The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those Historiography
who cannot read and write but those who cannot
learn, unlearn and relearn The study of the methods of historians in
developing history as an academic
discipline, and by extension, any body of
― Alvin Toffler historical work
on a particular subject.
"History is like tsismis. An analysis of the interpretations of a
It is filtered and dagdag na rin, so hindi natin alam specific topic written by past historians or
what is the real history. Naro'n na yung idea, pero authors.
may mga bias talaga. As long as we are here at
may kaniya-kaniyang opinion, I respect everyone's History has played various roles in the past:
opinion."
1. To unite a nation.
Ella Cruz, on what she learned from "Maid 2. To legitimize regimes.
in Malacañang," July 2, 2022 3. Forge a sense of collective identity.
Learn about the past and understand the
present.
Introduction to History
Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology
Why study history?
Learning Objectives:
1. Develop a sense of nationalism.
To understand the meaning of history as an 2. Understand human society and social
academic discipline and to be familiar with relationships.
the underlying philosophy and methodology 3. To appreciate the heritage and identity.
of the discipline. 4. To broaden perspectives.
To apply the knowledge in historical 5. To acquire background for critical thinking.
methodology and philosophy in assessing
and analyzing existing historical narratives.
To examine and assess critically the value of
historical evidences and sources. Positivism
To appreciate the importance of history in
the social and national life of the A school of thought that emerged between
Philippines. the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
This thought requires empirical and
observable evidence before one can claim
that a particular knowledge is true. It entails
History an objective means of arriving at a
conclusion.
known as the study of the past. the mantra "no document no history" stems
Greek word "historia," means "knowledge from this very same truth, where historians
acquired through inquiry or investigation." were required to show written primary
The study of the past: the events that documents in order to write a particular
happened in the past, and the causes of such historical narrative.
events. Positivist historians are also expected to be
objective and impartial not just in their
arguments but also on their conduct of
historical research.
are concerned with social history and
studied longer historical periods. "History
Postcolonialism from below" was pioneered by these
scholars.
A school of thought that emerged in the Annales scholars studied the history of
early twentieth century when formerly peasantry, the history of medicine, or even
colonized nations grappled with the idea of the history of the environment.
creating their identities and The scholars in this school advocated that
understanding their societies against the the people and classes
shadows of their colonial past. who were not reflected in the history of the
Postcolonial history looks at two things in society in the grand
writing history: manner be provided with space in the
1. To tell the history of their nation that records of mankind.
will highlight their identity free
from that of colonial discourse and
knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and Historical Sources/Primary sources
idea of colonialism.
It is therefore a reaction and an alternative to Those sources produced at the same time as
the colonial history that colonial powers the event, period, or subject being studied.
created and taught to their subjects.
Secondary sources
History is always intended for a certain group of
audience. Those sources produced by an author who
used primary sources to produce material.
These are historical sources which study a
certain historical subject.
Facts cannot speak for themselves.
Examples of Primary Sources:
Historical methodology
Letters, Diaries, Memoirs, Autobiographies,
Comprises certain techniques and rules that Speeches, Oral histories, Personal
historians follow in order to properly utilize narratives, Interviews, Correspondence.
sources and historical Photographs, Videos, Films, Artworks,
evidence in writing history. Music, Literature, Scientific data and
Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting reports.
accounts in different sources, and on how to Scholarly journal articles (research-based),
properly treat eyewitness accounts and oral Statistical and survey data.
sources as valid historical evidence. Legal documents, Cases, Hearings, Laws,
Archeological artifacts, Maps, Historical
documents.
The Annales School of History Examples of Secondary Sources:
A school of history born in France that Article analyzing the novel.
challenged the canons of history. Exhibition catalog explaining the painting.
This school of thought did away with the Biography of the historical figure.
common historical subjects that were almost Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s
always related to the conduct of states and ideas.
monarchs. Documentary about the historical event.
Historians in this school studied other Newspaper article about the new policy.
subjects in a historical manner. They Blog post interpreting the results of the poll.
Literature review that cites the study.
