TWENTY-ONE PLANNING FOR WATER-RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT work associated ig of the structures. single prox, ing atthe correct decision may be just as 4 21-1 Level of planning the purpose and nature oft for product specify targes for water as the US. Water R’ Hydraulic Resources have region” for water pi r basin commissions. eneeayger ty AIT(42 ware nemacen em several pi Sequence uch ofthe work ofthe fist study and the fin and the overall cost of planning increased eonsiderat 8 the need for data rent data describing existing cond: ed over the available histore data ape should be undertaken atthe beginning of pl of es urgently needed d postponed if nezessar. 21-8 Projections for pla condi ‘sualy $0 to 100 yr foreasts are particularly critical. Unfortunately, no be pecfect and reflection on thechangos inthe past SO yr will sugge large errors are possible, ely that significant improvement Even though more rigorous procadutes are us sional development. improve transportation ete river basin or project lve these objectives may be Fisk of a wrong decision as forecast, Th 2 range af fore we futures, Th Speed by varying actors n the recast procs or by mrepaig ‘of 8 poor "US. Wate Rewari Coun. Ponape an SadarPLANNING FOR WATER-RESOUNCES DEVELOPMENT 66S ls er person or per acte (hectare) The role of are adopted to encourage water use up t Rational planning should attempt needdrivin Tonger the drive, the greater the value ofa recreational scarce fossil uel. Irrigation projects which co day. Following the energy ens, itis preferable that diving be tion in humid regions, Nod the real value of a recreational day not be changed. Surrogate land management, storage to mi ‘monetary benefits and costs mast be could serve more effect project a separaie account of socal: metropolitan areas, and recreation projets which compete with natural areas areal "The planner ian ever before ‘stem to be eve 21-8 Environmental considerations in planning The decade of the 1960s bered as a peti of increasing concera about man’s Dopulation growth combined with an increased per capita prod waste products threatened severe pollution of ai, water, and land wit al consequences of waterresource procs mi damage to Mora a growth and technological capa ral landscape with | ities, highways, dams, and other engineering works. These changes often led to team channel or coastal beaches by los of shanges in the cology ofan area bringing about local extinction of some species anne! beaches by i of flora or fauna, sometimes with replacement by lese desirable species ‘rapidly growing population also raised for man fal archacological, or scene 5 ‘one extreme by demands that all construction cease and at the other extreme by pressure to get on with building as rapidly as possible. Anew set of socal values ‘moral, philosophic, and aesthetio—join technical standards and economicevalua 18 process. Although many planners were se, these changes were long overdue. The basic problem of pop: I be met, ‘or nature, bt the ofthe future must give more thought to the envizonmental problems. Planners ofthe future must be innovat benefits Innovation may requite such steps requirements, encouraging n al Finding better ways to treat wastes and reclaim wastewat clationships among wate pll point must recognize theSstehameter and head-los-dameter Fane le 1 method of engeneen ns for a penstock. it 8 posible to use optimam leas-cost| solution. Many jon are encountered in water project Planning "The second level nvols the single project To some ex of proxet ur snizat projec. Usually. poweve fare sues ofp mast be separ oir? What des > What mix of parpeses fora project? Questions of this type can usually be answered by appropriate S mith two bantatons. The aspects of project scope which f) measurable —enviroamettal and ecologe consequences publi preference. and others—cansot be included inthe Solution. Second, decsions on project scope rast heavily onthe proxetons and fing. and mathematical solstion can be 20 evteeebank erosion al ‘m" see) No study was m 100 eh (28 exceeded he add ete cost ‘determine projects susties Faitare 1o considera et to consider plies. A second akern earby region of surplus For many reasons thes " able, and eforts to find other ig water supplies are already under way. F providing an entirely new supply of be considered to include techniques for mereasing the suggest that under favorable conditions increases in precipita averaging about 10 percent can be expected. Lumb? has demonstrated that ‘nerease in annual runoff AR resulting (rom a small increase ip annval pe tion AP is given approximately by R, ane aofox9 +12 au) and Ping are the mean annual runoff and precipitation respectively 21-1) s based on the analysis of seven rural basins. I shouldbe used timate, where 01 < Ryyg/Pay < 05. The study was per formed by using digital simlation