CHAPTER I

ELECTRICITY

A. LEARNING OUTCOME OF THE TOPIC

Code Learning Outcome of the topic

L1 The students are able to listen and speak about electricity based on the videos
given.
L2 The students are able to read and answer questions regarding electricity based on
the passage given.
L3 The students are able to write Friendly Letters and Social Notes.

B. DESCRIPTION
The chapter discusses how to listen and speak about electricity based on the videos
given. It also discusses how to read and answer the questions regarding the electricity based
on the passage given. Next. It discusses the tips of writing letters, forms of letters, and kinds
of letters. Finally, it discusses how to write Friendly Letters and Social Notes.

C. TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIAL

1. LISTENING AND SPEAKING SECTIONS
Electricity: https://www.youtube.com/live/YLgNrNe3HnU?feature=share
1.1 Answer the questions based on the video.
1. Where does the electricity come from?
2. Mention some examples of electric power plant!
3. What is nuclear power plant?
4. What kind of electric power plant is mostly used in Canada? Why?
5. What is a coal-fired power plant?
6. Why don't people in Canada use coal-fired power plant?
7. What is hydroelectric power plant?
8. What is the source of energy of hydroelectric power plant?
9. What is a solar panel?
10. What is the source of energy of solar panel?
11. What is power outrage?
 12. Is it the same or different between the power outrage and the power failure?
13. Has teacher Bob ever experienced a power outage in his class?
14. What is the difference between the power outrage and the power cut?
15. Where do we store electricity?
1.2 Based on the questions and answers above, make a summary in terms of paragraph
in 150 words.

2. READING SECTION
Passage 1

ELECTRICITY
Electricity is about materials that move and have an electric charge. It's closely linked
to magnetism, creating electromagnetism, which Maxwell's equations describe. There are
many everyday things related to electricity, like lightning, static electricity, electric heating,
and discharges.
When there's an electric charge, positive or negative, it makes an electric field. When
electric charges move, it's called an electric current and makes a magnetic field. When a
charge is in an area with an electric field, it feels a force. This force is calculated by
Coulomb's law. If the charge moves, the electric field does work on it. This leads to the
concept of electric potential, measured in volts. It's the work needed to move a unit of
positive charge from a reference point to a specific point without any acceleration.
Electricity is crucial for modern technologies. Electricity deals with electric current
which is used to energize the equipment. In electronics, electricity deals with electrical circuit
which involves active electrical circuits with components like vacuum tubes, transistors,
diodes and integrated circuits, along with connection technologies.
People have been learning about electricity for a long time, but they didn't understand
it well until the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, the theory of electromagnetism
was created. By the end of that century, electrical engineers were using electricity in industry
and homes. During this period, the quick growth of electrical technology changed how
industries and societies worked, pushing forward the Second Industrial Revolution.
Electricity is incredibly versatile and can be used in many ways, such as for transportation,
heating, lighting, communication, and computing. Nowadays, electrical power is essential for
modern industrial society.
1. Answer the questions
1) What is the main idea of the passage?
2) Discuss the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and how this relationship
is described by Maxwell's equations. Provide examples of everyday phenomena
related to electricity.
3) Explain the concept of electric potential and how it is measured. Discuss the work
needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a specific point
without any acceleration.
4) Describe the historical development of our understanding of electricity, from early
observations to the creation of the theory of electromagnetism in the 19th century.
How did this understanding change industries and societies during the Second
Industrial Revolution?
5) Discuss the importance of electricity in modern industrial society. How is electricity
used in transportation, heating, lighting, communication, and computing?
6) Explain the concept of electric current and how it creates a magnetic field. How is
electric current used in electronics and electrical circuits?

2.
Choose the correct answers!
1. What is electricity closely linked to?
A) Gravity B) Magnetism
C) Heat D) Sound
2. What do Maxwell's equations describe?
A) Thermodynamics B) Electromagnetism
C) Kinematics D) Optics
3. Which of the following is NOT related to electricity?
A) Lightning B) Static electricity
C) Nuclear energy D) Electric heating
4. What is created when there is an electric charge?
A) Electric field B) Magnetic field
C) Gravitational field D) Sound wave
5. What is the force felt by a charge in an electric field calculated by?
A) Newton's second law B) Coulomb's law
C) Ohm's law D) Boyle's law
6. What is measured in volts?
A) Electric charge B) Electric field
C) Electric potential D) Electric current
7. Which century saw the creation of the theory of electromagnetism?
A) 16th B) 17th C) 18th D) 19th
8. What components are involved in active electrical circuits?
A) Vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits
B) Capacitors and resistors
C) Inductors and transformers
D) Batteries and generators
9. How did the growth of electrical technology impact society in the 19th century?
A) It had no impact
B) It led to the Second Industrial Revolution
C) It caused a decline in industrial activity
D) It led to the invention of the automobile
10. How is electricity used in modern industrial society?
A) For transportation B) For communication
C) For heating and lighting D) All of the above
11. What is the unit of electric charge?
A) Watt B) Ampere C) Coulomb D) Volt
12. What is the work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference point to a
specific point without any acceleration called?
A) Electric field B) Electric potential
C) Electric current D) Magnetic field
13. Which of the following is NOT a component of an active electrical circuit?
A) Vacuum tubes B) Transistors
C) Inductors D) Batteries
14. What field does a charge create when it moves?
A) Electric field B) Magnetic field
C) Gravitational field D) None of the above
15. What describes the relationship between electricity and magnetism?
A) Coulomb's law B) Maxwell's equations
C) Ohm's law D) Boyle's law
3. Determine whether the statement is true or false.
1. Electricity is closely linked to magnetism, creating electromagnetism, which is
described by Maxwell's equations. (T/F)
2. Lightning is an everyday thing related to electricity. (T/F)
3. When there's an electric charge, positive or negative, it makes a magnetic field. (T/F)
4. The force felt by a charge in an electric field is calculated by Ohm's law. (T/F)
5. Electric potential is the work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a
reference point to a specific point with acceleration. (T/F)
6. Electricity deals with electric current, which is used to energize equipment. (T/F)
7. The theory of electromagnetism was created in the 18th century. (T/F)
8. Electrical engineers started using electricity in industry and homes in the 20th
century. (T/F)
9. The growth of electrical technology had no impact on how industries and societies
worked. (T/F)
10. Electrical power is not essential for modern industrial society. (T/F)

4. Match the following components with their descriptions:

Components Descriptions
A) Vacuum tubes 1) Components used in active electrical circuits
B) Transistors 2) Devices that control the flow of electrical current
C) Diodes 3) Electronic devices that amplify or switch electronic signals
D) Integrated circuits 4) Semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction

5. Match the following terms with their definitions:

Terms Definitions
A) Electric field 1) The work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a reference
B) Electric current point to a specific point without any acceleration.
C) Magnetic field 2) The flow of electric charge.
D) Electric potential 3) A region around a charged particle or object within which a force
would be exerted on other charged particles or objects.
4) A field produced by moving electric charges that can attract or
repel other magnetic objects.
6. Match the following historical events with their descriptions:
Historical events Descriptions
A) 17th and 18th centuries 1) People began learning about electricity but didn't understand
B) 19th century it well.
C) End of 19th century 2) Theory of electromagnetism was created.
3) Electrical engineers started using electricity in industry and
homes.

7. Match the following uses of electricity with their applications:

Uses of Electricity Applications
A) Transportation 1) Using electric current to energize equipment.
B) Heating 2) Providing illumination.
C) Lighting 3) Transmitting information.
D) Communication 4) Powering vehicles or systems.

8. Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Concepts Definitions
A) Coulomb's law Describes the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
B) Maxwell's equations Calculates the force between two charged objects.

