Chapter 1 script

8-11 questions
Section 2. You will hear a tour guide talking to some visitors about a national
monument.
Welcome, everyone, to Devils Tower National Monument. Not only can you view the
famous Devils Tower rock formation, but "there are lots of great routes for hiking and
rock-climbing here in the park. Ii you are interested, you can ask about those activities
at our climbing office. You'll find it conveniently located between our visitor centre and
gift shop.
Now, Devils Tower is situated in the picturesque Black Hills here in Wyoming. The
formation itself is very imposing, standing at 867 feet, or 265 metres, from the base to
the summit.
To local Native Americans, this is a significant site. Because of that and its striking
beauty, Devils Tower was made an official national monument over a century ago.
Since then, it has become a popular destination amongst rock climbers. So 'how did the
rock formation get its unusual name? You might think it's because it can be dangerous
to hike up or climb. Actually, explorer Colonel Richard Irving led an expedition to the
area in 1875. His interpreter is said to have made an error translating the nalive
language, and said the unusual formation was named 'Bad God's Tower.' Irving took
that to mean the Devil's Tower ... but many native people say that the formation was
probably originally called 'Bear Tower' or 'Bear's Lodge.'
Anyway, what are we all going to see and do at the park today? First, we are going to
take a short hike up to a ridge that will offer you panoramic views of the tower and the
park. The route we will be taking is called the Joyner Ridge Trail, and it is a marked loop
that's a mile and a half long. Just a few safety reminders before we head out on the trail.
First, please watch your step during our hike as the trail we are taking is unpaved.
Also, please be reminded that food is only permitted in specified areas that are marked
with signs, and "it is vital that you do not feed animals you may encounter in the park.
After our hike, I'll take you to the visitor centre where you can check out our displays
and browse through souvenirs in our gift shop.
OK. So, could you all please come this way?
 Từ vụng:
● national monument tượng đài, đài tưởng niệm quốc gia
● formation kết cấu đá
● rock-climbing leo vách đá
● picturesque tuyệt đẹp imposing ấn tượng
● summit đỉnh
● striking ấn tượng
● lead to an expedition dẫn đoàn thám hiểm
● ridge sườn núi
● panoramic toàn cảnh
● vital rất quan trọng
12-16 questions
Section 3. You will hear a conversation between two students about studying abroad in
Singapore.
M: Hello, Laura. Do you have a minute?
W: Sure, John. What's up?
M: I've been considering enrolling in the study abroad programme in Singapore for
psychology that you completed last term. But I'm still unsure of some things.
W: What things in particular?
M: Well, I couldn't find much information on the application process. What was it like?
W: Actually, it was a bit too complicated. There are a lot of steps to complete.
M: I see. And 12what did you think about the lectures there?
W: 12They were excellent. I found all of them very informative and insightful.
M: And 13the lecturers themselves?
W: 13They are all experts in their areas. A few of them are even published authors.
Especially the professor of my psychometrics course, he was terrific. It was because of
him that I chose the topic of psychometrics for my senior year thesis.
M: Oh, that sounds rather challenging!
W: Not at all. 14 was intimidated by the subject at first, but I didn't find it overly
complicated as it was just an introductory course. I'd definitely recommend taking that
one.
M: I see. Which other courses do you recommend?
W: 15/ know that you're focusing your studies on counselling, so you should take the
adult counselling course that is offered as well.
M: Yes, that would be good. Were there quite a lot of assignments or requirements for
each class?
W: A fair amount. But instead of a long final paper, most of the classes I took concluded
with a final test.
M: Hmm... That sounds tough. Are there many differences between studying there and
in the UK?
W: Definitely. The type of psychology they teach is very similar to statistics, lots of
numbers, data and stuff like that. 16Far less of the theory and discussion we had in the
UK and more science based work, so it's a different sort of challenge.
But it appealed to me, that's why I chose psychometrics...
M: Oh, that makes sense. I'm actually hoping to take some data analysis courses if I
take part in the programme too. It would help with my minor in psycholinguistics.
W: Speaking of which, I have some information about data courses in Singapore. Let's
head to…
Từ vựng:
- informative hữu ích
- insightful sâu sắc
- psychometrics tâm trắc học
- intimidated sợ hãi
- assignment bài tập
- psycholinguistics tâm lý học ngôn ngữ
- speaking of which nhân tiện, nhân đây
17-20 questions
Section 3. You will hear a student talking to a professor about a car technology
competition.
W: Erm... Professor Brown, I'm hoping to participate in the National Car Technology
Competition.
M: Certainly, Alice. The idea submission deadline is next Thursday, though. Do you
already have an idea in mind?
W: Oh, I have a couple of ideas. One is for a biometric access system. This would allow
only particular users to unlock, start, and drive the vehicle by using sensors.
M: Interesting idea. How would that work exactly?
W: Well, it would require the use of a scanner to access the vehicle and interior sensors
to scan the eyes of drivers for retinal confirmation.
17 Drivers would place a thumb on the outdoor scanner to unlock the vehicle, and the
retinal sensor would allow them to turn on the ignition.
M: That might be complicated, do you have any ideas on how that sensor might work?
W: I was thinking about embedding it in the rear view mirror. The driver would simply
look into the mirror, and the sensor would scan their retina. If the person is authorized to
use the vehicle, the ignition would automatically turn on.
M: Sounds impressive. I think you should go ahead with that idea. Is there anything else
you need help with?
W: Well, actually, the entrance fee is higher than I expected.
M: Oh, 18there actually is a sponsorship from the university that you may be eligible for
- and as far as I know, you'll be able to do that - then the cost of $200 for entering the
competition would be lifted. And of course, you'd be able to use materials for the project
at our lab facilities. You can pick up a form to apply for the sponsorship at the academic
office.
W: Excellent! And what is required for the application?
M:
19You'll first need to submit a proposal no longer than one page to the dean of the
engineering college by this Wednesday. If he thinks your idea is intriguing enough, then
he'll meet with you in person to discuss some additional details about it.

