11 Streets ahead
Glossary
Page 125 11.11 allotment (n) /əˈlɒtmənt/
rented area of land for growing fruit and
11.1 streets ahead (expr) /striːts əˈhed/ vegetables on ● It’s common for people in
better or more advanced ● The new design put large English towns to grow vegetables on
the company streets ahead of the competition. their allotments. ➣ allot (v) ❖
❖
11.12 nutrient (n) /ˈnjuːtrɪənt/
11.2 marina (n) /məˈriːnə/
a chemical or food that plants and animals
a harbour for small boats ● We watched the
need to live and grow ● There are natural
yachts as they sailed out of the marina.
nutrients in the soil which help plants grow.
❖
❖
11.3 skyscraper (n) /ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/
11.13 yield (n) /jiːld/
a very tall building with many floors ● The
amount of food that’s produced ● They’ve had
city’s skyscrapers are visible from miles away.
a smaller crop yield this year due to the long
❖
drought. ❖
11.4 vibrant (adj) /ˈvaɪbrənt/
energetic and lively; bright ● The carnival 11.14 redesign (v) /ˌriːdɪˈzaɪn/
floats were decorated with colours as vibrant change the design of sth ● We redesigned the
as the festive atmosphere. ➣ vibrantly (adv) kitchen cupboards and there’s lots more space
❖ now. ➣ redesign (n) ❖
11.5 cosmopolitan (adj) /kɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/ 11.15 oversee (v) /ˌəʊvəˈsiː/
with many people from different places and of monitor progress of sb doing a job ● The
different cultures ● New York is a cosmopolitan building manager oversaw the workers
city where people from many different cultures on the construction site. ➣ overseer (n)
live. ❖ ❖ ✎ Syn: supervise
11.16 produce (n) /ˈprɒdʒuːs/
Reading Pages 126–127
food that is produced through farming ● I love
going to farmers' markets because of all the
lovely produce I can find. ➣ produce (v)
11.6 urbanisation (n) /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
❖
the development of towns or cities on land
that used to be countryside ● Through rapid 11.17 sustainability (n) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/
urbanisation over the past 60 years, the the use of energy and products in a way
population of Lagos is ten times the number that can be continued without harming the
it was. ➣ urban (adj), urbanise (v) environment ● Governments should make a
❖ commitment to environmental sustainability
by cutting industrial pollution. ➣ sustain (v),
11.7 urban (adj) /ˈɜːbən/
sustainable (adj), sustainably (adv)
in/of a town or city ● This urban area needs
❖
more greenery for the residents to enjoy.
❖ ✎ Opp: rural 11.18 abandoned (adj) /əˈbændənd/
no longer used by the people who own it
11.8 dweller (n) /ˈdwelə(r)/
● There are homeless people sleeping in that
a resident of a particular place ● The drawings
abandoned building. ➣ abandon (v)
were done by cave dwellers thousands of
❖
years ago. ➣ dwell (v), dwelling (n)
❖ 11.19 organic (adj) /ɔːˈgænɪk/
grown without chemicals ● Organic fruit and
11.9 enterprise (n) /ˈentəpraɪz/
vegetables are sold in the local farmers’
a large project, especially business-
market. ➣ organically (adv) ❖
development ● The indoor market was the
town’s first local enterprise set up as a co- 11.20 pesticide (n) /ˈpestɪsaɪd/
operative. ➣ enterprising (adj) ❖ a chemical substance used for killing
creatures, e.g. insects which destroy or
11.10 squeeze (v) /skwiːz/
infect crops ● Be careful not to use garden
press sth firmly in order to get liquid out of it
pesticides that can harm pets or children.
● I squeezed the oranges and poured the juice
❖
into a bottle. ❖
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11.21 ground-breaking (adj) /ˈgraʊndˌbreɪkɪŋ/ 11.33 office block (n) /ˈɒfɪs blɒk/
important and new ● This ground-breaking a large building divided into offices ● The city
research could revolutionise modern farming centre is full of high-rise office blocks.