9. Fill-in-the-blank with word(s) from the passage.

1. Electricity is closely linked to ____________, creating electromagnetism.
2. Maxwell's equations describe ____________.
3. Everyday things related to electricity include lightning, static electricity, electric
heating, and ____________.
4. When there's an electric charge, positive or negative, it makes an ____________.
5. When electric charges move, it's called an electric current and makes a __________.
6. The force felt by a charge in an electric field is calculated by ____________.
7. Electric potential is measured in ____________.
8. Electric potential is the work needed to move a unit of positive charge from a
reference point to a specific point without any ____________.
9. Electricity deals with electric current, which is used to ____________ the equipment.
 10. In electronics, electricity deals with electrical circuit which involves active electrical
circuits with components like vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, and integrated
circuits, along with ____________.
10.
Write a sentence from each of the following!
No Word Sentence
1 Acceleration (N)
2 Calculate (V)
3 Coulomb's Law (N)
4 Describe (V)
5 Electric Charge (N)
6 Electric Current (N)
7 Electric Field (N)
8 Electric Heating (N)
9 Electric Potential (N)
10 Electricity (N)
11 Electromagnetism (N)
12 Lightning (N)
13 Magnetic Field (N)
14 Magnetism (N)
15 Make (V)
16 Maxwell's Equations(N)
17 Measure (V)
18 Move (V)
19 Need (V)
20 Positive Charge (N)
21 Reference Point (N)
22 Static Electricity (N)
23 Volts (N)
24 Essential (Adj.)
Passage 2
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a natural power source that runs many things in our world. It travels
through wires and is used to make light bulbs shine and motors move. This flow of electricity
happens because of tiny particles called electrons moving through materials.
In most materials, electrons are held tightly, but in metals, some can move freely.
When we connect a metal wire to a battery, it makes an electric field that causes these free
electrons to flow, creating an electric current.
We use this current to power devices like light bulbs and motors. For example, in a
light bulb, the current flows through a wire, heating it and making it glow. In a motor, the
current makes a magnetic field that spins the motor.
We can make electricity in different ways, like with batteries, generators using
magnets, or solar panels. Electricity is a flexible kind of energy that has changed how we
live, work, and communicate.

1. Answer the questions!

1. What is electricity?
2. What does the word “It” in paragraph one mean?
3. Where does the electricity travel?
4. What is the function of electricity?
5. What does the word “This” in paragraph one mean?
6. How does the flow of electricity happen?
7. What are electrons?
8. What will happen if we connect a metal wire to a battery?
9. What does the word “it” in second paragraph mean?
10. What does the word “these” in the second paragraph mean?
11. What does the word “this” in the third paragraph mean?
12. What does the word “it” in the third paragraph mean?
13. How can we make electricity?
14. Can electricity change how we live, work, and communicate?
2 Write a sentence for each of the following word!
No Word Sentence
1 Battery (N)
2 Cause (V)
3 Change (V)
4 Communicate (V)
5 Connect (V)
6 Create (V)
7 Current (N)
8 Device (N)
9 Different (Adj.)
10 Electric Current (N)
11 Electric Field (N)
12 Electricity (N)
13 Electrons (N)
14 Energy (N)
15 Flexible (Adj.)
16 Flow (V)
17 Flow of Electricity (N)
18 Free Electrons (N)
19 Freely (Adv.)
20 Generator (N)
21 Heat (V)
22 Hold (V)
23 Light Bulb (N)
24 Live (V)

3. Write down the Noun of the following Verb.

No Verb Noun
1 Communicate Communication
2 Connect
3 Create
4 Flow
5 Generate
6 Heat
7 Hold
8 Live
9 Move
10 Power
11 Run
12 Shine
13 Spin
14 Travel
15 Use
16 Work

4. Choose the correct answer!

1. What is the unit of measurement for electric current?
A. Watt B. Ampere C. Volt D. Ohm
2. Which component stores electrical energy in an electric circuit?
A. Capacitor B. Resistor C. Inductor D. Transformer
3. What is the term for the space around a charged object where it can exert a force on
another charged object?
A. Electric field B. Current flow C. Voltage drop D. Resistance
4. Which law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the voltage across it, given constant resistance? \
A. Ohm's Law B. Kirchhoff's Law C. Faraday's Law D. Gauss's Law
5. What is the measure of opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit?
A. Voltage B. Current C. Resistance D. Power
6. Which type of circuit has more than one path for current to flow?
A. Series circuit B. Parallel circuit C. Closed circuit D. Open circuit
7. What is the process by which electric energy is converted into mechanical energy in
an electric motor?
A. Induction B. Conduction C. Transformation D. Conversion
8. What component is used to increase or decrease the voltage in an electric circuit?
A. Capacitor B. Resistor C. Inductor D. Transformer
 9. Which law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving a node (or
junction) in a circuit is zero?
A. Kirchhoff's first law B. Kirchhoff's second law
C. Ohm's law D. Joule's law
10. What is the unit of electrical power?
A. Watt B. Volt C. Ampere D. Ohm
3. WRITING SECTION
Writing Letters
Almost everybody needs to write letters for one or more purposes – a son sends a
letter to his parents in hometown asking for some money, a businessman in New York writes
a business letter to his partner in Indonesia and so on. Therefore, whatever is the subject that
a student majors in, he or she should study how to write a letter, i.e., how to write friendly
letters, social notes and business letters.
The following are the four tips on writing letters. No Matter what kind of letter you
write, you should remember to do these things. First, you have to make your letter clear.
Remember that when your letter is read, you will not be there to explain what you mean. In
order not to leave out important details in a business letter, plan what you are going to say
and how you are going to say it. Furthermore, if you will think about what you are going to
say before you write a friendly letter, then you can avoid many careless errors that often
interfere with clarity.
Next, you have to write an attractive letter. Take pride in the appearance of your
letter. A letter represents you. If you send a neat and clearly written letter, the receiver will
respect you as a considerate person. On the other hand, if you mail a messy letter, then your
reader’s opinion will drop accordingly. Especially is this true in the business world. Many
times a businessman receives letters from people whom he has never met and never will
meet. The writer is judged entirely by his letter. If a businessman receives a messy, illegible
letter, he naturally assumes that the writer either doesn’t know any better or doesn’t care
enough to take the time to make the letter readable and attractive.
After that, you have to use correct English punctuation, and spelling. A letter filled
with errors in writing will not only lead the reader to believe that you are uneducated but will
also mar the clear expression of your ideas. Run-on sentences, mistakes in usage like “he
done” or “for Joe and I,” and misspelled words like “dosen’t” or “truble” will never make a
good impression upon your reader.
 Finally, you have to be yourself. Above all else, be natural. Don’t make your letters
sound like an English teacher or a clever friend of yours. Moreover, don’t be a slavish
imitator of models of letters in textbooks. Originality is always better than imitation. There
are few better ways of reflecting your personality than a letter written by you, in your own
style, saying what you want to say.