W: All right. I suppose I ought to get started on typing my proposal, then.

M: Oh, and for your reference, 20the proposal must include a rough design or sketch of
your idea; otherwise the dean won't accept it. It's a very particular requirement, but it's
because he prefers to look at papers with graphical information. The proposal can be
structured as you like and in any file format. And you can list references any way you
want as well.

W: That's exactly what I was going to enquire about next. Actually, would you have
some time to meet either today or Tuesday to provide me with some guidance on how
to draft the proposal?

M: Certainly. I'll be available at my office after 4pm this Tuesday. See you then?

W: Great, I'll come by your office at 4.30 on Tuesday.

Thanks.
Từ vựng
- biometric (thuộc) sinh trắc
- retinal (thuộc) võng mạc
- embed (v) đưa vào, nhúng vào
- ignition (n) sự khởi động, đánh lửa
- reference (n) tài liệu tham khảo
- guidance (n) hướng dẫn, chỉ đạo
Questions 21-25
Section 4. You will hear a lecture by a dietary expert about the ways in which people
can reduce their sugar intake.
So, as we discussed last time, sugar is the culprit for a variety of ailments. Not only is it
an addictive substance, but 2'it is a direct cause for diabetes, the rates of which have
never been higher. In addition to that, it also contributes to heart disease, obesity, and
mood disorders. And those health issues are also rising at an alarming rate. The
problem is that people are consuming more sugar than we even realise. So, how can
we reduce our intake and avoid a variety of health issues?
Well, first, it is important to read through ingredients on manufactured products. And be
aware that sugar has different names; sucrose, glucose, and fructose, just to name a
few. So, when advising patients, it is naturally best to tell them to avoid products with
added sugar. And use sweeteners that are as natural as possible and stay away from
processed sugar. Something like honey provides sweetness, and is better for digestion
than refined sugar, as it allows nutrients to be absorbed more easily. It also contains
fewer empty calories than sugar. If the taste of honey is too diverse and processed
sugar is preferred, then it is better to use it in its raw state, such as brown sugar, while
common white table sugar should be eliminated.
And it's also important to not drink sugars. 23People don't realise the enormous sugar
content in a soft drink, and even fruit juices have a very high concentration of sugar as
well as high caloric intake. Water, of course, is the number one fluid we should
consume. But I believe herbal teas are another great option, because they give you
some flavour, and they can offer extra vitamins that are good for us.
Another thing to avoid is manufactured food products that are labelled 'fat-free'. Often,
to make up for the flavour from missing fat, sugar is added.
Just for one example, it is better to use real cream in your coffee rather than a fat-free
substitute.
And likewise, urge people to avoid products that are said to be 'sugar-free' as they
usually contain chemical sugar substitutes, which can actually be more harmful than
processed sugar.
Most dietary experts agree that the best thing people can do is get the sweetness they
want through natural sources, rather than sweets or sugarless alternatives with
chemicals. Get it through fruits and vegetables, above all. They are a much better
source of natural sugar, and they also contain essential vitamins your body needs.
That's the best way to get the sweetness your appetite may want. But you can also eat
yoghurt…
Từ vựng
- culprit thủ phạm
- ailment bệnh vặt, đau nhức
- diabetes bệnh tiểu đường
- obesity bệnh béo phì
- disorder rối loạn
- sucrose đường mía
 - glucose đường glucoze
- fructose fructoza (đường hóa học)
- sweetener chất làm ngọt
- eliminate loại trừ substitute thay thế
- alternative lựa chọn (một trong hai)
- appetite ngon miệng

