Have to, don't have to Form Example
Affirmative You should arrive on time.
Form Example Negative You shouldn’t be late.
Affirmativ Police officers have to wear a Question
Should I wait outside?
e uniform. form
Teachers don’t have to wear a Short Yes, I should. / No, I
Negative answers shouldn’t.
uniform.
Question Do police officers have to wear a
form uniform? Explanation:
Short
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. • We use should and shouldn’t to give and
answers
ask for advice and recommendations.
Explanation: Usamos should y shouldn’t para dar y
pedir consejos y recomendaciones.
• We use have to to talk about things that are
obligatory or necessary. Usamos have to Example Sentences:
para hablar sobre cosas que son
obligatorias o necesarias. • You should spend less time on the Internet.
• We use don’t have to to talk about things Deberías pasar menos tiempo en Internet.
that are not obligatory or necessary. • You shouldn’t go to bed so late. No
Usamos don’t have to para hablar sobre deberías acostarte tan tarde.
cosas que no son obligatorias o Second Conditional
necesarias
Structure:
Example Sentences: If + past simple, would/wouldn’t + infinitive
• I have to get up early tomorrow. Tengo que Example Sentences:
levantarme temprano mañana.
• My sister doesn’t have to go to school • If I knew about cars, I’d become a
today. Mi hermana no tiene que ir a la mechanic.
escuela hoy. • If you didn’t listen, we wouldn’t understand
Must, mustn’t his explanations.
• If I was a millionaire, I wouldn’t know what
Form Example to do with my money.
Affirma You must switch off your mobile
tive phone in class. Explanation:
Negati You mustn’t use your mobile phone
ve when driving. • The past simple appears in the part of the
sentence with if.
Explanation: • Would does not appear in this part of the
sentence.
• We use must to talk about rules,
regulations, and obligations. Usamos If I would need help, I would call you. (Incorrect)
must para hablar sobre reglas, If I needed help, I would call you. (Correct)
regulaciones y obligaciones.
• We use mustn’t to talk about prohibitions. • The part of the sentence with if can go at
Usamos mustn’t para hablar sobre the beginning or at the end of the
prohibiciones. sentence. There is no difference in
• Must is not very common in question meaning.
forms. We usually use have to instead. • If the part with if goes at the beginning, we
Must no es muy común en preguntas; en must use a comma before the second part.
su lugar, solemos usar have to.
Example Sentences:
Example Sentences:
• If I had a bike, I’d cycle to school.
• My mum says I must eat more fruit. Mi • I’d cycle to school if I had a bike.
mamá dice que debo comer más fruta.
• I mustn’t forget to do my homework. No "Will" can be used instead of "would" in some
debo olvidar hacer mi tarea. cases:
• If I were/was a millionaire, I would give
Should, shouldn’t money to that charity.
Use of the second conditional:
• We use the second conditional to talk
about imaginary or improbable situations
and their consequences. Usamos el
segundo condicional para hablar de
situaciones imaginarias o improbables y
sus consecuencias.
• These situations are in the present or
future, not in the past. Estas situaciones
ocurren en el presente o futuro, no en el
pasado.
•
Example Sentence:
• If I found money in the street, I would give it
to the police.
(Imaginary present situation →
Consequence of the situation) Si encontrara
dinero en la calle, lo entregaría a la policía.
(Situación imaginaria → Consecuencia)
Use of "If I were you" for advice: También
usamos If I were you para dar consejos.
• If I were you, I’d study more. Si yo fuera tú,
estudiaría más.
Unless
Explanation:
• Unless = if… not, except if. Unless
significa si no o excepto si.
•
Example Sentences:
• She wouldn’t be the director unless she was
very good at her job. Ella no sería la
directora si no fuera muy buena en su
trabajo.
• Unless you arrive on time, you won’t see
the beginning of the film. A menos que
llegues a tiempo, no verás el comienzo de
la película.
1. Jobs (Trabajos)
• Architect - Arquitecto - /ˈɑːrkɪtekt/ - The architect designed a modern building.
• Au pair - Niñera extranjera - /oʊ ˈpɛr/ - She worked as an au pair in France for a year.
• Chef - Chef/Cocinero - /ʃɛf/ - The chef prepared an amazing meal.
• Company director - Director de empresa - /ˈkʌmpəni daɪˈrɛktər/ - The company director made an
important decision.
• Construction worker - Obrero de construcción - /kənˈstrʌkʃən ˈwɜːrkər/ - The construction
worker built a new house.
• Economist - Economista - /ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/ - The economist analyzed the financial crisis.
• Fashion designer - Diseñador de moda - /ˈfæʃən dɪˈzaɪnər/ - She is a famous fashion designer.
• Firefighter - Bombero - /ˈfaɪərˌfaɪtər/ - The firefighter saved a child from the fire.
• Journalist - Periodista - /ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪst/ - The journalist interviewed the president.
• Lawyer - Abogado - /ˈlɔɪər/ - The lawyer defended his client in court.
• Mechanic - Mecánico - /məˈkænɪk/ - The mechanic repaired my car.
• Nurse - Enfermero/a - /nɜːrs/ - The nurse took care of the patients.
• Photographer - Fotógrafo - /fəˈtɒɡrəfər/ - The photographer took amazing pictures.