FORM (LAYOUT) OF A LETTER

Letter Head
(Sender’s Address)

Reference Number

Receiver’s name Date

and Address

Salutation

Subject of the Letter

Body of the letter:

- Introduction
- Purpose
- Ending

Complimentary Close

Signature and
Sender’s name
Position in the company

CC.
Encl.

Secretary initials

Attention:
1. Letter Head: Sender’s Address
2. Inside Address:
- Sender’s Address
- Receiver’s Address
3. Reference Number
4. Date
5. Salutation: Dear ……...
6. Subject of the Letter
7. Body of the Letter:
 - Introduction
- purpose/content
- Ending
8. Complementary Close:
- Yours Sincerely
- Yours Faithfully
- Yours
- Love
9. Signature
10. cc: Carbon Copy
11. Encl.: Enclosure
12. Secretary initial

FRIENDLY LETTERS
The friendly letter is informal, casual and personal. It is the kind of letter you write to
your family and friends. Although there are no rigid, inflexible rules for writing friendly
letters, you should learn to follow a few accepted practices. First, you have to choose
stationery and ink that are appropriate for friendly letters. Use letter stationary, preferably
white or lightly tinted. Writing on paper that is gaudy or that reeks with perfume is
considered poor taste. Do not write a letter of any kind on lined paper. Instead of using a
pencil, you should always write in ink, which is much easier to read and is more attractive on
the page. Use blue, black, or blue-black ink. If you like green, purple, or red ink, use it for
writing to only your closest friends; never use it for writing to a new acquaintance or
someone else that you do not know very well. It is all right to type friendly letters, but be sure
to sign your name in ink. If you type your letter, do not strike over letters or make messy
erasures on your paper. Whether you type or use longhand, always be neat.
Next, you have to observe standard practices regarding the arrangement of the pages
of a friendly letter. You should arrange your letters so that your reader can easily follow your
train of thought. Pay special attention to the margins, page, order, and spacing. Be sure to
have even margins on both sides of the page. Don’t run lines or afterthoughts up and down
the margins. If you must add something you forgot to include, use a postscript (P.S.). Also
remember that margins at the top and bottom of the page are just as important as those at the
sides. If you use folded stationary and if your letter is more than two pages long, use the
page order of a book. Write the second page on the back of the first page. If your letter is only
two pages long, however, write your second page on the third page of your stationary. Before
mailing the letter, check to see that each page is in the proper order. Always have at least two
lines of your last paragraph on the last page of your letter. Never finish your last paragraph on
one page and then put the closing and signature on the next.
After that, you have to learn the proper form for the five parts of a friendly letter. The
parts of the friendly letter are the heading, solution, body, closing, and signature. The form
below shows where these parts are placed upon the page.

Sender’s Address
Date………………
…………………..…

Salutation………...

……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………Body....
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…

………closing…………

……...Signature……………

The first line of the sender’s address is your street address, number of your rural
route, or your post office box number. The second line has the name of your town, followed
by the postal zone number if there is one, and the name of your state. A comma is placed
after the zone number, between the town and the state. The third line gives the month, day,
and year that the letter is written: a comma comes after the day of the month.
 Example: 4801 Live Oak Street Jalan Padi 2 Blok A No.11
Dallas 4, Texas Perumahan Pusri Sako Kenten, Palembang
March 6, 2019 March 10, 2019

The rules for the sender’s address and the date are, of course, flexible depending upon
the person to whom you are writing. For instance, if you are writing to your father, who is
away for a few days on business, then certainly you would not need to give him your home
address, and “Tuesday morning” or “Friday night” might enough for the date. You give your
complete address and the exact date when you are not sure that the receiver knows this
information. If you prefer, you may put your address and the date at the end of the letter --- in
the lower left-hand corner of the page.
Since, in the mind of some readers, abbreviations give the impression of careless
haste, it is better not to use abbreviations. If you do use them, however, be consistent by
abbreviating the word ‘Street’ as well as ‘the name of the state’.
Your salutation greets the reader. The usual form is the word ‘Dear’ followed by the
name of the person to whom you are writing. A comma comes after the salutation.
Examples:
- Dear George,
- Dear Augusta,
- Dear Sis,
- Dear Mr. Nelson,

The body is the letter itself. Be sure to divide your letter into paragraphs, making clear
indentions of the first line. If you type your letter, you have to double space below the
salutation, between paragraphs, and before the closing.
Among the many appropriate closings for a friendly letter are: ‘Sincerely yours’,
‘Sincerely’, ‘Love’, ‘With love’, ‘affectionately’. Do not use formal phrases such as Very
truly yours or respectfully yours, which are found in business letters. Notice that only the first
word of the closing is capitalized. Whether you type your letter or write it in longhand,
always sign your name below the closing. Write legibly, and do not trail off into the space
reserved for the right margin.
Place your own name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the envelope. Do
not give yourself a title such as ‘Miss’ or ‘Mr.’ You do, however, always use a title like
‘Mr.’, ‘Mrs.’, ‘Miss’, ‘Dr.’, before the name of the person to whom you are writing. (Notice
that Miss, which is not an abbreviation, is never followed by a period.) Place his or her name
and address on the lower half of the envelope, about midway between the ends. Do not use
such abbreviations as ‘St.’, ‘Ave.’, ‘Rd.’, on the envelope, and do not abbreviate the name of
the state. You may write the name of the state on a separate line.

Lynn Melton
4143 South Redford Street
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Miss Helen Earnests
8 Hillsville Circle
Knoxville 19
Tennessee

Finally, you have to make the content of your friendly letters lively and interesting.
The most important things for you to remember when writing friendly letters are to be
yourself and to say what you mean. Certainly this book cannot tell you what to say in your
letters. After all, a friendly letter is like a conversation, and your letters should be filled with
lovely, original comments that reflect your interests and personality.
There are, however, several “do s” and “don’t s” that you should keep in mind as you
write friendly letters. Write about those things that will interest your reader. Just as a good
speaker considers his audience, a good letter writer remembers the interests of the person to
whom he is writing. Your friend Bill may enjoy hearing about your recent hunting trip;
whereas your Aunt Martha may be more interested in canning strawberries. If you are writing
to your grandmother, she will probably want to know the news about your family and the
progress you’re making at school. When you are corresponding with friends of your own age,
write about what you and they usually talk about when you are together. In short, make the
content of your letter appropriate to the receiver.
You have to be specific. Generalizations are always dull. A sentence like “School is
about the same” is never so interesting as one with specific details, such as “At school, Miss
McMahan is still harping about our errors in spelling, and Jerry Cates keeps on making up
different excuses for dragging in late to math class every morning.” Telling in detail about a
definite incident at home is always more interesting than a lazy comment like “The family is
fine.”
 Don’t gossip. Talking about mutual friends is always interesting and appropriate. Do
not, however, make sarcastic remarks or repeat malicious gossip. Instead, look at your
friends’ good characteristics as you speak of what they say, where they go, and what they do.
Don’t ask too many questions. Don’t start your letter with a series of questions like
“How goes it with you? Are you still going out with Larry? Has your father started teaching
you to drive yet? Are you and he still arguing about money? What have you been doing
lately? Why don’t you write to me more often?” (The answer to the last question is rather
obvious.) The person to whom you write wants a letter from you, not a nosy questionnaire.
Write a strong last paragraph. When you plan a composition, you often save the most
important point until the last; and when you write a letter, you should make the last paragraph
especially interesting. Don’t suddenly stop with ‘I’ve got to go now.’; ‘No more news.’; or
‘I’ll see you in my dreams.’ Instead, you might suggest that your friend plan to visit in your
home or that you may have other interesting news to report in your next letter, after the ball
game on Friday or the dance on Saturday. Or you might make reference to something you
would like to hear about when your friend answers your letter.

SOCIAL NOTES
As social creatures, human beings should communicate to deliver their ideas or
feeling. The communication can be conducted orally or in written. One of written
communications can be conducted by using letters. We recognize friendly letters, social notes
and business letters. When we write, we have to be careful so that what is sent via letter will
be the same with what is received by the readers. Therefore, the writers should obey the rules
in writing a letter. Usually, a letter has letter head or sender’s address, reference number,
receiver’s name and address, date, salutation, subject of the letter, body of the letter,
complimentary close, signature and sender’s name, position in the company, carbon copy,
enclosure, and secretary initial. Body of the letter includes introduction, purpose, and ending
(Ashley, 1986). The form of friendly letter and social note are flexible. It is not so complete
like in business letter. However, we still can find important parts like heading or sender’s
address, salutation, body, closing and signature. The following is the example of social note.