HACKER TEST

Section 2. You will hear the head of a development panel talk about a sports complex.
W: I'm pleased that you've all gathered here for this public meeting at Brighton City Hall
today. I know that many of you are excited to hear details about this weekend's opening
of the Brighton Sports Complex. So, l've asked Shane Downs, the head of the
committee that has been overseeing the development of the complex, to share that
information with you.
M: Thank you. As many of you are already aware,
"the Brighton Sports Complex will be the largest athletics stadium our city has ever
seen, serving primarily as the venue for national tennis matches. I am speaking today
on behalf of the entire committee that helped get the project started. I'm happy to say to
all city council members here with us today that we stayed well under our budget. The
project was also finished by our completion deadline and will open as scheduled. Many
of the council members already toured the facility and were very impressed with what
they saw.
I guess now is a good time to talk about the various sports facilities that are housed in
the complex. Not only does the complex house 22 tennis courts, but ?it also has two
full-size basketball courts. One will be indoors and available to use year-round.
Furthermore, Zit will be used for games played among regional and national teams. The
complex also has a volleyball court, an indoor football field, a weight room, and an
Olympic-size swimming pool. We are incredibly excited to welcome the citizens of
Brighton to use these facilities.
And soon, we will have more details about our plans for a yoga studio.
In addition to the exercise facilities, several dining establishments will also be available
at the complex. Of course, 'we want to encourage all of our citizens to lead a healthy
lifestyle, so we did not grant retail licences to any fast food restaurants. Instead, there
will be a selection of establishments selling salads, smoothies, and sandwiches made
with organic ingredients. *All the ingredients are from local sources, giving the visitors to
these establishments reassurance that they have not travelled long distances or been
processed heavily. As with the rest of our facilities, they will be open from 6 am until 10
pm and both members and non-members can patronise any of these establishments,
which have been placed on the ground floor.
Okay, I'll quickly discuss the complex's membership programme. Citizens will need to
stop by the reception desk and fill out a registration form to become a member. They
will then be presented with a membership card that can be used to access all of our
facilities. That is, everywhere except the swimming pool.
There will be an additional £100 annual fee to use this facility, and members will be able
to access the area with their cards. This annual fee will be in addition to the
membership fee for overall general use of the complex. And patrons will also be able to
rent out private lockers for reasonable rates, if they want to have their own. "We also
have our own car park and will offer complimentary parking to all guests. And we will
also have several event halls that members can hire for special events.
All fees can be paid easily either in person at the reception desk or by credit card using
our online payment system.
Oh, and finally, I'm sure most of you already know this, but Millers Road - where
Brighton Sports Complex is located - will be blocked off this weekend for street repairs.
So, itll be tough to park there. Instead, ample free parking is available in a large car park
that has been constructed adjacent to the complex. "° Join us at the grand opening this
Saturday at 10 am and pick up a tree T-shirt with our facility's logo on the front.
The other committee members and I will expect to see you all there.
And now, I'll take any questions you might have…
Từ vựng
- panel nhóm người tham gia hội thảo
 - public meeting buổi trao đổi nhân dân
- oversee chỉ đạo, kiểm soát
- reassurance sự đảm bảo
- patron khách hàng complimentary miễn phí
- hire thuê, mướn
- adjacent to nằm cạnh
- patronise ghé thăm
- committee ủy ban
Section 3. You will hear a conversation between two students and a professor talking
about a project on globalised marketing in business.
M1: Thanks for stopping by my office, Catherine and Matthew. So, how are you both
doing on the project about globalised marketing in business?
M2: I think everything's going smoothly so far.
11/12We have finished our outline for the structure of the report and l've just finished
our introduction.

W: And l've been doing the research for the main body.

M2: Yes, we've started doing research online...

W:...about specific globalised companies.

M2: So when we finish that we can begin work on writing the main body of the report.

M1: Well, what companies have you focused on already, Catherine?

W: I've discovered some information about globalised fast food businesses. What's
notable about these companies is how they've altered their product offerings to appeal
to various markets worldwide.

M1: So, you've covered one aspect of marketing there - products. Have either of you
researched any specific examples of that?
M2: I have. American fast food chain Burger King, for instance, has a menu primarily
consisting of burgers containing beef. So, when the company launched in India, some
changes needed to be made to its products in order to entice the local market, which is
made up of many consumers who do not eat beef.
M1: And what impact did doing that have on the company?
W: Basically, by giving attention to the concerns of individual consumers in India,
consumers' perceptions of Burger King's products improved there significantly.
M1: I see.
W: The company started to become more highly regarded in surrounding countries in
South East Asia too. It was interesting to see how rapidly favourable news about a
company spread like that.

M1: So, you've looked at the place aspect of marketing in your analysis of this fast food
company as well. Markets react differently in different countries and regions. But your
report should focus on all four marketing elements.
So, Catherine, what about the other two?

