Engracia
Caroline Carolina Gregory Gregorio
Cassandra Casandra Guy Guido
Catharine Catalina Gwendolyn Genoveva
Cecil Cecilio
Cecile Cecilia Hannah Ana
Charles Carlos Harold Haraldo
Charlotte Carlota Helen Elena
Christine Cristina Heloise Eloisa
Christopher CristObal Henrietta Enriqueta
Claude Claudio Henry Enrique
Claudia Claudia Herbert Heriberto
Claudine Claudina Herman Arminio
Conrad Conrado Horace Horacio
Constance Constanza Hubert Hubert°
Hugh Hugo
Daisy Margarita
Dennis Dionisio Inez Ines
Dominic Domingo Isabella Isabel
Dorothy Dorotea Isidore Isidro

Edith Edita James Jaime

Edmund Edmundo Jane Juana
Edward Eduardo Joan Juana
Eleanor Leonor John Juan
Eliza Elisa Jonathan Jonaten
Elizabeth Isabel Joseph Jose
Ella- ___ Alicia Josephine Josefina
Emma Judith Judit
Emily Emilia Julia Julia
Ernest Ernesto Juliet Julia
Ernestine Ernestina
Esther Ester Katharine Catherine
Eugene Eugenio
English Spanish English Spanish

Lawrence Lorenzo Sampson SansOn

Leo Latin Silvester Silvestre
Louis Luis Sophia Sofia
Louisa Luisa Stephen Esteban
Lucy Lucia
Luther Lutero Terence Terencio
Theresa Teresa
Magdalen Magdalena Timothy Timoteo
Margaret Margarita
Marion Mariano Vincent Vicente
Mark Marco Viola Violante
Martha Marta Virgil Virgilio
Mary Maria Vivian Bibiana
Matilda Matilde
Matthew Matio Walter Gutierre
Maurice Mauricio William Guillermo
Michael Miguel Winifred Genoveva
Millicent Melisenda
Miriam Maria Xavier Javier

Nathan Natfin Zachary Zacarias

Nicholas Nicolfis

Oliver Oliverio

Patrick Patricio
Paul Pablo
Paulina Paula
Peter Pedro
Philip Felipe

Rachel Raquel
Ralph Rodolfo
Raphael Rafael
Raymond Ramon
Rebecca Rebeca
Rene Renato
Reuben Ruben
Richard Ricardo
Robert Roberto
Roderick Rodrigo
Rodolphus Rodolfo
Roger Rcgerio
Roland Rolando
Ronald Renaldo
Rosalie Rosalia
Rose Rosa
Rudolph Rodolfo
Rupert Rupert°
 SPANISH AIDS TO PRONUNCIATION

Spanish as a language is almost completely phonetic. Basically, there

are only five vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u) and about twelve compound
vowels (i.e. diphthongs) as compared to the larger number of vowels and
diphthongs used in English.

As a general rule, Spanish vowels always have the same sound in any word.
As a matter of fact, there are slight variations in the pronunciation of
vowels, depending on the word in which they occur. However, these variations
are so slight that they cannot be compared to the different pronunciation
of English vowels.

1. Vowel Sounds:

a -- as in father -- sala, papg

e -- as in bet -- este, el, papel
i -- as in winter -- silla, sf
o -- as in over -- ocho, uno
u -- as in spoon -- una, un

2. Consonants:

Most Spanish consonant sounds are similar to the English sounds;

b and v are pronounced alike in Spanish, with lips lightly together
--vamos, bebo.
c (before e or i)--like s--cesto, cereal, cocina
c -- (before a, o, or u)--like k in color--calor, cara
d -- pronounced softer in Spanish--like th in this--
donde, dos, doce.
g (before e or i)--like h--general, gente
g -- in any other combination --like g in good--gato,
guapo, gasto
j -- (like h in Ha!)--Juan, julio, jueves
k -- (Used in Spanish only in words of foreign origin)
1 -- (like 1 in love)--1gpiz, loma, lunes
11-- (like y in young--amarillo (ah-mah-re-yo)
n (like n in north)--naranja, nada (nah-tha)
-- (like ny in canyon)--sdhor (seh-nyor)

q -- (always followed by u)--queso (k( -so), que (keh)

r trilled when initial in word and after 1, n, or s--rosa,
honrado; otherwise made with a single flip of the tongue
as in the British pronunciation of "very ".
rr-- always trilled--corre, perro. The r and rr are characteristic
Spanish sounds and require practice. The sound is made on the
tongue point.
 x--(like h in Hai -- exception to rules) Mexico
x--(like s) extremo, extranjero
x--(between vowels)--as in English--exito, examen
y--(like Spanish i)--voy, y, soy,
z--(like s)--zapotos, cabeza, Lopez
*Important: The consonant h is always silent in Spanish,
as in hablo, hoy, hora.