MODEL 1: INFORMAL INVITATION

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11
Perum Pusri-Sako Kenten
March 20, 2016
Dear Rachel

Jonathan, David and I are going to have dinner at Manhattan

Restaurant at 07.00 P.M. on March 25, 2016. I am very happy if you can come
together with us. We’ll celebrate David’s birthday. We can make surprise for
him. I am sure we will have a lot of fun there. I’ll drive to the restaurant at six
o’clock and pick you up at 06.15 P.M. I hope you are ready when I come to
your house. Bye…... I’ll see you then.

Yours sincerely
Carmela

MODEL 2:
REPLYING TO INFORMAL INVITATION: NOTE OF ACCEPTANCE
Jl. Mawar No. 19
March 21, 2016

Dear Carmela

It will be wonderful to have dinner together with you, David and

Jonathan. You know that David is like a star for me. I cannot forget his
kindness and patient. He is everything for me. Therefore, I can hardly wait for
the time to go to that restaurant. Do you have any idea about the dress code?
Well, I’ll be ready when you arrive to my house at 06.15 P.M.

Affectionately
Rachel

MODEL 3:
REPLYING TO INFORMAL INVITATION: NOTE OF REFUSAL
Jl. Mawar No. 19
March 21, 2016

Dear Carmela
I am glad you invite me to have dinner together with you, David and
Jonathan. You know that David is like a star for me. Unfortunately, I cannot
accept this wonderful invitation since I have to accompany my father in a
hospital. He is ill and he needs a total bed rest. I hope all of you will have a
wonderful dinner at Manhattan Restaurant. Send my best regard to David and
Jonathan.

Affectionately
Rachel

MODEL 4: THANK YOU NOTE

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11
Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 21, 2016

Dear Fiona
Thank you very much for the beautiful hand bag. The color of the hand
bag fits with my new dress. Susan likes the model very much. She says that the
hand bag is very modern.
Next Saturday I’ll come to a wedding party of my friends. I plan to bring
that hand bag with me. I’m sure many ladies will see my beautiful hand bag.

Sincerely
Rita

MODEL 5: BREAD-AND-BUTTER NOTE

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11
Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 21, 2016
Dear Fiona
It was great to spend a very happy holiday with you and Jane.
I felt much fun there having dinner outdoor, seeing night panorama of the town
and swimming on the swimming pool near the waterfall. Thank you for
entertaining me in your lovely house.

Sincerely
Rita

MODEL 6: CONDOLENCE LETTER

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11
Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 24, 2016
 Dear Caroline
Please accept our heartfelt sympathy on the passing away of your beloved
mother. May all her good deeds while she was alive bring her to a decent place
beside God.
Loves
Angeline and Davidson

4. STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of speech are categories that classify words based on their grammatical
properties and functions within a sentence. There are eight main parts of speech in English:
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
1. Nouns: Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be
concrete (e.g., table, dog) or abstract (e.g., love, freedom). Nouns can also be
classified as common (e.g., car) or proper (e.g., Toyota).
2. Pronouns: Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition.
They include personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, they), possessive pronouns (e.g., his,
her, their), demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, that), and relative pronouns (e.g., who,
which, that).
3. Verbs: Verbs are words that express action (e.g., run, jump) or a state of being (e.g.,
is, are). They can be further classified into transitive verbs (require an object) and
intransitive verbs (do not require an object).
4. Adjectives: Adjectives are words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns,
providing more information about them. They answer questions like "what kind?"
"how many?" or "which one?" (e.g., red, five, beautiful).
5. Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating manner (e.g.,
quickly, slowly), time (e.g., now, later), place (e.g., here, there), degree (e.g., very,
too), or frequency (e.g., often, rarely).
6. Prepositions: Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and other words in a sentence. They typically indicate location (e.g., in, on,
under), time (e.g., before, after), or direction (e.g., to, from).
7. Conjunctions: Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a
sentence. They can be coordinating (e.g., and, but, or), subordinating (e.g., because, if,
although), or correlative (e.g., either...or, neither...nor).
 8. Interjections: Interjections are words or phrases that express emotions or sentiments
and are often used independently to convey a feeling (e.g., wow, ouch, bravo).
Understanding the parts of speech is essential for constructing grammatically correct
sentences and effectively communicating in English.

1. NOUN
A noun is a part of speech that functions as the name of a person, place, thing, quality, or
idea. Nouns are one of the most fundamental elements of language, and they play a crucial
role in forming sentences. Here's a detailed description of nouns:
1. Types of Nouns:
 Common Nouns: Common nouns refer to general, non-specific people, places,
or things (e.g., dog, city, book).
 Proper Nouns: Proper nouns are specific names of people, places, or things
and are usually capitalized (e.g., John, Paris, The Great Gatsby).
 Concrete Nouns: Concrete nouns are tangible objects that can be perceived
through the senses (e.g., table, car, flower).
 Abstract Nouns: Abstract nouns refer to concepts, qualities, or states that
cannot be perceived through the senses (e.g., love, freedom, happiness).
 Countable Nouns: Countable nouns can be counted and have singular and
plural forms (e.g., cat, cats).
 Uncountable Nouns: Uncountable nouns cannot be counted individually and
do not have a plural form (e.g., water, happiness).
2. Functions of Nouns:
 Subject: Nouns can function as the subject of a sentence, performing the
action of the verb (e.g., The cat chased the mouse).
 Object: Nouns can also function as the object of a verb, receiving the action of
the verb (e.g., She bought a new car).
 Complement: Nouns can serve as a complement to a verb, completing the
meaning of the verb (e.g., He is a doctor).
3. Modifiers of Nouns:
 Adjectives: Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, providing
additional information about them (e.g., tall man, blue sky).
 Articles: Articles (a, an, the) are used before nouns to indicate whether the
noun is specific or nonspecific (e.g., a cat, the cat).
 4. Pluralization of Nouns:
 Most nouns form their plural by adding "-s" or "-es" to the singular form (e.g.,
cat - cats, box - boxes).
 Some nouns have irregular plural forms (e.g., child - children, foot - feet).
5. Possessive Nouns:
 Possessive nouns indicate ownership or relationship and are formed by adding
an apostrophe and "s" ('s) to the noun (e.g., John's book, the dog's tail).
Understanding nouns and their various forms is essential for constructing grammatically
correct sentences and expressing ideas clearly in English.

QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer!
1. Identify the collective noun in the sentence: A flock of birds flew overhead.
A) Flock B) Birds C) Flew D) Overhead
2. Which of the following is an abstract noun?
A) Tree B) Happiness C) Car D) Dog
3. Identify the noun phrase in the sentence: She put the keys on the table.
A) She put B) The keys C) On the table D) Table
4. Identify the concrete noun in the sentence: They played in the park.
A) They B) Played C) Park D) They played
5. Identify the proper noun in the sentence: He visited Mount Everest last year.
A) He B) Visited C) Mount Everest D) Last year
6. Which of the following is a countable noun?
A) Water B) Happiness C) Chair D) Air
7. Identify the abstract noun in the sentence: The beauty of the sunset took her breath
away.
A) Beauty B) Sunset C) Breath D) Away
8. Which of the following is a singular noun?
A) Cats B) Dogs C) Child D) Horses
9. Identify the proper noun in the sentence: The Great Wall of China is a famous
landmark.
A) The B) Great C) Wall D) China
10. Identify the collective noun in the sentence: The team won the championship.
A) Team B) Won C) Championship D) The
 11. Which of the following is a concrete noun?
A) Love B) Honesty C) Book D) Freedom
12. Identify the noun phrase in the sentence: The sun is shining brightly.
A) The sun B) Is shining C) Brightly D) The
13. Identify the concrete noun in the sentence: They prepared a delicious meal.
A) They B) Prepared C) Delicious D) Meal
14. Identify the proper noun in the sentence: She loves reading Shakespeare.
A) She B) Loves C) Reading D) Shakespeare
15. Which of the following is a countable noun?
A) Water B) Happiness C) Chair D) Air
16. Identify the abstract noun in the sentence: Her kindness touched everyone's hearts.
A) Kindness B) Touched C) Hearts D) Everyone's
17. Which of the following is a singular noun?
A) Cats B) Dogs C) Child D) Horses
18. Identify the collective noun in the sentence: The jury reached a verdict.
A) Jury B) Reached C) Verdict D) The
19. Which of the following is a concrete noun?
A) Love B) Honesty C) Book D) Freedom
20. Identify the noun phrase in the sentence: The big red ball is on the table.
A) The big B) ball C) The big red D) The big red ball