W: Well, I also did some research on the promotion aspect for print advertising for the
Swedish vodka company, Absolut. 15This company decided to choose different ads for
different regions and incorporate cultural slang into
each area's advertisements.

M1: Very good. Other than the language, though, what else varied in the ads? Did
Absolut modify its usual graphics, ad size? Or did it make any changes to its image
branding?
W: Not those things specifically, but other elements in print ads, such as colour, also
varied in different regions.
M1: Sounds like you've made good progress.
M1: However, you'll still need to address the element of price. And I recommend digging
more deeply into globalised marketing for corporations in industries other than food and
beverages.
W: Matthew's got some interesting information about fashion companies, actually.

M1: Is that so, Matthew?

M2: Yeah. US clothing retail chain "*Calvin Klein had some trouble when it ran
commercials for a new clothing line, and many consumers in foreign markets found
them highly
inappropriate.

M1: How were the advertisements and products inappropriate, exactly?

M2: Well, it was a very contemporary styled campaign. But the general consumer
response there was that the clothes were too revealing.
And that response was from young and old consumers alike.
W: Yeah, it wasn't a good start for Calvin Klein's first globalisation effort.

M2: Unfortunately not. But 18the company turned things around by designing a new line
in spring 2013 that featured elements of traditional clothing from various countries, while
maintaining the muted and simple colour scheme of their general clothing.
W: Yes, and they also changed their prices, so the new clothes were more affordable
than the previous line. Our report will discuss price a bit in regard to Calvin Klein.
M1: Good. How did the marketing team decide on adjusting prices for each foreign
market?
W: They naturally had to consider the break-even point for every product. And based on
that, they could determine how much to set each product's profit margin at.

M1: Great. I'd like you to integrate those details into your report.
W: Absolutely. I've got notes on the equations from last week's class on profit margin
analysis and have decided to include those too.
Yeah, and we're working on creating some graphs that illustrate those equations as
well.
That's good because I don't want you to have an excessive amount of text in the report.
So, could you tell me what you have in mind for the structure of the report?
M2: Yeah. We'll have an introduction followed by one section for each of the four
aspects of marketing and then finally a conclusion. All of the formulas and graphics will
be printed in an appendix at the end of the report.
Ah, actually, "you should mix the visual materials in with the text. Just add footnotes for
each graphic.
M2: I see. I'll adjust my outline, then. Thanks
for your advice, Professor.
W: Yes, we appreciate it. 20We're going to head to the library now to find some visual
examples of globalised advertising. We thought it might be a good idea to include
pictures of actual ads in the report.
M1: No problem. I'm looking forward to seeing your final draft submission next week.
Từ vựng
- notable đáng chú ý
- favourable được yêu thích, có cảm tình
- incorporate thêm vào, đưa vào
- inappropriate không phù hợp
- contemporary (thuộc) hiện đại
- revealing hở hang
- appendix phụ lục
- break-even point điểm hòa vốn (trong kinh doanh)
- illustrate diễn tả
- integrate phối hợp, tích hợp
- equation phương trình, công thức
- footnote chú thích (cuối trang)
- formula công thức, phương trình
- alter thay đổi
Chapter 1
HACKER TEST
SECTION 2
Questions 1-10 A CH1_HT1-10.mp3
Questions 1 and 2
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
1-2 Which TWO sports will have national matches played at the Brighton Sports
Complex?
A football volleyball
C tennis
D swimming
E basketball
Questions 3-5
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Brighton Sports Complex: Dining Facilities
• promote healthy habits by not giving licences to 3 establishments
• ingredients are from 4 areas
• open at the same time as the rest of the complex
• located on the 5 floor

Questions 6-10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
6 To become a Brighton Sports Complex member, people should
A complete a registration document.
B submit payment at a reception desk.
C present a credit card for deposit.

7 People who wish to use the swimming pool at the complex must
A leave their ID card at an office.
B check availability online.
C pay an additional yearly charge.
8 What will all visitors be able to use for free?
A a parking facility
B a personal locker
C the Wi-Fi

9 Why will it be difficult to park on Millers Road this weekend?

A A route has been closed for repairs.
B A car park will undergo maintenance.
C A private event is occurring in the complex.

10 Attendees of the grand opening can receive

A a paid parking pass.
B apparel for free.
C protective gear with a logo.