methods. ❖ ❖
11.22 seasickness (n) /ˈsiːˌsɪknɪs/
feeling sick from the movement of a boat
● I suffer from seasickness, so I don’t enjoy Vocabulary Page 128
travelling by ferry. ➣ seasick (adj) 11.34 demolish (v) /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/
❖ completely destroy a building so that it falls
11.23 unfounded (adj) /ʌnˈfaʊndɪd/ down ● It was sad to see our old family home
without a basis of facts ● We only had light being demolished to make way for the new
rain, so our worries about the possibility of housing estate. ➣ demolition (n)
floods were unfounded. ❖ ❖
11.24 reconnect (with) (v) /ˌriːkəˈnekt (wɪθ)/ 11.35 disastrous (adj) /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/
make contact with sb/sth again ● The reunion having very bad consequences ● Cutting down
party gave me the chance to reconnect with the forest to build a road will have a disastrous
old school friends. ➣ reconnection (adj) effect on the environment. ➣ disaster (n),
❖ disastrously (adv) ❖
11.25 surplus (n) /ˈsɜːpləs/ 11.36 landmark (n) /ˈlændmɑːk/
an extra quantity left over in excess of what a building or geographical feature which you
you need ● The shop is offering massive can see from far away and use to find your
discounts to sell off its surplus of last year’s direction ● The town hall clock tower is a
stock. ➣ surplus (adj) ❖ well-known landmark that can be seen for
11.26 converted (adj) /kənˈvɜːtɪd/ miles. ❖
which has been changed to be used for 11.37 neglect (v) /nɪˈɡlekt/
another purpose ● Jack’s selling his converted not take care of ● The garden had been
van. He travelled in it all around South neglected for months and was overgrown with
America. ➣ convert (n, v) ❖ weeds. ➣ neglect (n), neglected (adj)
11.27 greenhouse (n) /ˈgriːnˌhaʊs/ ❖
a building with glass or clear plastic walls 11.38 restore (v) /rɪˈstɔː/
and roof for growing plants in ● Mum is in her repair sth to bring it back to its original
greenhouse, watering the tomato plants. condition ● Years after the tragic fire, the
❖ historic library was restored to its former state
11.28 aquaponics (n) /ˌækwəˈpɒnɪks/ and reopened to the public. ❖
the process of raising food crops in water with 11.39 preserve (v) /prɪˈzɜːv/
bacteria rather than soil ● Some plants, such protect from damage ● The original metal
as lettuce and tomatoes, can be grown in large railings around the park have been
quantities using aquaponics. ❖ preserved and repainted. ➣ preservation (n)
11.29 absorb (v) /əbˈzɔːb/ ❖
take sth in, usually slowly ● We’re growing 11.40 run-down (adj) /rʌnˈdaʊn/
bamboo plants in our aquarium to absorb the in poor condition ● In most major cities, there
nutrients from the fish waste and clean the are run-down areas that could be developed
water. ➣ absorbing, absorbent (adj) into interesting neighbourhoods.
❖ ❖
11.30 greenery (n) /ˈɡriːnəri/ 11.41 car-free (adj) /ˌkɑːˈfri/
plants and trees ● If there was more greenery where cars are not allowed ● Most of the city
in the city centre, the oxygen levels would centre has become a car-free zone.
improve. ❖ ❖
11.31 built-up (adj) /ˌbɪlt ˈʌp/ 11.42 municipal (adj) /mjuːˈnɪsɪpəl/
covered with buildings and streets, etc. belonging to a city or town ● There are
● They moved house when they learnt the impressive new municipal buildings, including
fields opposite their home would become a the town hall, next to the waterfront.
built-up area. ❖ ➣ municipality (n) ❖
11.32 storey (n) /stɔːri/ 11.43 former (adj) /ˈfɔːmə(r)/
a floor or level of a building ● We live in a four- previous; before the present time or in the past
storey block of flats. ❖ ● The former home of the president has now
been turned into a museum. ❖
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11.44 warehouse (n) /ˈweəhaʊs/
a store where goods are kept before being Grammar Page 129
sold or sent to shops ● That massive new
11.54 put off (phr v) /pʊt ɒf/
building is a furniture warehouse.