2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that is used to replace or refer to a noun or noun phrase in a sentence.
Pronouns are used to avoid repetition and make sentences less cumbersome. Here's a detailed
description of pronouns:
1. Types of Pronouns:
 Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things and
can change form based on their role in the sentence. They include:
 Subject Pronouns (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they): Used as the
subject of a sentence.
 Object Pronouns (e.g., me, you, him, her, it, us, them): Used as the
object of a verb or preposition.
 Possessive Pronouns (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs):
Indicate ownership or relationship.
  Demonstrative Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things or
people and include words like "this," "that," "these," and "those."
 Relative Pronouns: Relative pronouns introduce a dependent clause and
connect it to an independent clause. They include words like "who," "whom,"
"whose," "which," and "that."
 Interrogative Pronouns: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions
and include words like "who," "whom," "whose," "which," and "what."
 Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns refer to nonspecific people or
things and include words like "everyone," "someone," "anything," and
"nothing."
 Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and
object of a sentence are the same person or thing. They include words like
"myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves," and
"themselves."
2. Functions of Pronouns:
 Replace Nouns: Pronouns can replace nouns to avoid repetition in a sentence
(e.g., "John loves his dog" instead of "John loves John's dog").
 Refer Back: Pronouns can refer back to a noun mentioned earlier in the
sentence (e.g., "The car is red. It is parked outside").
3. Agreement with Antecedents:
 Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person.
For example, if the antecedent is singular, the pronoun should also be singular
(e.g., "Each student must bring his or her own textbook").
4. Use in Sentences:
 Pronouns are used in various types of sentences, including declarative
(statements), interrogative (questions), imperative (commands), and
exclamatory (exclamations).
5. Role in Sentence Structure:
 Pronouns can function as subjects, objects, possessives, or in other
grammatical roles within a sentence.
Understanding pronouns and their various types is important for constructing clear and
concise sentences in English.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is a personal pronoun?
A) This B) That C) She D) Those
2. Identify the indefinite pronoun in the sentence: Someone left their umbrella behind.
A) Someone B) Left C) Their D) Behind
3. Identify the possessive pronoun in the sentence: The book is hers.
A) The B) Book C) Is D) Hers
4. Which of the following is a relative pronoun?
A) I B) You C) Who D) It
5. Identify the pronoun phrase in the sentence: They are going to the party,
A) They are B) Going C) To the party D) The party
6. Identify the reflexive pronoun in the sentence: He hurt himself while playing.
A) He B) Hurt C) Himself D) Playing
7. Identify the demonstrative pronoun in the sentence: This is my house.
A) This B) Is C) My D) House
8. Which of the following is an interrogative pronoun?
A) She B) Who C) Him D) They
9. Identify the intensive pronoun in the sentence: I myself saw him leave.
A) I B) Saw C) Myself D) Leave
10. Identify the relative pronoun in the sentence: The person who called will be here
soon.
A) The B) Person C) Who D) Called
11. Which of the following is a demonstrative pronoun?
A) He B) This C) Her D) Us
12. Identify the indefinite pronoun in the sentence: Everybody enjoyed the concert.
A) Everybody B) Enjoyed C) The D) Concert
13. Identify the possessive pronoun in the sentence: This is your pen.
A) This B) Is C) Your D) Pen
14. Which of the following is a relative pronoun?
A) I B) That C) She D) Whose
15. Identify the pronoun phrase in the sentence: She herself made the cake.
A) She herself B) Made C) The cake D) She
 16. Identify the reflexive pronoun in the sentence: We should help ourselves before
helping others.
A) We B) Should C) Ourselves D) Helping
17. Identify the demonstrative pronoun in the sentence: Those are my shoes.
A) Those B) Are C) My D) Shoes
18. Which of the following is an interrogative pronoun?
A) Him B) Whose C) Their D) Our
19. Identify the intensive pronoun in the sentence: She herself wrote the letter.
A) She B) Wrote C) Herself D) Letter
20. Identify the relative pronoun in the sentence: The dog that barked is mine.
A) The B) Dog C) That D) Barked
21. Which of the following is a demonstrative pronoun?
A) He B) Those C) Us D) Their
22. Identify the indefinite pronoun in the sentence: Many attended the meeting.
A) Many B) Attended C) The D) Meeting
23. Identify the possessive pronoun in the sentence: The house is theirs.
A) The B) House C) Is D) Theirs
24. Which of the following is a relative pronoun?
A) She B) What C) His D) Them
25. Identify the pronoun phrase in the sentence: They themselves built the house.
A) They themselves B) Built C) The house D) They