• Plumber - Plomero - /ˈplʌmər/ - The plumber fixed the leak in the kitchen.
• Police officer - Oficial de policía - /pəˈliːs ˈɒfɪsər/ - The police officer arrested the suspect.
• Receptionist - Recepcionista - /rɪˈsɛpʃənɪst/ - The receptionist greeted the visitors.
• Shop assistant - Dependiente/vendedor - /ʃɒp əˈsɪstənt/ - The shop assistant helped the
customers.
• Vet - Veterinario - /vɛt/ - The vet treated the sick dog.
2. Words connected with work (Palabras relacionadas con el trabajo)
• Earn - Ganar (dinero) - /ɜːrn/ - She earns a good salary.
• Figures - Cifras/números - /ˈfɪɡjərz/ - The accountant checked the financial figures.
• Finance - Finanzas - /ˈfaɪnæns/ - He studied finance at university.
• Manual work - Trabajo manual - /ˈmænjuəl wɜːrk/ - Manual work can be physically demanding.
• Outdoors - Al aire libre - /ˌaʊtˈdɔːrz/ - He enjoys working outdoors.
• Overtime - Horas extra - /ˈoʊvərtaɪm/ - She worked overtime to finish the project.
• Paperwork - Trámites/papeleo - /ˈpeɪpərˌwɜːrk/ - There is a lot of paperwork to complete.
• The public - El público - /ðə ˈpʌblɪk/ - The job requires dealing with the public.
• Retail - Venta al por menor - /ˈriːteɪl/ - She works in retail as a sales assistant.
• Salary - Salario - /ˈsæləri/ - He receives a monthly salary.
• Teamwork - Trabajo en equipo - /ˈtiːmwɜːrk/ - Good teamwork is essential in this job.
3. Personal qualities (Cualidades personales)
• Ambitious - Ambicioso - /æmˈbɪʃəs/ - She is ambitious and wants to be successful.
• Calm - Tranquilo - /kɑːm/ - He remained calm during the crisis.
• Caring - Cuidadoso/afectuoso - /ˈkɛrɪŋ/ - She is a caring nurse.
• Clever/Bright - Inteligente - /ˈklɛvər/, /braɪt/ - He is a clever student.
• Confident - Seguro de sí mismo - /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ - She is very confident in her abilities.
• Creative - Creativo - /kriˈeɪtɪv/ - He is a creative designer.
• Determined - Determinado - /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnd/ - She is determined to succeed.
• Fit - En forma - /fɪt/ - He stays fit by exercising daily.
• Flexible - Flexible - /ˈflɛksəbl/ - She has a flexible schedule.
• Hard-working - Trabajador - /ˈhɑːrdˌwɜːrkɪŋ/ - He is a hard-working employee.
• Patient - Paciente - /ˈpeɪʃənt/ - A teacher needs to be patient.
• Reliable - Confiable - /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ - He is a reliable person.
• Responsible - Responsable - /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ - She is responsible for the team’s success.
• sensitive - sensible - /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv/ - She is very sensitive to criticism.
• Sociable/Friendly - Sociable/amigable - /ˈsoʊʃəbl/, /ˈfrɛndli/ - He is very sociable and makes
friends easily.
• Strong - Fuerte - /strɔːŋ/ - She has a strong personality.
• Well-organised - Organizado - /wɛl ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/ - He is well-organised and manages time well.
4. Compound adjectives (Adjetivos compuestos)
• (18)-year-old - De 18 años - /ˌeɪtiːn jɪr oʊld/ - He is an 18-year-old student.
• Badly-behaved - Maleducado - /ˈbædli bɪˈheɪvd/ - The child was badly-behaved.
• Badly-paid - Mal pagado - /ˈbædli peɪd/ - It is a badly-paid job.
• Blue/brown/green-eyed - De ojos azules/marrones/verdes - /bluː aɪd/, /braʊn aɪd/, /ɡriːn aɪd/ -
She is a green-eyed woman.
• Easy-going - Relajado/tranquilo - /ˈiːzi ˈɡoʊɪŋ/ - He has an easy-going personality.
• Forward-thinking - Visionario - /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ - She is a forward-thinking leader.
• Full-time - A tiempo completo - /fʊl taɪm/ - He has a full-time job.
• Good-looking - Atractivo - /ɡʊd ˈlʊkɪŋ/ - She is a good-looking actress.
• Long-haired - De cabello largo - /lɔːŋ hɛrd/ - She is a long-haired girl.
• Part-time - A tiempo parcial - /pɑːrt taɪm/ - He works part-time in a café.
• Right/left-handed - Diestro/zurdo - /raɪt ˈhændɪd/, /lɛft ˈhændɪd/ - He is left-handed.
• Short-haired - De cabello corto - /ʃɔːrt hɛrd/ - He is a short-haired man.
• Well-behaved - Bien educado - /wɛl bɪˈheɪvd/ - The students are well-behaved.
• Well-known - Conocido/famoso - /wɛl noʊn/ - He is a well-known actor.
• Well-off - Adinerado - /wɛl ɔːf/ - They are a well-off family.
• Well-paid - Bien pagado - /wɛl peɪd/ - It is a well-paid job.