SECTION 3
Questions 11-20 • • CH1_HT11-20.mp3
Questions 11 and 12
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO tasks the students have already completed?
A an outline for the assignment's structure
B the central part of the document
C the introduction to their report
D data gathering on globalised businesses E a summary of their research methodology

Questions 13 and 14
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO effects did Burger King's approach have when it launched restaurants in
India?
A positive opinion of the brand around India
B stores spread throughout the region
C certain products put off consumers
D enhanced image in neighbouring countries
E its menu was seen as inappropriate
Questions 15 and 16
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO elements of its ads did a Swedish vodka company change for each region?
A the type of graphics used
B the language of promotional material c the size of printed advertisements
D the colours used in materials
E the brand names of products
Questions 17-20
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
17 The advertisements shown for Calvin Klein caused problems because
A they were considered not contemporary enough.
B they focused too much on younger consumers.
C they were deemed inappropriate by some consumers.

18 A design feature that Calvin Klein introduced in its 2013 line was
A new and brighter colours.
B clothes tailored to each age group.
C aspects of traditional outfits.

19 How will the students include graphs in their report?

A in an appendix at the end
B in a separate printed leaflet
C inserted throughout the text

20 What will the students probably do next?

A find images to use for their assignment
B go to a library to check out reference books
C create their own marketing plan
Chapter 2 Note completion
 How to Deal with the IELTS Listening Note Completion Task
The Note Completion task in the IELTS Listening test requires you to fill in missing words in a
set of notes based on the audio recording. These notes summarize key details from the listening
passage. Here’s how to handle this question type effectively:

1. Read the Instructions Carefully

● Check how many words you can write (e.g., No more than TWO words and/or a
number).
● If you write more words than allowed, your answer will be marked incorrect even if
it’s correct in meaning.

2. Skim the Notes Before Listening

● Identify keywords and try to predict the type of word missing (e.g., noun, number,
adjective).
● Look for clues such as dates, times, prices, names, places, or specific details.

🔹 Example:
_The total cost of the course is ______.
→ The missing word is likely a number (price).

3. Pay Attention to Synonyms & Paraphrasing

The words in the question will not be exactly the same as in the audio. The speaker will use
synonyms or rephrase information.

🔹 Example:
Question: The course lasts for ______ weeks.
Audio: The program runs for a duration of six weeks.
✅ Answer: six

4. Listen for Signposts & Context Clues

● Pay attention to words like:
○ "The main reason is…"
○ "Another important factor is…"
 ○ "So that means…"
○ "To summarize…"
● These phrases signal that the answer is coming soon.

5. Watch Out for Distractors

● The speaker may change their answer or provide extra details to confuse you.
● If you hear multiple numbers or options, listen carefully for confirmation.

🔹 Example:
"The ticket used to cost £25, but now it has been reduced to £20."
✅ Answer: 20 (not 25)

6. Spelling & Grammar Matter

● If a word is misspelled, your answer is incorrect.
● If the answer is a plural noun, write it in plural form.

🔹 Example:
Audio: You need comfortable shoes for the trip.
✅ Answer: shoes (not "shoe")
Common & Important Words in IELTS Listening Section 4
In Section 4 of the IELTS Listening test, the topic is usually academic (e.g., lectures on science,
history, environment, or social issues). The missing words in Note Completion often include:

1. Numbers & Measurements

● Years: 1995, 2023, 18th century
● Amounts: percentage (30%), ratio (2:1), fraction (one-third)
● Time periods: decade, century, millennium
● Measurements: kilogram (kg), meter (m), milliliter (ml), centimeter (cm)
● Distance: kilometers (km), miles

2. Academic & Research Terms

● hypothesis
● experiment
● methodology
● data collection
● sample size
● case study
● analysis
● findings
● theory
● conclusion

3. Natural Science Vocabulary (Common in academic lectures)

● species
● habitat
● climate
● environment
● ecosystem
● biodiversity
● pollution
● renewable energy
● conservation
● extinction
4. Social Science & Education Vocabulary
● population
● migration
● urbanization
● economy
● development
● policy
● curriculum
● assessment
● literacy
● employment

5. Common Verbs in Lectures (Often Used in Passive Voice)

● increase / decrease
● affect / impact
● estimate / predict
● analyze / examine
● develop / improve
● suggest / recommend

6. Words Related to Trends & Comparisons

● significant / slight increase
● rapid / gradual decline
● steady growth
● higher / lower than expected
● more / less than anticipated

7. Time & Sequence Words (Signaling Key Information)

● initially
● subsequently
● eventually
● formerly
● previously
● in the past
● in the future
● at present
8. Words Indicating Causes & Effects
● due to
● as a result of
● leads to
● results in
● causes
● influenced by
● contributes to

9. Common Adjectives & Adverbs in Academic Lectures

● essential / crucial
● widespread / prevalent
● effective / efficient
● reliable / valid
● controversial / debatable

10. Typical IELTS Section 4 Topics & Keywords

✅ Climate Change → greenhouse gases, emissions, global warming
✅ Education → curriculum, literacy rate, learning methods
✅ Technology → artificial intelligence, innovation, automation
✅ Health & Medicine → disease prevention, vaccination, nutrition
✅ Business & Economy → inflation, investment, entrepreneurship

Questions 10-13

🎧 CH2_HP10-13.mp3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fg36MZhxvFvr8CybtQIFP8CWhNNr12uv/view?usp=drive_link

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Renovation of Queen’s Theatre

History

● Shut down in 1972 due to low 10 ______________.