External and Internal Criticisms
External Criticism
The practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical
characteristics, consistency with the
historical characteristics of the time when it
was produced, and the materials used for the
evidence.
Internal Criticism
The examination of the truthfulness of the
evidence. It looks at the content of the
source and examines the circumstances of its
production.
Readings in Philippine History (SOCSCI031) Introduction to History: Definitions, Issues,
Kasaysayan → “significance” Sources, and Methodology
Topics:
Ang kasaysayan ay isang salaysay hinggil sa 1. History and Historiography
nakaraan na may saysay para sa 2. Positivism
sinasalaysayang pangkat ng tao o salinlahi. 3. Postcolonialism
4. Decolonization
- Dr. Zeus Salazar 5. Sources of History
6. External & Internal Criticisms
In 1521, April 27, the natives of Mactan island 7. Pantayong Pananaw
headed by Lapulapu killed the Spanish 8. Bipartite vs Tripartite View
conquistador, Fernando de Magallanes.
Who: Cilapulapu and Magallanes
What: Death of Magellan, Victory of Content and Contextual Analysis of
Lapulapu
Primary Sources in Philippine History
Where: Mactan (Matan)
When: April 27, 1521
Topics:
1. The First Voyage Around the World
Why and its implications:
by Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta
2. The KKK and the Kartilya ng
1. There are civilizations already before the
Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
colonizers arrived.
3. The Proclamation of Philippine
2. Christianity started in the Philippines.
Independence by Ambrosio
3. There are natives who resisted the colonizers.
Rianzares Bautista
Spaces for Conflict and Controversies in
Philippine History
Topics:
1. Where did the First Catholic Mass
Happen?
2. What Happened in the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872?
3. Did Rizal Retract?
4. Where and when did the Cry of
Rebellion Happen?
5. The Marcos Regime and the Martial
Law Years
Limasawa Island (NHI, then NHCP)
Mutiny of workers (Filipino Version)
The authenticity is still debated by historians
and scholars.
Different versions, Balintawak
Seek for truth by examining the data
History can be used to include and exclude.
Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural
Issues and Problems in Philippine History
Pantayong Pananaw
Topics:
1. The History and Evolution of the Philippine Ang Pantayong Pananaw ay isang buong (ibig
Constitution sabihin, di watak-watak na) diskursong
Highest and fundamental law of the pangkalingangan o pangkabihasnan, ang
land pinakakatangian ng isang kalinangan o kabihasnang
Powers and mandate of the government may kabuuan at kakanyahan. Batayan siya,
and rights of the citizens samakatuwid, ng pagkakaisa
Inherent powers of the state (1987 ng isang grupo ng taong may sariling wika-at-
Constitution): (1) Police Power, (2) kultura.
Eminent Domain, and (3) Taxation
The task is to organize the past that is being
2. History of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines created so that it can offer lessons for nations,
Redistribution of land by creating societies, and civilizations.
implementing policies to support
sustainable rural development. It is our duty, as Filipinos, to seek for the
meaning of recovering the past to let the people
see the continuing relevance of provenance,
memory, remembering, and historical
3. The Indigenous People’s Right Act of 1997 understanding for both the present and the
Protects and promotes the rights of future.
Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and
Indigenous Cultural Communities
(ICCs).
The Allegory of the Cave by Plato
How will you make sense of the world?
4. The History and Evolution of Taxation in the There’s no such thing as neutral education.
Philippines Education either functions as an instrument to
Lifeblood Doctrine: Without revenue bring about conformity or freedom.
raised from taxation, the government
will not survive, resulting in detriment Paulo Freire
to society. Without taxes, the
government would be paralyzed for
lack of motive power to activate and
operate it. (CIR v. Algue, Inc., G.R. No. You have heard it said, "Those not learning from
L-28896, February 17, 1988, 158 history are doomed to repeat it,” but I tell you
SCRA 9) "those preventing history from being taught, intend
to repeat it."
“Liberating education consists in acts of
cognition, not transferals of information.” Conscientização (Conscientization)
a process of developing critical awareness of social
Paulo Freire reality through reflection, theorizing, and action.