3. Stressing of Syllables:

All words having a written accent stress the

syllable thus accented--papa, Jose.
All words ending in a vowel, or n or s, stress
the next to the last syllable as--nino, hombre,
lunes.
All words ending in a consonant, except n or s,
stress the last syllable of the word, as in
mujer, azul, usted.
Words not stressed according to the last two
rules given above have a written accent over the
syllable to be stressed.

4. Diphthongs are pronounced as one sound:

ai--sound of "I" aire, hay

ei--as in bait rey, veinte, seis (sayees)
of - -as in boy hoy, oiga, estoy, voy
ue--as in web puerta, nueve, jue
ua--as in watt cuarto (Kwa'tro), cuando, guapo
ie--as in yet siege, diez, nieve
io--as in yore adios, vio
iu--as in you ciudad, viuda
au--as in out aunque
eu--eh-oo Europa
is - -as in Yacht hacia
uo--as in woe antiguo
ui--as in we cuidado
 ACTIVITIES

Teacher Preparations:

1. Gather books and other materials the general theme from your school
library and other sources. Often a committee of pupils can participate
in the search for additional materials. This activity will help stimulate
thought and interest and will help determine classroom activities.
2. Become familiar with this resource booklet as well as the kit which supplements
this material. Utilize cassette tapes in centers or as desired. Prepare
additional tapes needed.
3. Read the background information provided herein and explore other sources
pertaining to this theme.
4. Determine objectives for the study of this theme.
5. Together with the class and other teachers with whom you work, determine
the activities you will have at each grade level.
6. Prepare materials needed, gather resources, schedule films, excursions, and
community resources as applicable.
7. Plan motivational activities which may include showing pictures of coats of
arms, playing games, or other interest-producing ideas. Children are often
helpful and resourceful in helping with motivational activities if given
the responsibility.
8. Set up center activities if they are to be utilized.
9. Solicit help from co-workers who have special talents to offer: the librarian,
the music teacher, the art teacher, and central office personnel.
10. Evaluate program in terms of objectives formulated.

Activities for Primary Grades

1. Learning to introduce oneself is a good beginning activity, first in English,

then in Spanish. Begin with the first name in English, then add the surname.
Talk a little about names in Spanish (given names); then let children intro-
duce themselves in Spanish. Using hand puppets or finger puppets is a good
technique for young children.

What is your name? "LC6mo te llamas?"

My name is Mary. Me llamo Mary, o me llamo Maria.

What is your name? "X6mo te llamas?"

My name is Mary G6mez. Me llamo Marfa G6mez.

2. Reinforce the activity above by utilizing some of the jungles, songs, and
games given in the main body of this resource book, such as:

"Arbolito de Peru" (jingle)

"Hola" (song)
"El Cartero" (game)

3. Learn to introduce each other. As children become efficient, they can be

seated in a circle and carry the introductions to three parts:
 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

El se llama Juan. (child says of person to his right)

Yo me llamo Jose. (child says of himself)
1Como to llamas te (child asks name of person to his left)

Formal introductions:

Mother, may I present my friend, Tammy. Mama, quiero presentarle a

me amiga Tammy.

4. Prepare a name tag for each child or have them make their own if they are
able. Allow them to select their individual name tags in order for them
to be able to recognize it in the future. Begin with English name, then
utilize Spanish name if there is a Spanish translation and/or translation
in another language.

Example:

First name tag would read: JOHN JOHN HOLLAND

Next name tag would read: JUAN JUAN HOLLAND (explain that last names
are usually left alone)
Another name tag: SEAN SEAN HOLLAND (Irish given name for
John)

This activity, for upper primary grades, has as its purpose to introduce
children to the fact that many names are common to many languages and to
encourage children to want to explore languages.

5. If time permits, teachers might have a simple map of the world on which
the children, with the help of the teacher, would place some kind of
mark on the country in which their last names first appeared.

If the above mentioned activity is not feasible, use a globe and help
children point to the country where their surname first appeared.

Activities for Intermediate Grades

1. Look over activities listed for primary grades. Determine which can be
adapted to make more challenging for intermediate grades for purposes of
review.

2. Surnames activity: introduce the fact that surnames were not always used.
Show a chart or utilize the blackboard pointing out the categories from
which last names came: Occupation
Location
Patronymical (word "son" added)
Characteristic
Other, such as names of things in nature, names of
animals, trees, etc.)