3. VERB
A verb is a word or a group of words that expresses an action (physical or mental) or state of
being of the subject in a sentence. Verbs are essential in constructing sentences as they
convey the main idea or action. Here's a detailed description of verbs:
1. Types of Verbs:
 Action Verbs: Action verbs express physical or mental actions (e.g., run,
jump, think, believe).
 Linking Verbs: Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a subject
complement, which describes or renames the subject (e.g., is, am, are, was,
were, seem, appear).
  Auxiliary Verbs: Auxiliary verbs (also known as helping verbs) are used with
main verbs to form verb phrases, tenses, and moods. They include forms of
"be," "have," and "do" (e.g., is, have, do, can, will).
2. Verb Forms:
 Base Form: The base form of a verb is its simplest form, usually the form
found in the dictionary (e.g., play, eat, go).
 Infinitive Form: The infinitive form of a verb is the base form preceded by
"to" (e.g., to play, to eat, to go).
 Finite Form: The finite form of a verb is the form that indicates tense, person,
and number. It changes based on the subject of the sentence (e.g., plays,
played, is playing).
 Non-finite Forms: Non-finite forms of a verb do not show tense, person, or
number. They include the infinitive, gerund, and participle forms.
3. Verb Tenses:
 Verbs can be used in different tenses to indicate when an action takes place
(e.g., present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect).
 Each tense has its own set of rules for forming and using verbs in sentences.
4. Voice:
 Verbs can be in active or passive voice.
 In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action (e.g., "The dog
chased the cat").
 In passive voice, the subject receives the action (e.g., "The cat was chased by
the dog").
5. Mood:
 Verbs can be in different moods to indicate the speaker's attitude or the
likelihood of an action.
 Common moods include indicative (states a fact), imperative (gives a
command), and subjunctive (expresses a wish, possibility, or uncertainty).
6. Use in Sentences:
 Verbs are used to form sentences in different ways, including simple
sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and more.
Understanding verbs and their various forms and functions is crucial for constructing
meaningful and grammatically correct sentences in English.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is a linking verb?
A) Run B) Jump C) Is D) Eat
2. Identify the action verb in the sentence: She dances gracefully.
A) She B) Dances C) Gracefully D) Dances gracefully
3. What is the past tense of the verb "to eat"?
A) Eats B) Eat C) Eating D) Ate
4. Which of the following is a transitive verb?
A) Sleep B) Laugh C) Eat D) Arrive
5. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: He is running a marathon.
A) He is B) Running C) A marathon D) Is
running
6. Identify the helping verb in the sentence: They have finished their homework.
A) They B) Have C) Finished D) Homework
7. What is the present participle of the verb "to swim"?
A) Swim B) Swims C) Swimming D) Swam
8. Which of the following is an intransitive verb?
A) Drive B) Eat C) Sleep D) Paint
9. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: She has been waiting for hours.
A) She has B) Been waiting C) For hours D) Waiting
10. Identify the action verb in the sentence: The cat chased the mouse.
A) The B) Cat C) Chased D) Mouse
11. What is the past tense of the verb "to go"?
A) Goes B) Go C) Going D) Went
12. Which of the following is an irregular verb?
A) Walk B) Eat C) Jump D) Run
13. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: He will be traveling to Paris next week.
A) He will B) Be traveling C) To Paris D) Next week
14. Identify the helping verb in the sentence: She is studying for her exam.
A) She B) Is C) Studying D) Exam
15. What is the present participle of the verb "to read"?
A) Reads B) Read C) Reading D) Reads
16. Which of the following is a transitive verb?
 A) Run B) Laugh C) Eat D) Arrive
17. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: They have been watching a movie.
A) They have B) Been watching C) A movie D) Watching
18. Identify the action verb in the sentence: The bird sings beautifully.
A) The B) Bird C) Sings D) Beautifully
19. What is the past tense of the verb "to drink"?
A) Drinks B) Drink C) Drinking D) Drank
20. Which of the following is an intransitive verb?
A) Drive B) Eat C) Sleep D) Paint
21. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: She will be cooking dinner tonight.
A) She will B) Be cooking C) Dinner D) Tonight
22. Identify the helping verb in the sentence: He has finished his work.
A) He B) Has C) Finished D) Work
23. What is the present participle of the verb "to sing"?
A) Sing B) Sings C) Sang D) Singing
24. Which of the following is an irregular verb?
A) Walk B) Eat C) Jump D) Run
25. Identify the verb phrase in the sentence: She is playing the piano.
A) She is B) Playing C) The piano D) Is playing
4. ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun, providing more
information about it. Adjectives help to add detail, clarity, and depth to sentences. Here's a
detailed description of adjectives:
1. Types of Adjectives:
 Descriptive Adjectives: Descriptive adjectives describe the characteristics or
qualities of a noun (e.g., beautiful, tall, blue).
 Quantitative Adjectives: Quantitative adjectives indicate the quantity or
amount of a noun (e.g., many, few, several).
 Demonstrative Adjectives: Demonstrative adjectives point to specific nouns
and include words like "this," "that," "these," and "those."
 Possessive Adjectives: Possessive adjectives show ownership or relationship
and include words like "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their."
 Interrogative Adjectives: Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions
and include words like "which," "what," and "whose."
 2. Position of Adjectives:
 Adjectives can be placed before or after the noun they describe, depending on
the language and the desired emphasis.
 In English, most adjectives are placed before the noun (e.g., "the red car," "a
beautiful garden").
 However, some adjectives are placed after the noun, typically when they are
part of a fixed expression (e.g., "attorney general," "heir apparent").
3. Comparison of Adjectives:
 Adjectives can be compared to show degrees of quality or quantity.
 The three degrees of comparison are:
 Positive (e.g., "big," "beautiful")
 Comparative (e.g., "bigger," "more beautiful")
 Superlative (e.g., "biggest," "most beautiful")
4. Use of Adjectives:
 Adjectives are used to provide more detail about nouns, making the writing
more vivid and engaging.
 They help to create a clearer picture in the reader's mind and can evoke
emotions or convey specific qualities.
5. Order of Adjectives:
 When multiple adjectives are used to describe a noun, they usually follow a
specific order: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose
(OSASCOMP).
 For example, "a beautiful old French painting" (opinion - age - origin).
6. Comparison of Adjectives:
 Adjectives can be compared to show degrees of quality or quantity.
 The three degrees of comparison are:
 Positive (e.g., "big," "beautiful")
 Comparative (e.g., "bigger," "more beautiful")
 Superlative (e.g., "biggest," "most beautiful")
Understanding adjectives and their various types and uses is important for creating
descriptive and engaging writing in English.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is an adjective?
A) Run B) Blue C) Quickly D) Jump
2. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The big, red balloon floated away.
A) Big B) Red C) Balloon D) Floated
3. What is the comparative form of the adjective "tall"?
A) Tallest B) Tallness C) Taller D) Tally
4. Which of the following is a demonstrative adjective?
A) His B) Those C) Happy D) Quickly
5. Identify the adjective in the sentence: She bought a beautiful dress.
A) She B) Bought C) A dress D) Beautiful
6. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The old, wooden table creaked as he sat down.
A) Old B) Wooden C) Table D) Creaked
7. What is the superlative form of the adjective "fast"?
A) Faster B) Fastest C) More fast D) Fastness
8. Which of the following is a possessive adjective?
A) Their B) Happy C) Quickly D) Run
9. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The cat is playful.
A) The cat B) Is C) Playful D) Cat
10. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The tall, dark stranger approached.
A) Tall B) Dark C) Stranger D) Approached
11. What is the comparative form of the adjective "beautiful"?
A) Most beautiful B) Beauty C) More beautiful D) Beautician
12. Which of the following is a demonstrative adjective?
A) His B) Those C) Happy D) Quickly
13. Identify the adjective in the sentence: She wore a blue dress.
A) She B) Wore C) A dress D) Blue
14. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The old, wooden house was abandoned.
A) Old B) Wooden C) House D) Abandoned
15. What is the superlative form of the adjective "intelligent"?
A) More intelligent B) Most intelligent C) Intel D) Tally
16. Which of the following is a possessive adjective?
A) Their B) Happy C) Quickly D) Run
 17. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The movie was boring.
A) The movie B) Was C) Boring D) Movie
18. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The tall, glass building gleamed in the sunlight.
A) Tall B) Sunlight C) Building D) Gleamed
19. What is the comparative form of the adjective "famous"?
A) More famous B) Fame C) Most famous D) Fairness
20. Which of the following is a demonstrative adjective?
A) His B) Those C) Happy D) Quickly
21. Identify the adjective in the sentence: He lives in a small house.
A) He B) Lives C) In D) House
22. Identify the adjective in the sentence: The old, wooden boat creaked as it rocked in
the water."
A) Old B) Water C) Boat D) Creaked
23. What is the superlative form of the adjective "happy"?
A) Happier B) Happiest C) Hopeless D) Heavy
24. Which of the following is a possessive adjective?
A) Their B) Happy C) Quickly D) Run
25. In the sentence "The girl has two beautiful dolls," what does the adjective "beautiful"
describe?
A) The girl B) Has C) Dolls D) Beautiful