● The Auckland Theatre Association got a renovation 11 ______________ in 1998.
● Additional financing came from an unknown donor.

On the reopening date

● The theatre will host a celebratory performance on 12 ______________.

● 13 ______________ ahead of time is suggested.
Questions 14-18

🎧 CH2_HP14-18.mp3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ADKXMpfZJ3Z5yXdgOlbjMz1LGEzTQKJD/view?
usp=drive_link

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Female Executives Presentation Plan

Introduction

● Explanation of primary focus of the case study.

● Research done in one city to determine if 14 ______________ factors have an
effect on results.

Research method

● Hand out sample 15 ______________ and explain research method.

Presentation of Research Data

● The 16 ______________ of female executives and their colleagues on their roles.

Analysis and Discussion

● Present data showing that female executives are seen to have 17 ______________
roles.
● Include tangible examples of gender bias and social stigma faced by women in the
workplace.
● Discussion of ideas for creating 18 ______________ in places of employment.
Questions 19-22

🎧 CH2_HP19-22.mp3

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VR-SKItd1dxxVaZWR2sfT4hYulNZ_xuB/view?
usp=drive_link

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Human Longevity Research

Nature Factors

● Scientists searching for longevity gene

○ Discovered protein that may reduce the speed of the 19 ______________ process.
○ Critics find study defects: longer lives for humans are not necessarily indicated
from a molecular-level 20 ______________.

Nurture Factors

● Scientists found behavioural factors.

● 80-year study on longevity tracked environmental and behavioural factors of 21
______________ subjects.
● Personality and relationships can help estimate the length of life.
● Longer lifespan for careful and determined subjects.
● Longer lifespan for those who are 22 ______________.
Questions 23-28

🎧 CH2_HP23-28.mp3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Edfi9z5H-
wY48BxJZQNTJqQ_ItUfJRDC/view?usp=drive_link

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Meditation: Studies on Beneficial Results

Measurement of meditation’s effects on the brain

● Scientific studies focus on 23 __________________ changes in brain activity or more

permanent changes.
● EEG is good at measuring the 24 __________________ of brain activity.
● Neuroimaging tracks blood flow around the brain.

Recent studies on benefits of meditation

State changes

● Meditators in Vipassana and Zen meditation experience greater control of their 25

__________________.
● Antoine Lutz noticed 26 __________________ activity in the parts of the brain
connected to emotion.

Longer-term trait changes

● Meditation defends against the natural reduction of 27 __________________ caused by

the ageing process.
● It has several clinical applications.
● It has physiological applications when used in 28 __________________, particularly
yoga.
Chapter 2 Script
Questions 10-13
🎧CH2_HP10-13.mp3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fg36MZhxvFvr8CybtQIFP8CWhNNr12uv/view?usp=drive_link

Section 2. You will hear a radio broadcast about a renovation project.

Welcome everyone. Thanks for tuning in to Arts National - the weekly news show focused on
the arts community. I'm your host, Adam Easton. Our top story this week is that Auckland will
be celebrating the reopening of one of its oldest theatres, widely seen as a push to revive stage
entertainment in the city. After a nearly 20-year wait, the famed Queen's Theatre will once again
open to audiences.
The entertainment structure was originally built in 1857. What was the purpose of the facility at
that time? Well, it ran stage plays and, later, movies as well as live performance. But 1Othe
theatre was forced to close in 1972 when attendance started dropping. Audiences were staying
home and watching television, and the theatre was unable to stay in business.
However, there was renewed interest in the historical structure nearly 25 years later when "the
Auckland Theatre Association - an organisation consisting of Auckland's most renowned
theatrical professionals - began petitioning the city to provide a permit for the theatre's
renovations. It was granted in 1998, and a local construction crew began work to restore the
theatre to its original condition. Progress stalled in 2000 due to a lack of funds, but in 2009 an
anonymous donor provided the necessary money to complete the renovations. Efforts
recommenced, and the restoration project was finally finished just last month.
According to Michelle McColl, director of the Auckland Theatre Association, their hope is that
the reopened Queen's Theatre will provide a space for community, creativity, and youth
engagement.
A special programme will be held to celebrate the reopening this coming Saturday including
several short performances by theatrical troupes. And then our first scheduled show, a dramatic
play entitled 'Clear Path Ahead', begins on Monday. Those from the general public who wish to
attend the reopening performance may purchase tickets from the Auckland Theatre Association's
website, or visit the Queen's Theatre box office between the hours of 11 am and 4 pm any
weekday. Seating is limited, with a maximum capacity of 250 people, so a sold-out event is
likely. Advance booking is highly recommended.
Head down to the Queen's Theatre next week for one, or all, of these great events. And don't
forget, you can find more about the other plays and performances that are scheduled to appear in
the theatre programme or online. On our next scheduled show I will be reporting on a new
exhibit at the Museum of Science. So, tune in next week for ...
Từ vựng
● tune in đón nghe
 ● revive phục hồi
● attendance khán giả
● renowned nổi tiếng
● stay in business
● tiếp tục kinh doanh petition kiến nghị, đề nghị
● recommence bắt đầu lại
● restoration phục hồi
● engagement sự tham gia
● troupe đoàn kịch, nhóm hát