delay sth till a later time ● The tennis match was
❖
put off because of the rain. ❖
11.45 retail park (n) /ˈriːteɪl pɑːk/ 11.55 boiler (n) /ˈbɔɪlə(r)/
an area with many large shops together a large heater for hot water ● I had no
outside a town ● Many of the town’s small hot water for a bath until we got the boiler
shops have gone out of business since the repaired. ➣ boil (v), boiling (adj)
new retail park opened. ❖ ❖
11.46 congestion (n) /kənˈʤestʃn/ 11.56 leisure centre (n) /ˈleʒə ˌsentə(r)/
roads blocked with vehicles ● There’s heavy a buiding with a swimming pool, sports hall
congestion around the town centre because and rooms for meetings ● We booked this
the main road is partly closed for repairs. hotel because it's got a leisure centre with a
❖ big pool. ❖
11.47 spread out (adj) /spred aʊt/
covering a wide area ● I’d prefer to live in a Places
neighbourhood where the houses are more allotment landmark skyscraper
spread out and everyone has their own chain store marina warehouse
garden. ➣ spread out (phr v) ❖ inner city office block
11.48 densely populated (expr) /ˈdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/ landfill site retail park
with large numbers of people living in one
area ● Mexico City, which has over 21
million residents, is one of the most densely
populated cities in the world. ❖
Listening Page 130
11.57 differ (v) /ˈdɪfə(r)/
11.49 dispose of (phr v) /dɪˈspəʊz əv/
be different to sb/sth else ● My opinion on
get rid of sth that you don’t want or need
fame differs from yours in that I don't think
● You can dispose of cans, glass bottles and
fame brings happiness. ➣ difference (n),
paper at the recycling centre. ➣ disposal (n),
different (adj), differently (adv) ❖
disposable (adj) ❖
11.58 handy (adj) /ˈhændi/
11.50 landfill site (n) /ˈlændfɪl saɪt/
useful ● We live near the supermarket, which
a hole in the ground where rubbish is dumped
makes it handy to pop in whenever we need
● Nobody wants to live near a landfill site
because of the ground pollution and the smell. something. ❖
❖
11.51 chain store (n) /ʧeɪn stɔː(r)/
a shop belonging to a large company with
Speaking Page 131
many shops of the same name ● Shopping 11.59 fluency (n) /ˈfluːənsi/
centres worldwide sell pretty much the same the ability to speak well in a foreign language
goods from familiar chain stores. ● She got full marks for fluency in her French
❖ speaking test. ➣ fluent (adj), fluently (adv)
❖
11.52 sprawling (adj) /ˈsprɔːlɪŋ/
spread out over a wide area ● From the
plane, we could see the sprawling line of
high-rise hotels along the coast. ➣ sprawl (v)
Grammar Page 132
❖ 11.60 contaminate (v) /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/
make sth dirty; pollute ● Pollution from the
11.53 gentrification (n) /ˌdʒentrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
landfill site has contaminated the water supply.
the process of changing an area to attract
➣ contamination (n) ❖
wealthier people than before ● The cutting-
edge conference centre and converted 11.61 inhabitant (n) /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/
warehouses have contributed to the sb who lives in a particular place ● This city
gentrification of what used to be slums in the has five million inhabitants. ➣ inhabit (v),
city centre. ➣ gentrify (v), gentry (n) (un)inhabited (adj) ❖
❖ 11.62 compromise (n) /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/
an agreement reached to suit both sides
● After a long discussion, the management
and the workers’ union finally reached a
compromise on rates of pay. ➣ compromise
(v) ❖
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11.63 regional (adj) /ˈriːʤənl/ 11.73 come off (phr v) /kʌm ɒf/
relating to a particular area (defined as a happen successfully ● Do you think your
region) ● The laws regarding green energy trip to the Himalayas will ever come off?
are made by the government, but the planning ❖
issues are dealt with at regional level. 11.74 stand for (phr v) /stænd fɔː/
➣ region (n) ❖ support or represent ● The union stands for
factory workers’ rights. ❖
Verbs
11.75 restoration (n) /ˌrestəˈreɪʃn/
absorb oversee restore the work of repairing sth to bring it back to its
contaminate preserve squeeze original condition ● The painting was badly
demolish reconnect thrive damaged by fire, so its restoration was a hard
neglect redesign task. ➣ restore (v) ❖
11.76 inner city (n) /ˈɪnə ˈsɪti/
an area near the centre of a large city, often
Use your English Page 133 poor ● Living in the inner city never appealed
to her because she was used to country life.
11.64 out on the town (expr) /aʊt ɒn ðə taʊn/ ❖
visiting places for entertainment ● We’re 11.77 redevelopment (n) /ˌriːdɪˈveləpmənt/
having a night out on the town to celebrate my the work of changing the use of an area
promotion. ❖ by constructing new buildings, roads, etc.
11.65 go to town (expr) /ɡəʊ tə taʊn/ ● The city has been modernised through
do sth enthusiastically, putting in a lot of effort redevelopment work, including the new tram
● I only intended to paint one room, but system. ➣ redevelop (v) ❖
I went to town and did the whole house.
❖
11.66 middle of the road (expr) /mɪdl əv ðə rəʊd/ LOOK!
average; ordinary ● His last film was hilarious,
but the sequel is just middle of the road. The prefix re-, which is common, means 'again'.
❖ It was great to reconnect with my cousins from
Canada after so many years.
11.67 on the streets (expr) /ɒn ðə striːts/ We ought to reorganise the office to make better
homeless ● In such a wealthy city, it’s dreadful use of the space.
to see so many poor people living on the There was public opposition to the redevelopment
streets. ❖ plans for the seafront.
11.68 right up your street (expr) /raɪt ʌp jɔː striːt/ The museum was completely rebuilt after the fire
exactly what you like ● Since you’re crazy had destroyed it.
about fashion, this clothes exhibition at the
museum should be right up your street.