5. ADVERB
An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs
provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. Here's a
detailed description of adverbs:
1. Types of Adverbs:
 Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done (e.g.,
quickly, slowly, carefully).
 Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time indicate when an action takes place (e.g.,
now, later, yesterday, soon).
 Adverbs of Place: Adverbs of place indicate where an action takes place (e.g.,
here, there, nearby, everywhere).
 Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency indicate how often an action
occurs (e.g., always, often, sometimes, rarely).
  Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree modify adjectives or other adverbs to
indicate the extent or degree of something (e.g., very, too, quite, almost).
 Interrogative Adverbs: Interrogative adverbs are used to ask questions about
manner, time, place, or frequency (e.g., how, when, where, how often).
 Relative Adverbs: Relative adverbs introduce relative clauses and include
words like "when," "where," and "why."
2. Formation of Adverbs:
 Many adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to an adjective (e.g., quick →
quickly, careful → carefully).
 However, not all adverbs end in "-ly" (e.g., fast, well, hard).
3. Position of Adverbs:
 Adverbs can be placed in different positions in a sentence, depending on the
type of adverb and the information it provides.
 Adverbs of manner usually come after the verb (e.g., He speaks English
fluently).
 Adverbs of frequency often come before the main verb (e.g., She always
arrives early).
 Adverbs of time and place can come at the beginning or end of a sentence
(e.g., Yesterday, we went to the beach).
4. Comparison of Adverbs:
 Adverbs can be compared in the same way as adjectives, using the
comparative and superlative forms (e.g., quickly → more quickly → most
quickly).
5. Use of Adverbs:
 Adverbs add information to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing
details that make the meaning of the sentence clearer or more specific.
 They can modify the meaning of a verb by indicating manner, time, place,
frequency, or degree.
6. Avoiding Redundancy:
 Adverbs should be used judiciously to avoid redundancy, especially when the
meaning is already clear from the context.
Understanding adverbs and their various types and uses is important for improving the clarity
and effectiveness of writing and communication in English.
EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is an adverb of manner?
A) Quickly B) Beautiful C) Tall D) Running
2. Identify the adverb in the sentence: She sings beautifully.
A) She B) Sings C) Beautifully D) Beautiful
3. Identify the adverb in the sentence: He speaks very softly.
A) He B) Speaks C) Very D) Softly
4. Which of the following is an adverb of frequency?
A) Sometimes B) Happy C) Fast D) Jump
5. In the sentence "She walked slowly," what does the adverb "slowly" describe?
A) She B) Walked C) Slowly D) Walked slowly
6. Identify the adverb in the sentence: They arrived early.
A) They B) Arrived C) Early D) Arrived early
7. Identify the adverb in the sentence: He runs incredibly fast.
A) He B) Runs C) Incredibly D) Fast
8. Which of the following is an adverb of place?
A) There B) Quickly C) Happily D) Jumped
9. In the sentence "She works very hard," what does the adverb "very" describe?
A) She B) Works C) Very D) Hard
10. Identify the adverb in the sentence: The train arrived late.
A) The B) Train C) Arrived D) Late
11. Identify the adverb in the sentence: He speaks English fluently.
A) He B) Speaks C) English D) Fluently
12. Which of the following is an adverb of time?
A) Now B) Quickly C) Happily D) Ran
13. In the sentence "She sings beautifully," what does the adverb "beautifully" describe?
A) She B) Sings C) Beautifully D) Sings beautifully
14. Identify the adverb in the sentence: They danced joyfully.
A) They B) Danced C) Joyfully D) Joyful
15. Identify the adverb in the sentence: He plays the guitar well.
A) He B) Plays C) The D) Well
16. Which of the following is an adverb of manner?
A) There B) Quickly C) Happily D) Jumped
 17. In the sentence "She walks slowly," what does the adverb "slowly" describe?
A) She B) Walks C) Slowly D) She walks
18. Identify the adverb in the sentence: He reads aloud.
A) He B) Reads C) Aloud D) Reads aloud
19. Identify the adverb in the sentence: She speaks French fluently.
A) She B) Speaks C) French D) Fluently
20. Which of the following is an adverb of frequency?
A) Yesterday B) Often C) Quickly D) Ran
21. In the sentence "He drives carefully," what does the adverb "carefully" describe?
A) He B) Drives C) Carefully D) Drives carefully
22. Identify the adverb in the sentence: They arrived early.
A) They B) Arrived C) Early D) Arrived early
23. Identify the adverb in the sentence: She plays the piano beautifully.
A) She B) Plays C) The D) Beautifully
24. Which of the following is an adverb of place?
A) There B) Quickly C) Happily D) Jumped
25. In the sentence "He swims well," what does the adverb "well" describe?
A) He B) Swims C) Well D) He swims

6. PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other
words in a sentence. Prepositions are used to indicate location, direction, time, manner, or to
introduce an object of a preposition. Here's a detailed description of prepositions:
1. Types of Prepositions:
 Prepositions of Place: Prepositions of place indicate where something is
located or the direction of movement. Examples include "in," "on," "at,"
"under," "over," "behind," "beside," and "between."
 Prepositions of Time: Prepositions of time indicate when something happens.
Examples include "before," "after," "during," "since," "until," and "for."
 Prepositions of Direction: Prepositions of direction indicate the direction of
movement. Examples include "to," "toward(s)," "into," "onto," "away from,"
and "across."
 Prepositions of Manner: Prepositions of manner indicate how something is
done. Examples include "with," "by," "like," and "as."
  Other Prepositions: There are many other prepositions that do not fit neatly
into these categories, such as "about," "above," "below," "except," "through,"
"against," and "among."
2. Use of Prepositions:
 Prepositions are used to connect nouns (or pronouns) to other words in a
sentence to show the relationship between them. For example, in the phrase
"in the box," the preposition "in" shows the relationship between the noun
"box" and its location.
 Prepositions are also used to introduce phrases, such as prepositional phrases,
which provide additional information about a noun or verb in a sentence.
3. Prepositional Phrases:
 A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object (the noun or
pronoun that follows the preposition), and any modifiers of the object. For
example, in the sentence "The book is on the table," the prepositional phrase is
"on the table," where "on" is the preposition, and "table" is the object of the
preposition.
4. Position of Prepositions:
 Prepositions can occur before or after their objects, depending on the structure
of the sentence. In English, prepositions usually come before their objects in
prepositional phrases (e.g., "in the box").
5. Common Mistakes with Prepositions:
 Using the wrong preposition or omitting a preposition can lead to grammatical
errors. It's important to pay attention to the correct usage of prepositions in
English.
Understanding prepositions and how they are used is important for constructing clear and
coherent sentences in English.

EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is a preposition?
A) Quickly B) Under C) Jump D) Happy
2. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The book is on the table.
A) The B) Book C) Is D) On
3. Identify the preposition in the sentence: She walked to the park.
 A) She B) Walked C) To D) Park
4. Which of the following is a preposition of time?
A) Over B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
5. Identify the preposition in the sentence: He sat beside her.
A) He B) Sat C) Beside D) Her
6. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The cat jumped off the table.
A) The B) Cat C) Jumped D) Off
7. Identify the preposition in the sentence: She went for a walk in the park.
A) She B) Went C) For D) In
8. Which of the following is a preposition of place?
A) Before B) Above C) Quickly D) Ran
9. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The book is on the shelf.
A) The book B) Is C) On D) The shelf
10. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The dog ran around the house.
A) The B) Dog C) Ran D) Around
11. Identify the preposition in the sentence: He arrived at the airport.
A) He B) Arrived C) At D) Airport
12. Which of the following is a preposition of direction?
A) Over B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
13. Identify the preposition in the sentence: She sat beside him.
A) She B) Sat C) Beside D) Him
14. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The keys are under the table.
A) The B) Keys C) Are D) Under
15. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The cat climbed onto the roof.
A) The B) Cat C) Climbed D) Onto
16. Which of the following is a preposition of time?
A) Over B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
17. Identify the preposition in the sentence: He walked through the forest.
A) He B) Walked C) Through D) The forest
18. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The ball rolled down the hill.
A) The B) Ball C) Rolled D) Down
19. Identify the preposition in the sentence: She arrived in the morning.
A) She B) Arrived C) In D) Morning
20. Which of the following is a preposition of place?
 A) Before B) Above C) Quickly D) Ran
21. Identify the preposition in the sentence: He sat on the chair.
A) He B) Sat C) On D) The chair
22. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The cat jumped onto the bed.
A) The B) Cat C) Jumped D) Onto
23. Identify the preposition in the sentence: She went to the store.
A) She B) Went C) To D) Store
24. Which of the following is a preposition of direction?
A) Over B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
25. Identify the preposition in the sentence: The keys are in the drawer.
A) The keys B) Are C) In D) The drawer

7. CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Conjunctions
are used to coordinate words, phrases, or clauses to show how they are related to each other.
Here's a detailed description of conjunctions:
1. Types of Conjunctions:
 Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect words,
phrases, or independent clauses that are grammatically equal. The most
common coordinating conjunctions are "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so,"
and "yet."
 Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions introduce
subordinate (dependent) clauses and establish a relationship between the
dependent clause and the independent clause. Common subordinating
conjunctions include "because," "although," "while," "if," "when," "since,"
and "until."
 Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions
that work together to connect words, phrases, or clauses. Examples include
"either...or," "neither...nor," "both...and," "not only...but also," and
"whether...or."
2. Function of Conjunctions:
 Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or clauses to make the meaning
of a sentence clear.
  They help to show relationships between ideas, such as addition, contrast,
cause and effect, time, and condition.
3. Examples of Conjunctions in Sentences:
 Coordinating Conjunctions: "I want to go to the movies, but I don't have
enough money."
 Subordinating Conjunctions: "Because it was raining, we stayed indoors."
 Correlative Conjunctions: "Either you finish your homework now, or you
will have to do it later."
4. Conjunctions and Sentence Structure:
 Conjunctions play a crucial role in the structure of sentences, helping to create
complex and compound sentences.
 They allow writers to combine ideas and information in a coherent and logical
manner.
5. Conjunctions and Style:
 Conjunctions can also affect the style and tone of writing. For example, using
coordinating conjunctions can create a more casual or conversational tone,
while using subordinating conjunctions can create a more formal tone.
Understanding conjunctions and how they are used is important for constructing clear and
coherent sentences in English.

EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is a conjunction?
A) Quickly B) And C) Jump D) Happy
2. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She is tired, but she is happy.
A) She B) Is C) But D) Happy
3. What is the conjunction in the sentence: He likes tea and coffee.
A) He B) Likes C) And D) Coffee
4. Which of the following is a coordinating conjunction?
A) Before B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
5. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: I will go if you come.
A) I B) Will go C) If D) You come
6. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He is tall yet agile.
A) He B) Is C) Tall D) Yet
7. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She danced and sang.
A) She B) Danced C) And D) Sang
8. Which of the following is a subordinating conjunction?
A) Before B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
9. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: I will go unless you come.
A) I B) Will go C) Unless D) You come
10. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He ate dinner but skipped dessert.
A) He B) Ate C) But D) Skipped
11. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She walked slowly so she wouldn't slip.
A) She B) Walked C) Slowly D) So
12. Which of the following is a correlative conjunction?
A) Before B) Either C) Quickly D) Ran
13. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She went to the store yet forgot to buy milk.
A) She B) Went C) Yet D) Forgot
14. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He came early although he wasn't invited.
A) He B) Came C) Although D) Early
15. Which of the following is a coordinating conjunction?
A) Before B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
16. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: I will go before it gets dark’
A) I B) Will go C) Before D) It gets dark
17. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She sings and dances beautifully.
A) She B) Sings C) And D) Dances
18. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He worked hard yet failed to succeed.
A) He B) Worked C) Hard D) Yet
19. Which of the following is a subordinating conjunction?
A) Before B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
20. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He ran quickly but tired easily.
A) He B) Ran C) Quickly D) But
21. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: She reads books as well as magazines.
A) She B) Reads C) As well as D) Magazines
22. Which of the following is a correlative conjunction?
A) Before B) Either C) Quickly D) Ran
23. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: He jumped because he was excited.
A) He B) Jumped C) Because D) He was excited
8. INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses emotion, surprise, or some other kind of
feeling. Interjections are often used to convey a speaker's reaction to something or to add
emphasis to a statement. Here's a detailed description of interjections:
1. Types of Interjections:
 Exclamatory Interjections: Exclamatory interjections express strong
emotions such as surprise, joy, anger, or pain. Examples include "Wow!"
"Ouch!" "Bravo!" and "Alas!"
 Discourse Markers: Discourse markers are interjections used to signal a
change in topic, emphasize a point, or engage the listener. Examples include
"Well," "Anyway," "Um," and "You know."
2. Function of Interjections:
 Interjections are used to convey emotions or reactions that are not easily
expressed through other parts of speech.
 They add color, emotion, and spontaneity to speech and writing, helping to
convey the speaker's tone and attitude.
3. Placement of Interjections:
 Interjections are often placed at the beginning or end of a sentence, separated
from the rest of the sentence by a comma or exclamation mark.
 Their placement can affect the tone and emphasis of the sentence.
4. Examples of Interjections:
 "Wow, that was amazing!"
 "Ouch, that hurts!"
 "Well, I guess we'll have to wait and see."
5. Interjections and Punctuation:
 Interjections are often followed by an exclamation mark to indicate strong
emotion or emphasis.
 However, they can also be followed by a comma if the emotion is less intense
or if the interjection is part of a longer sentence.
6. Interjections in Writing:
 In writing, interjections are often used in dialogue to make the characters'
speech more realistic and expressive.
 They can also be used in narrative writing to convey the narrator's emotions or
reactions.
Overall, interjections play an important role in language by allowing speakers and writers to
express a wide range of emotions and reactions in a concise and impactful way.\

EXERCISE
Choose the correct answer!
1. Which of the following is an interjection?
A) Quickly B) Wow C) Jump D) Happy
2. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Wow, that's amazing!
A) Wow B) That's C) Amazing D) !
3. What is the interjection in the sentence: Ouch! That hurts!
A) Ouch B) That C) Hurts D) !
4. Which of the following is an interjection expressing surprise?
A) Oh B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
5. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Oh, I didn't see you there.
A) Oh B) I C) Didn't see D) You there
6. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Yikes! That's scary!
A) Yikes B) That's C) Scary D) !
7. What is the interjection in the sentence: Ah, that feels good.
A) Ah B) That C) Feels D) Good
8. Which of the following is an interjection expressing pain?
A) Oops B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
9. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Oops, I dropped my phone.
A) Oops B) I C) Dropped D) My phone
10. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Aha, I found the missing keys!
A) Aha B) I C) Found D) The missing keys
11. Which of the following is an interjection expressing joy or excitement?
A) Hooray B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
12. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Hooray, we won the game.
A) Hooray B) We C) Won D) The game
13. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Phew, that was close!
A) Phew B) That C) Was D) Close
14. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Well, I never!
A) Well B) I C) Never D) !
15. Which of the following is an interjection expressing relief?
 A) Whew B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
16. Identify the interjection i the sentence: Whew, that was a close call.
A) Whew B) That C) Was D) A close call
17. Identify the interjection in the sentence: "Yippee, it's my birthday!"
A) Yippee B) It's C) My D) Birthday
18. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Gosh, I didn't expect that.
A) Gosh B) I C) Didn't expect D) That
19. Which of the following is an interjection expressing surprise or disbelief?
A) Really B) And C) Quickly D) Ran
20. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Really, you did that for me?
A) Really B) You C) Did D) That for me
21. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Alas, the ship has sailed.
A) Alas B) The C) Ship D) Has sailed
22. What is the interjection in the sentence: Bravo, you did a great job!
A) Bravo B) You C) Did D) A great job
23. Which of the following is an interjection expressing admiration?
A) Wow B) Before C) Quickly D) Ran
24. Identify the interjection in the sentence: Wow, what a performance!
A) Wow B) What C) A D) Performance

D. SUMMARY
The chapter covers listening and speaking skills related to electricity, using provided
video. Students are required to watch two videos. It also addresses reading comprehension on
electricity, using a given passage. Finally, it provides guidance on writing letters, including
various forms and types, as well as tips for writing friendly letters and social notes.

E. ASSIGNMENT
1. Write a letter to a friend talking about electricity.
2. Write your own social notes regarding informal invitation, Note of Acceptance, Note
of Refusal, Thank-you Note, Bread-and-Butter Note, and Condolence Letter.