-21-
 A group or center activity could be one in which all surnames in the
class are categorized. A group of children could make a report to the
class on the findings.

3. First or given names:

Children may consult list of given names in resource booklet to see if

there is a Spanish translation for their names; if child has a Spanish
name, what the English equivalent is. If there is no Spanish word for
a given name, children might be encouraged to see if their name can
be found in another language other than English.

4. Pronunciation

With upper grades in elementary school, encourage learning the vowels

in Spanish and some of the basic pronunciation rules.

Activity: for those interested, encourage them to make a presentation

to the class or prepare a few statements on a tape, in which they talk
about how many ways they have heard their name pronounced.

Example

(English) ROBERTO TRUJILLO (Row-bur-to or Robert Tru-jillo) like Jill

(Spanish) ROBERTO TRUJILLO (Ro -bear -to Tru-hee-yo)

Pupils may wish to explore how names in other languages have also been
Anglized, such as, almost all Schmidts are now Smith. French names have
remained quite pure, however. Examples: LeDoux is rarely pronounced
LeDux, instead of Le-Do.

5. Family tree activity: utilizing if desirable the form suggested in the

resource book, have children fill out form so that they begin to under-
stand something about geneology. Allow children to use their imagination
as to the kind of diagram or "tree" they wish to produce. Teachers may
wish to approach this activity differently or eliminate altogether, or
provide as an activity which children choose to do. Teachers must be
sensitive to the fact that among all social strata there are not always
two parents present.

6. Have each child prepare a sentence or two about his name and its origin
and meaning and recite it into a microphone or a tape, or present it to
the class in some other way.

7. Heraldry: Show children samples of coats of arms. Talk about why they
came into being, and why they are not used today. One activity could be
for children to prepare their own coat of arms basing it on the origin,
derivation, or meaning of their individual name. Art activity could
include a drawing, a cut paper work, or linoleum block coat of arms.
 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

8. Utilizing Colorado Highway maps or large map of Colorado available in

the school, allow groups of children to locate place names which are in
Spanish. They may enjoy reporting that there were number of cities
with Spanish names; counties; rivers, lakes, mountains, forests,
parks, etc.

Each group may wish to note on blank maps of Colorado their findings.
Blank Colorado maps are avilable from the Denver Public Schools warehouse
catalog.

9. Utilizing a Denver telephone directory, children may be interested in,

a. Names of streets which have Spanish names.

b. How many people have their particular surname (Spanish or English or
other)?
c. How many doctors or attorneys have Spanish names? (utilize yellow pages)

10. Utilizing a map of the United States, pupils may wish to select one of the
states with a Spanish name, such as CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, or even NUEVO MEXICO
(New Mexico) and point out some interesting characteristics of place names
in these states, for example:

a. Number of names starting with San (San Francisco, San Diego) in

California.
b. Capitals which are Spanish in origin and what their English translation
is, such as (Santa Fe or Ciudad de la Santa Fe - City of the Holy Faith,
Los Angles - The Angels, Trinidad - Trinity).

11. Spanish names - utilizing name of mother's maiden name: After giving
children information about ways in which many people in Spanish-speaking
countries write their names by utilizing their mother's name; how married
women keep their maiden name; have each child write his name utilizing
his mother's maiden name after his own surname connecting it with the
letter ne.

12. Utilizing cassette tapes which have been prepared, or in some other manner,
give children an opportunity to:

. sing songs about names

. learn new words in Spanish
. gain practice in pronunciation (in both Spanish and English)
 GAMES

EL CARTERO

One child is the certero, with the teacher his helper. Have an envelope
with names for each member of the class in a bag. Cartero then goes to
each chJA. and says:

Cartero - "06mo te llamas?"

Child - "Me llamo .L

QUIEN ES?

Have children get in a circle - blindfold one in center of the circle. Turn
him a,ound and lead him towerd a child. Let him feel the child. Groups asks,
"LQuien es? Blindfolded child then says, "ESTE ES MI AMIGO (JUAN)" or ESTA ES
MI AMIGO (MARIA)", After three guesses, another child is blindfolded.

EL SOMBRERO

Gather children in a circle. Put the sombrero on a child and ask. "LQuign
tiene el sombrero?" T'acher and class say, "(Maria) lo tiene." Continue,
letting Several children participate.

YO ME LLAMO

Seat children in a circle. The teacher will start the game by saying:

"Yo me llamo Sra. Acosta;

"LCOmo te llamas tra - directed to a child in the circle.
4,

The child will say, "Yo me llamo Juan Garcia."