❖ Expressions
11.69 the man in the street (expr) /ðə mæn ɪn ðə out on the town right up your street
striːt/ go to town the man in the street
the average person ● The campaign is middle of the road streets ahead
aimed at raising the awareness of the man on the streets
in the street who knows very little about the
environment. ❖
11.70 come up (phr v) /kʌm ʌp/
happen unexpectedly ● Sorry I didn’t call you Writing Pages 134–135
sooner, but something came up and I had to
11.78 stimulating (adj) /ˈstɪmjʊleɪtɪŋ/
go out. ❖
causing enthusiasm and interest ● The
11.71 pull down (phr v) /pʊl daʊn/ committee had a stimulating discussion after
demolish ● The old cinema has been pulled the presentation. ➣ stimulate (v), stimulation
down to build a four-storey car park. (n) ❖
❖
11.79 utterly (adv) /ˈʌtəli/
11.72 put (sb) up (phr v) /pʊt (ˈsʌmbədi) ʌp/ completely ● He was utterly exhausted by the
provide temporary accommodation for sb end of the hike. ➣ utter (adj) ❖
● When Alcino moved to Spain, his friends
offered to put him up until he found a place to
rent. ❖
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11.80 delightful (adj) /dɪˈlaɪtfʊl/
charming ● We visited the delightful island Phrasal verbs
of Sardinia on our cruise. ➣ delighted (adj), come off hold up
delight (v, n) ❖ come up pull down
11.81 adequate (adj) /ˈædɪkwət/ date back (to) put off
(good) enough ● The availability of housing is dispose of put (sb) up
not adequate for the number of people in the get away stand for
city. ➣ adequacy (n), adequately (adv)
❖ ✎ Opp: inadequate
11.82 mouth-watering (adj) /ˈmaʊθ wɔːtərɪŋ/
which looks or smells delicious ● The Live well, study well
restaurant specialises in a mouth-watering
Page 136
range of seafood dishes. ❖
11.83 outrageous (adj) /aʊtˈreɪdʒəs/ 11.92 charity (n) /ˈtʃærəti/
shocking and unacceptable ● An outrageous organisation that raises money to help people
number of accidents happen on this road every or animals in need ● Anima is a charity that
week. ➣ outrage (n), outrageously (adv) helps injured wild animals in Greece.
❖ ➣ charitable (adj) ❖
11.84 terrifying (adj) /ˈterəfaɪɪŋ/ 11.93 initiative (n) /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
very frightening ● A terrifying storm began ability to act without being told what to do
when we were at sea. ➣ terrify (v), terrified ● The student showed initiative when he did
(adj) ❖ some research alone in the library. ➣ initiate
(v) ❖
11.85 tragic (adj) /ˈtrædʒɪk/
that makes you feel very sad because sth 11.94 thoughtful (adj) /ˈθɔːtfʊl/
serious happened ● The tragic plane crash always thinking of the things you can do to
left a number of passengers dead. ➣ tragically make people happy ● It was very thoughtful of
(adv), tragedy (n) ❖ you to offer to put us up. ➣ think (v), thought
(n) ❖
11.86 shabby (adj) /ˈʃæbi/
worn out and in a poor condition ● She 11.95 contribution (n) /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn/
restored her shabby old chairs with modern an action done to help or support sth ● Thanks
fabrics and they look better than ever for your valuable contribution to our project.
before. ➣ shabbily (adv), shabbiness (n) Your advice helped us so much. ➣ contribute
❖ (v) ❖
11.87 date back tο (phr v) /deɪt bak tuː/ 11.96 combat (v) /ˈkɒmbæt/
have existed for a particular length of time stop a bad situation happening or prevent it
● The castle dates back to ancient Roman from getting worse ● We formed a support
times. ❖ network to combat the problems of youth
unemployment. ➣ combat (n) ❖
11.88 get away (phr v) /get əˈweɪ/
escape ● We managed to get away from the
hectic city for a break in the countryside. Adjectives
❖ abandoned handy spread out
11.89 extensive (adj) /ɪksˈtensɪv/ adequate mouth-watering stimulating
detailed ● She is an expert on antiques with built-up municipal terrifying
extensive experience of restoration work. converted organic thoughtful
➣ extent (n) ❖ cosmopolitan outrageous tragic
delightful run-down unfounded
11.90 grounds (n pl) /ɡraʊnds/ extensive shabby urban
the area of land or gardens belonging to a ground-breaking sprawling vibrant
property ● Their wedding took place on the
grounds of a large country hotel.
❖
11.91 angle (n) /ˈæŋɡl/
the direction that sth is leaning in when it is not
straight up and down or lying flat ● The picture
frame was hanging at an angle as a result of
the earthquake. ❖
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