Questions 14-18

🎧 CH2_HP14-18.mp3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ADKXMpfZJ3Z5yXdgOlbjMz1LGEzTQKJD/view?
usp=drive_link
Section 3. You will hear a conversation between two students about a joint presentation of a case
study.
M: So, Kate, let's go over the content for our presentation on perceptions of women in executive
roles. What will we do first?
W: OK. Well, first why don't you introduce the main focus of the case study, James?
M: Sure, that's fine. And maybe 141 can also explain why we chose to do our research in only
one city. What should I say about that?
W: Well, it was so that we can compare our study with those done in other locations. 14We can
see if the cultural differences in different places play a role in the outcome.
M: Yes, it seems that culture made a big difference. We can bring that up in the analysis part of
the presentation. And once the introduction is done, I will provide a sample of our survey so that
people understand how we approached the topic of women in executive roles. I can offer an
explanation of our research methods also.
W: Sounds good. And next ... let's see... if you want, I can present the data we got from the
survey. i I'll describe how female executives perceived their roles, and how other
coworkers perceived them. I thought there weren't too many discrepancies between those two
viewpoints.
M: No... I think there were some differences. But one similarity I thought was very interesting
was how employees and colleagues of the women we surveyed were so uninterested in the
importance - or should I say necessity - of the women's roles. I got the feeling from the data that
female executives were seen to have been given...
W: ... just token positions, right? Rather than well-deserved roles? I agree. That was especially
true among males surveyed. And that should be an important portion of the presentation. You
could present the analysis of our findings and include that point. There's quite solid evidence that
women are still not taken seriously in the workplace. We like to think that we treat men and
women the same, but there certainly is evidence that there are very few female executives in
comparison to males.
M: Right. The relevance of this study is that it gives tangible examples of how we haven't
achieved fairness in terms of job opportunities or treatment in the workplace.
W: And it also points to the underlying social stigma around women and professionalism that
society needs to overcome. We have to do a discussion part after the presentation as well, right?
Perhaps lawe can discuss ideas about how businesses can make efforts to create workplaces that
promote equality for women.
M: No, we don't have to. The discussion portion is optional. But I think you're right... I think that
would be an excellent topic for those attending the presentation to discuss. Could you be the
facilitator for that?
W: I can do that. Well, it seems that we have everything …
Từ vựng
● perception quan điểm
● executive (thuộc) điều hành
● necessity sự cần thiết
● discrepancy điểm, sự khác biệt
● token (thuộc) biểu tượng, tượng trưng
● finding kết quả nghiên cứu
● tangible rõ ràng, minh bạch
● stigma sự kỳ thị
● in terms of về, liên quan tới
● underlying căn bản, ngấm ngầm