"06mo te llamas til? - directed to the person on his left.

As children learn this game better, they can take a second step:

Ella se llama Sra. Acosta;

Yo me llamo juan Garcia;
"LCOmo te llamas till?"
 ARBOLITO DE PERU

To help children learn the phrases for this game use the following pattern:

Teacher: A -E-I- 0 U

Pupil: A -E-I-0- U

Teacher: Arbolito del Pei'

Pupil: Arbolito del Perd

Teacher: Yo me llamo

Pupil: Yo me llamo

Teacher: "LCOmo te llamas td?

Pupil: "LCOmo te llamas td?

Children sit in a circle. Pupil says to child sitting next to him:

AEIOU
Arbolito de Perd
Yo me llamo
"LC6mo te llamas td?

Next child repeats the jingle to the person next to him, etc. until all have
had a turn.
 SONGS
HOLA, from Hola Vamos a Cantar FELIZ CUMPLEANOS, from
(two groups or two individuals A and B) Hola, Vamos a Cantar
A !Nola, Marta! tal?
B Muy bien amigo, gracias. Feliz cumpleaftos!
A Tengo que irme; hasta luego by es tu dia,
B Hasta la vista. !Adi6s! querido arkiLlimiL!MSNAL11111
!Felicitaciones!

BUENOS ,DIAS, name (to the ME GUSTAN TODAS, from Escuchar

tune of Happy Birthday) Cantar
Buenos dias a usted
Buenos dias a usted Me gustan todas, me gustan todas
Buenos gas Maria, Juan, David, me gustan todas en general.
etc. Pero esa rubia, pero esa rubia
Buenos dias a usted. pero esa rubia me gusta mfis.

(substitutes for third line)

FRAY FELIPE, from Escuchar y..
pero esa morena me gusta mfis
Cantar (substitute child's pero Anita
name)
Felisa )

David Lopez, David Lopez Victoria ) me gusta mfis

Zduermes t-6? duermes t(i? Carlota )
Toca la campana, toca la campana Isabel )

! tan, tan, tan! Tan, tan, tan! Estela )

LA JESUSITA, from A Fiesta of Folk Songs

BUENOS DIAS, from Escuchar of Spain and Mexico
Cantar Vamos al baile y verts que bonito,
donde se alumbran con veinte linteras
Buenos dias, HIC6mo eats? donde se bailan las danzas modernas
0, muy bien, gracias, y donde se baila de mucho vacil6n.
806mo le va:?
Coro:

CARMEN, CARMELA, from Escuchar Y quigreme, Jesusita

Cantar Y quigreme, por favor
Y mira que soy tu amante
Ast cual mueren en occidente Y seguro servidor
los tibios rayos del astro rey
Ast cual mueren en occidente
los tibios rayos del astro rey ADELITA from Ballet Folkloric° of
Ast murieron mis ilusiones Mexico atz.
asi estinguiendo se va mi fg. Adelita se llama la joven
La que yo quiero y no puedo olvidar
Coro: Y en el campo yo tengo una rosa
Carmen, Carmela Y con el tiempo la voy a cortar.
luz de mis ojos
Si luz no hubiera Si Adelita se fuera con otro
habtas de ser La seguiria su httela sin cesar
Hermoso faro Por vaporer o buques de guerra
de venturanza 0 por tierra en un tren militar.
Dulce esperanza
bello placer.
 YOUR NAME AND FAMILY
Name Questions About Your Family Tree
I
Grandmother I. How long have you lived in this state?
1

city?
Name Place of Birth
2. Why did your parents move to this city?
I
Father
I

3. How many states have you lived in?

Place of Birth Name
I
Please list these states:
I

Grandfather

4. Are your ancestors related to any famous people?

Place of Birth
Name . If so, name them:

Your Name
5. List any unusual or humorous experiences that
you or your parents have had while moving.
Place of Birth Name

Grandmother
6. How far back can you trace your ancestry? Use
1-
the back of this page.
I
4,
I

-I
Mother I

I
Name
I
Place of Birth
Grandfather

Place of Birth
27
 THE MAGIC OF NAMES.. THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING

RESOURCES *

Teacher Resources:

Books:
New Dictionary of American Family,Names, Elsdon C. Smith. New York:
Harper and Row, *12.95
The Romance of Spanish Names, Charles R. Madewell, Jr. Denver Public Library
(Geneology Department, out of print)
Your Name and Your Coat of Arms, Nancy F. Halbert

Miscellaneous Materials:
La Luz, magazine. Denver, Colorado: 360 South Monroe. $10.00 per year.
Del Pueblo Library
Hola, Vamos a Cantar (1 record, student books, teacher book) Kit
Delaware Water Gap, Pa: Shawnee Press Inc., $4.95, $ .85, $3.50.
Del Pueblo Library
Escuchar ECantar (13 records, student book, teachers guide) Kit.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. $l2.44, $2.00, $2.00. Del Pueblo Library
El Nombre (concerto, abstracto, propio, y comun) no. 64 Chart.
Laminas Avante. Heffernon, $ .75 or $1.50. Del Pueblo Library
Pictorial Make Mexico and Pictorial Mak of Spain. New York: Gessler,
$2.2.5 each. Del Pueblo Library
Colorado's Vacation Land. Map. Denver Polographics Co., $4.00.
Del Pueblo Library
Live. Record New York: Children's Television Workshop, $4.98
"My Name is ." Del Pueblo Library

ESEA Title VII Kit - "The Magic of Names":

. pictures of coats of arms

. cassette tapes of songs and poems, surnames and common names
and directions for center activities
. Colorado Highway map
. map - Spain, Mexico

*For the most part, only special resources and materials in Spanish are listed
since schools can use their own library catalogs and other sources for securing
books in English.

.28-
 RESOURCES

Pupil Resources:

Books:

Amigo, B.B. Schweitzer, MacMillan, $4.95

Amigos,! Amigos,: Amigos! Ruth Jaynes, Bowmar, $3.24
La Familia, Denver: Mt. Plains, $2.57
Gilberto y el Viento, Marie Hall Ets. New York: Viking, $3.37.
Imagenes y,Palabras. European, $1.00
Juan y. Maria, Hale and Rhodes. Denver: Mt. Plains, $1.40
Juanita, Leo Politi. Scribner $3.25
Miguel's Mountain, Bill Binzen. Coward-McCann, $3.29
Papa Es Grande, Ruth and Ed Radlauer. Bowmar, $3.24
Pedro, the Angel of Olvera Street, Leo Politi. Scribner, $2.50
Rosa-Too-Little, Sue Felt. Doubleday, $3.50
Se Quien au., Teresa Delgadillo, Scott, Foresman
Welcome, Roberto, Mary Serfozo, Follett, $3.00
What Do I azy Norma Simon, Whitman, $3.50
YoSaUn Niflo, Don Higgins, Denver: Mt. Plains, $1.39
 BICULTURAL BILINGUAL EDUCATION

SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO*

ABEYTA (Les Animas) The maiden name of the mother of Casimiro Barela. She was the
daughter of a prominent Spanish family.

AGUILAR (Las Animas) For Jose Ramon Aguilar, a pioneer.

ALAMOSA (Alamosa) Spanish for "cottonwood." It was named for Alamosa Creek.
Some marts say that Alamosa means "Shaded with Elms", but
because of the fact that there are numerous cottonwoods on
the banks of the creek and few elms, if any, the cottonwoods
version is generally accepted.
Alamosa was named for Alamosa Creek as the townaite was
originally laid out on lot banks at a point about fifteen
miles south of its present location. Before any building
was done, however, a flood occurred and washed out the pro-
posed townstte. The promoters then decided to move the site
further north on the Rio Grande River rather than on
Alamosa Creek.
ALAMOSA COUNTY (1913see Alamosa) This was the last county created in Colorado.

ALFALFA (Larimer) A very successful crop raised in that area. It was formerly
called RATON.

ALMA (Park) There are three versions for this name. The most accepted one
is that it was named in honor of the popular daughter, Alma, of
an early settler family named Jaynes. It is also thought the
town could have been named for Alma James, wife of a Fairplay
merchant who opened the first store here. Another version is the
nameing for Alma Graves, wife of Abner Graves, the operator of
nearby Alma Mine.

ANIMAS CITY (La Plata) Spanish for "City of Souls" and was founded before
Durango but was later absorbed into that City.

ANIMAS RIVER (La Plata) The full name is Rio de Las Animas Perdidas,
Spanish for "River of Lost Souls".

ANTONITO (Conejos) Spanish for "little Anthony" and named by the Denver and
Rio Grande Railroad after San Antonio River in the vicinity.

APISHIPA (Las Animas) A pass and a river. An Indian word meaning "stinking"
or "smelly" water caused by theooverflow oethe river
in the meadows which later became stagnant and odorous.
The pass was first named CORDOVA, for the first Spanish-
American Commissioner of Las Animas County. In 1941, the
Forest Service disapproved the name and the United States
Geographic Board changed it to APISHIPA PASS. There is
still some local usage of the name CORDOVA PASS.