Questions 19-22

🎧 CH2_HP19-22.mp3
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VR-SKItd1dxxVaZWR2sfT4hYulNZ_xuB/view?
usp=drive_link
Section 4. You will hear a seminar by a researcher : on human longevity research.
Many people are not aware of the reasons for longevity, but recent studies have revealed that
there are many things to consider. For this morning's seminar, I'm going to focus on human
longevity.
Human longevity is a topic I've been involved with as a scientist for over 20 years. I'd like to
share some of the key points of recent research with you and discuss some of the contributing
factors to longevity.
There's been a battle amongst scientists over whether genes or environment and behaviour
determine a person's lifespan. Do people live longer because of heredity or genes, or is longevity
nurtured through healthy habits? We are finding that it's a combination of factors... some that are
learned, and others are from nature.
First, I am going to discuss nature, or more specifically, genetic factors for longer lifespans. For
a long while, researchers have been searching for what they call the longevity gene. A prevailing
theory has been that longevity is predetermined by a person's genetics. So, have they discovered
this gene yet?
Well, no, but biologists have recently identified a protein, SIRT3, as the possible key to slowing
down the ageing process. What they found was that this protein helped stem cells cope with
stress.
But just months after the results of this study were released, another group of researchers
published an article revealing several flaws in the study. Their strongest critique was that
a molecular-level response doesn't necessarily translate into longer lives for people.
Now I'd like to talk about behavioural factors - or the 'nurture' aspect of longevity. Most
researchers now agree that the causes of longevity are complex, and that even if there is a gene
for longevity, other factors, both environmental and behavioural, can weigh in just as much.
Take, for example, an 80-year study called 'The Longevity Project' that was conducted by a team
of social psychologists in the US. 1,500 people took part in the experiment from the time they
were kids in 1921, and it tracked every possible environmental and behavioural factor to
determine the character traits, habits, and mindsets that make some people live longer. You
might think that things like healthy habits would be more predictive of a long life. However, the
study actually revealed that personality characteristics and social relationships from childhood
are predictive of a person's lifespan. In other words, there were correlations between certain
behavioural or environmental factors and longevity.
One example from the study revealed that it is the most prudent and persistent individuals, not
the most cheerful and humorous ones, who survive the longest. It also showed that those who
were hard workers and were most committed to their careers lived longer. We often associate a
relaxed, stress-free attitude with a longer, healthier life. But that's not always the case.
And one final bit of information comes from another study conducted by a team at Brigham
Young University; the results showed that people who maintained strong friendships and
relationships tend to live longer.
Từ vựng
● longevity tuổi thọ
● contribute góp phần
● lifespan tuổi thọ
● gene gen
● prevailing nổi tiếng, được công nhận
● prudent thận trọng
● predetermine định trước, định sẵn
● predictive mang tính dự đoán
● character trait đặc điểm, tính cách
● critique phê bình
● heredity di truyền

Questions 23-28

🎧 CH2_HP23-28.mp3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Edfi9z5H-
wY48BxJZQNTJqQ_ItUfJRDC/view?usp=drive_link

Section 4. You will hear a lecture by a psychology professor about the effects of meditation on
the brain. Today we're going to talk about the catalyst behind the recent trend in people taking up
the practice of meditation. Now, this particular trend is tied directly to an increasing amount of
scientific research which has shown the benefits of meditation. First, I'm going to explain how
science measures meditation's effects on the brain, and then we'll look at some scientific studies.
To start, it's important to remember that scientific studies of meditation's effects on the central
nervous system are broken down into two categories. The first is the study of state changes,
which are instant changes in brain activity that occur while meditating.The second involves
looking for trait changes, which are more permanent changes resulting from long-term practice
of mediation.
To perform studies, scientists use several technologies. The most common one is
electroencephalography, or EEG, which measures the electrical activity of the outer layer of our
brains. EEG measures the duration of brain activity very effectively and precisely. However, it
isn't as effective at locating the activity in the brain.
In contrast to the EEG is another method which is called neuroimaging. Scientists use
neuroimaging to detect blood flow to areas of the brain, as blood flow indicates those areas are
being used. Knowing this helps scientists understand which brain functions are affected during
meditation. Thus, unlike EEG, neuroimaging is better at identifying location.
So let's look specifically into some recent findings. There have been studies of those practicing
Vipassana, an ancient form of meditation from India. They indicated a lot of activity in areas of
the cortex related to the ability to focus on an activity, and showed that meditators have
improved control over their attention levels. They were less prone to being affected by noises or
other distractions. Later, studies conducted on practitioners of ancient Japanese Zen meditation
resulted in similar findings.
It's also been discovered that meditators experience emotional states more powerfully than most
people.
In 2008, Antoine Lutz, a neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, did a study of
emotional response during meditation. He tested subjects' responses to emotionally charged
sounds during meditation. By using neuroimaging, he was able to see increased activity in areas
of the brain related to emotional reaction.
Now that l've discussed findings related to state changes ... what about the longer-term trait
changes? Well, there is evidence that meditation protects against the natural reduction in grey
matter. That is, the volume of the brain doesn't shrink as much with age. So, though meditation
does not actually increase brain size, long-term meditators have better attention in their later
years.
So, there are definitely benefits for ageing, but there are also clinical applications of meditation
that offer promising long-term results. An example of this is the effectiveness of regular
meditation in treating depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Meditation also has
some physiological applications in terms of dieting, where it is part of the 'mindfulness diet', and
exercise, especially when combined with yoga.
In conclusion, there is evidence to show that there are both state and long-term benefits for those
who practice meditation on a regular basis. And I believe this will help continue the trend of
more people becoming regular practitioners.
Từ vựng
● catalyst chất xúc tác
● measure đo
● nervous system
● hệ thần kinh
● trait thuộc tính, đặc điểm
● electroencephalography điện não đồ
● duration khoảng thời gian
● locate tìm, xác định vị trí
● cortex vỏ não
● prone to dễ bị ảnh hưởng, có xu hướng
● physiological (thuộc) sinh lý
● post-traumatic stress disorder hậu chấn tâm lý
● grey matter chất xám