* Materials taken from PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO, by J. Frank Dawson, now out of
Print.

30
 BICULTURAL BILINGUAL EDUCATION

SPANISH PLACE NAM IN COLORADO*

ARBOLES (Archuleta) Spanish for "trees".

ARENA (Chaffee) Spanish for "sand". There are similarly named communities in
Jefferson and Cheyenne Counties. This particular community
was sometimes called SWAN.

ARCHULETA COUNTY (1885) For Antonio D. Archuleta, Senator from Conejos County,
when it was divided to form this county.

AROYA (Cheyenne) Spanish for "rivulet".

ARRIBA (Lincoln) Spanish for "above or over", referring to the town's altitude
of 5,239 feet, which is higher than other towns in that region.

ARRIOLA (Montezuma) Name of an early Spanish general.

AVALO (Weld) Spanish for "earthquake" and probably for the broken topography
of the surrounding land. It was formerly known as GREASEWOOD FLATS.

BACA COUNTY (1889) For the Baca Family of Trinidad. A member of the family
was the first settler on Two Buttes Creek and the county
was so named at the suggestion of Senator Barela.

BARELA (Las Animas) For Senator Casmiro Barela, who served in the territorial
legislature. (see Abeyta)

BLANCA (Coatilla) Spanish for "white" . Named for nearby Mount Blanca.

BONANZA (Saguache) Spanish for "Prosperity".

BONCARBO (Las Animas) Meaning "Good coal".

BOVINA (Lincoln) A Spanish word referring to cattle and given to the town
because of its location in an area where cattle raising was
the chief industry.

BOYERO (Lincoln) Spanish for "bull pen". Named by the Mexican station hands
because of the stockyards located there.

CAMPO (Baca) Spanish for "field".

CANON CITY (Fremont) Named for the Grand Canyon of the Arkansas. A poet .

named Miller suggested the name of "Oreodelphis", which was

voted down. Canon in Spanish moans 'tube" or "funnel".

CAPULIN (Conejos) Spanish for "chokecherry".

CARACAS (Archuleta) Believed named ter Caracas, Venezuela.

. 31
 SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO

CUARTO (Las Animas) Meaning "The Fourth". It was the fourth of five mining
operations opened in that area by the Colorado Fuel And
Iron Company in 1904.

OUCHARA (Huerfano) Spanish for "spoon". So named for its location in a

spoonshaped valley.

CUMBRES PASS (Conejos) Spanish for "summits".

DELAGUA (Las Animas) Spanish for lof the water" and refers to the "canon of the
water".

DELCARBON (Las Animas) Spanish for "of the coal".

DEL/NOTRE (Rio Grande) Spanish meaning "from the north", taking its name from
the Spanish name of the "Rio Grande del Norte".

DOLORES COUNTY (1881) Named for the river which means in Spanish "River of Our
Lady of Sorrows".

DOLORES (Montezuma) See Dolores County.

DURANGO (La Plata) A Basque word meaning "watering town or place", and was
named for Durango, Mexico, and before that the name cane
from Durango, Spain. The name was originally "Urango"
"Ur" meaning "Water" and "Ango" meaning "Town". Durango
was the watering point for the stage coach lines and wagon
trains.;

EL DORADO SPRINGS (Boulder) Spanish for "Golden" or "Gilded One".

El MORO (Las Animas) Spanish for "the Moor".

EL PASO COUNTY (1861) Spanish for "The pass" after Ute Pass. When the origirAl
seventeen Colorado counties were created, an unsuccessful
amefidment to change El Paso to Scudder County was defeated.
Edwin Scudder was a member of the House at that time from
El Paso County but took no part in the voting.

ESPANOLA (Weld) Spanish for "Spanish Woman."

ESTRELLA (Alamosa) Spanish for"star".

PARISITA (Huerfano) Named for Jeanette Farris, daughter of Postmaster John

Farris. In Spanish, it means "the little Parris lady ".
It was also called HUERPANO CANYON And later TALPA which
became confused with Tape, New Mexico, hence the change
to Parisita.

FLORIDA (La Plata) Spanish for "little flower" named for the river mentioned
and visited by Padre Escalante in 1776.

32
 SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO

FRUITA (Mesa) Spanish for "fruit".

GARCIA (Las Animas) For Jesus Itaria Garcia, prominent settler and former county
clerk.

GARCIA (Costilla) Named for a pioneer family of that name. It was called
MANZANARES.

HUERFANO COUNTY (1861) Spanish for "orphan". Named for the HUERFANO RIVER which
took its name from the Huerfano Butte, an isolated cone-
shaped butte north of Walsenburg. Antubes was the first
county seat.

JAROSO (Costilla) Spanish for "Willows", so named by U.S. Congressman, Franklin

Brooks.

LA GARITA (Saguache) Named for the peak west of town. It is a Spanish word meaning
"the lookout" or loosely "the signal" also "the sentry box".
The Indians used to send smoke signals from this peak to the
Sangre de Cristo Range across the Valley. The slang version
means "seats of an out-house.

LA JARA (Conejos) Spanish for "willow brush" or "undergrowth". It was first

called LLANO BLANCO meaning "white plains". Next it was called
TANK as the railroad water tank was the only structure there.

LA JUNTA (Otero) Spanish for "The Junction" because it is the junction of the
Sante. Fe Trail and the road leading to Pueblo. It was first
called OTERO.

LA PLATA COUNTY (1874) Spanish for "silver" discovered by the Spaniards in the
18th century. The first county seat was HOWARDSVILLE,
a few miles from Silverton and now a ghost town. In
1876 San Juan County was formed and HOWARDWILLE BECAME
that county seat until SILVERTON was so designated. After
HOWARDSVILLE, PARROTT CITY was the county seat of La Plata
County. DURANGO is the present county seat.

LAS ANIMAS COUNTY (1866) From the river "El Rio de las Animas Perdidos on Purgatorio",
the Spanish for "The River of the Souls Lost in Purgatory".

LAS ANIMAS (Bent) Same as Las Animas county.

LASAUSEO (Conejos) Spanish for "willows as there are many in the area.

LA VETA (Huerfano) Spanish for "the vein". It was so named by the Mexicans for
a vein of white meneral known as "yaso" located at the foot
of Pinon Hill, just north of La Veta. The mineral was used
by them to whitewash the dwalinzs. The `town was.first called

33
 SPANISH PLACE NAME IN COLORADO

FRANCISCO PLAZA in honor of Colonel J.M. Francisco who lived

there. There is also La Veta Pass and La Veta Creek, which
were named for the town.

LOBATOS (Conejos) Spanish for "young wolves". Formerly called CENICERO, Spanish
for ash heap.

LOS CERRITOS (Comejos) Spanish for "Little Hills".

MANCOS (Montezuma) Named for the river of the same name. It is a Spanish word
meaning "one-handea","faulty" or "crippled". The river was
so named because a member of Padre Escalantes' party, which
was exploring in the vicinity, fell from his horse while fording
the river and injured his band.

MESA COUNTY (1883) Spanish for "table".

MESA VERDE (Montezuma) Spanish for "green table".

MOGOTE (Conejos) For the nearby mountain peaks called the Mogotes which is Spanish
for "Peaked stacks of corn" which the peaks resemble.

MOLAS LAKE, AND DIVIDE (San Juan) SpaLish for "moles". Those were great numbers of
them in the moist ground around the lake.

MONTE, VISTA (Rio Grande) Spanish for "mountain view" and so named in 1886. It was
first called LARIAT in 1884 then changed to HENRY for T.C.
Henry, an early day land promoter in the valley.

MOSCA(Alamoda) Spanish for "fly" and named for Mosca Pass. Another version of
the name is that it is a contraction of the name of Luis de Moscosco
who led a Spanish expedition westward into this area in 1542. Mosca
Pass is also referred to as Music Pass because of the musical sounds
coming from the nearby sand dunes.

NAIURITA (Montrose) Spanish for "little nature" as it is in a beautiful setting of

trees on the banks of a stream as compared with some of the
barren country surrounding it. Named by Mrs. Blake an early
settler.

MESTA (Pueblo) From the Spanish name for the Arkansas River, "Rio Nepesta".

ORO CITY (Lake) Spanish word meaning "gold". At one time it was also the county
seat of Lake countr. It is now a deserted mining town a short
distance from Leadmille.

ORTIZ (Conejos) For J. Nestor Ortiz, its founder.

34
 SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO

PAISAJE (Conejos) Spanish word meaning "pretty place". It was originally named
SAN RAFAEL. When application was made for a post office, the
department said that mail would become corfased with San Rafael,
California, so the name PAISAJE was chosen.

PANDO (Eagle) Spanish for "slow of motion as applied to deep waters". This commun-
ity is located on the Eagle River and apparently the waters are quiet
and deep here.

PIEDRA (Archuleta) Spanish for "rocks" or "stones".

PLATORO (Conejos) A coined word from the Spanish meaning "silver or gold".

POSTA (La Plata) Spanish for "A place for travelers to stop and rest". It was a
resting place for stage coaches between Durango and Farmington,
New Mexico. Also known as LA POSTA.

PRIMERO (Las Animas) Meaning "The First". It was the first of five mining operational
opened by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in that area in
1904.

PUEBLO COUNTY (1861) Named for the City of Pueblo which is Spanish for "town" or
"village".

PUEBLO (Pueblo) Named for FORT PUEBLO, a circular adobe structure built in 1842.
The original settlement was wiped out on Christmas on 1854 by
Indians. In 1858 a town of FOUNTAIN was started on the east bank
of the mouth of Fountain Creek. During the winter a group from Inde-
pendence, Missouri, established a rival settlement on the vest bank
of Fountain Creek which finally absorbed the earlier town of Fountain.
It was known then as INDEPENDENCE, but was later changed to PUEBLO.

QUINTO (Las Animas) Meaning "The Fifth". It was the fifth and last mining operation
in that area opened by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in 1904.

RICO (Dolores) Spanish for "rich". Many names were suggested such as Carbon City,
Carbonateville, Lead City and Dolores City, but Rico was the choice.
It was formerly the county seat.

RIO BLANCO COUNTY (1889) Spanish for "white river".

RIO GRANDE COUNTY (1874) For the River Rio Grande Del Norte, Spanish for "river from
the north.

ROS/TA (Custer) Spanish for "small rose" and named by early prospectors and miners
of the country.

SAL/DA (Xhaffee) From its location at the vest end of the canyon and at the entrance
of the valley. Salida is a Spanish word meaning "outlet" or
"departure". It was first known as SOUTH ARKANSAS.
 SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO
BEST COPY UNLIKE
SAN ACACIO (Costilla) For Saint Acacius.

SANGRE DE CRISTO (Saguache) Spanish for "blood of Christ". In 1647 when Juan de
Onate and his band of conquistadores, under a warrant from
the King of Spain, were searching for the Seven Cities of
Cibola which were the legendary cities whose streets were
paved with gold, they rested one evening on the shores of
San Luis Lake which is in Northern Alamosa County. One of
the priests in the party vas on the lake in a small boat
when an Indian arrow pierced his breast. It was in the
autumn and as the dying priest gazed at the mountains to
the east and saw the reflection of the sun on the red leaves
of scrub oak, he exclaimed, as he fell dying, "Sangre de
Cristo".
SAN JUAN COUNTY (1876) Spanish for "St. John". The name was first given by early
Spanish explorers to the river and the mountain range and
subsequently adopted for the general region and the county.
SAN LUIS (Costilla) For tI.e patron saint Saint Louis . It is the oldest torn in the
state. (1851). It was first called CULIBBA, Spanish for "snake"
after the Culebra River which winds like a snake throughout the
countryside. It was next known as PLAZA DEL MEDIS, Spanish for
"center village" because of its geographical '1oeition to San
Pedro which was referred to as the "Upper Culebra" and San Acacia,
known as "lower Culebra".
SAN MOM COUNTY (1883) Spanish for St . Mithael and named for the river. It was
originally a part of OURA! COUNTY.

ENGUNDO (Lis Animas) Meaning "The Second". It was the second of five mining operations
opened in that area by the Colorado Fuel and Iron ComPsn in
1904.

SPANISN.PNAKS (Huerfano) Also called by the Indian name /10A3ATOLLA Meaning "breast
"from
of
the world". Another version is thet'Sualiatolla means
where the storms come" and that the peeks are known as "las
Chiehes" a slang word in Spanish`meadng 9breasts". The
first version is most accepb*C
TENCIO (tas Anises) ilkaning 1111. Third". It VAS the third of riveIron
ait 3ng operations
in
opened in that area by the Cole'
19016; :

(140$ Miami} Spanish for "bowers" or the coal

nine turrets , in the area.
,

TRINOORA (Las Animal) Spanish tor "trenches" or to , s 'toena lras so named

tbror a nearby ees.
a asp 0-Vele opening through
, 0

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 SPANISH PLACE NAMES IN COLORADO BEST 1:011 AVAILABLE

VALLECITO (La Plata) A river and a dam. A Spanish word for "little valley".
VALLOROSO (Las Animas) A contraction of the Italian or Spanish words meaning
"Valley of the Bear". The post office id located near
Bear Canyon but the Post Office Department refused to
Permit the use of Bear Canyon because of its similarity to
Bear and Bear Creek, so VALLOROSO was selected.
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