to compare ref irom observed precipitation. The portion ofthe added runoff which can be put to use depends onthe faites he basin. Generally, relatively large reservoir storage is required to ‘make the added flow wseful Desalting of seawater (See. 15-15) is a feasible but costly method of augment ing freshwater supplies. Cost depends on plant size and the possibilty ofcombin- i energy ‘water production. With very lange nuclear power Plants as a source of energy and heat, costs are within acceptable ranges for lirban water supply but far beyond reasonable costs for irngation. Few coastal locations are in need of pants inthe Billion gallon brackish water(676 warm sou ncrs FNONEENING ofp rece TEE ZETTTT purposes. Flood mitigation The basic requirement of withholding of food nis sufficient empry during the flood season. usually unsight beaches. and oth Fish and witdife The problems of fish and wil 9. Reser and may grounds Poltetion control eservoi depending nected system. a ugh a turbine to produce power as y be limited to those times when PPM eno) rneemasaerenceuens.PLANNING TOR WATEEARISOURCHS BevELOEMANT 690 power plant poner. Since ie. Often some storage above spillway level is reserved for f ies iserious foods can occu in every month oftheseae nt of storage to flood mitigation withthe proves foods are unbkely this space may be used for oh thes to fille There sno guarantee t Ibe filled every year and be coasidered as secondary water al ben. ofthe recreation season lc, add 10 the use developed oa the bas storage space drawdown ts unavordable dam to create Pe eee cgPLANNING YOR WATICRESOUNCES DEVELOPMENT 681 | SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: | ‘Systems Analysis in Water-Resource Planning | and power head. Th and wildlife aspets of Seki Amol Bibbopapy onthe A reel Usveity Water Routes and Mane Ss Analy of Water Resoutcs Amer See. Ag. Engrs elk pet Dynan Dracop: a 1G. Ross Hydeop 4 Dyname Prog ocesine Ponct Sytem WsB48 Chante a, ———— Retention volume Consumption volume Thattes overtow ry © ul tank 1s full, (b» Diverter-type rainwater harvesting system. This type contains a branch installed in the: ve \k provides an additional retention volume, which is empticd lestype rainwater harvesting system, Storage and e gp. Deserification was defined as “deterioration of the land in the ari, semi-arid and semi-humid dry areas due 10 factors including climate change and human activity.” : “Mode technology aims atan immediate efficiency through a high specialization of knowledge supported by dominant structures able to mobilize resources extemal 10 the environment” (Laureano, 2001). An example of modem technology would be to dig deep wells and pur to sn extent that would harm water supplies forthe future, which has been done in so many places in botithe developing and developed pans ofthe world, Traditional knowledge would have teed on 4 system for harvesting meteoric water or exploiting runoff areas using the force of gravity or water catchment method's that would allow the replenishment and increasing the dur ity ofthe resource {aureano, 2001), "Modern technological methods operate by separating and specializing, whereas traditional knowledge operates by connecting and integratin9A Water Kecenstces tesmemics WAS WA WATER RESOURCES KCONOMICS Engineering Economie Analysis Engineering economic analysis is an evaluatiom proxies tht can be sued tor cornypcing van ‘rater resansce project sMernatives snd selecting the tv cement ene Vhs nrzess toy ching Seasibhe siteenatives ate then applying x discznntin,Yechenguec i veld the te Snorer ta porter this analysie, several basic concepts wich ws empiralence A fine, wo discrrnsiny Lacon must be under iene One oh the fire segs in exomannie analysis is to fd 4 connie value unit wich 4 memeery nits. Through the use of conmanem value units, alternatives of rather diverve evaluated. The monetary evaluation of alternatives generally occurs iver a number of yeu Each monetary value must be identified by the amavuth 20d the lime. The tine valve of taney results frown willingness of pepe to gay interest for the wre oh mimey. Consenuenty. meme wt Gittesent times cannen be directly combines on connpated, tah stunt fest te made expla threngh the wwe of Givernnt Nuctors. Discount factors comer 4 wimesary value w one dite ton euivalenh value at ancaber date, Diverse Sectors ate desert sing the renation 16 the weal in Yeats Pi the presen teenth nse, ithe hotare ari oh meme: 0 A i of icy Consies a wtremnt ch money P that ito te iteresed ton n yeas a pence interes te ‘The Sotare somn F at the end of m years is determined tronn the Wllerwing proagsessien! — Asvcnet wets rate: nis tee ceaponiea A year yr Fire year ’ » Seumd yen b+ ip » ‘Tied yess A+ fe ca * +o + ee, > 0P Le yout a Leif a ‘The fotore wen is then ‘The single payment compound aminunt factor is FP = lt + ‘This tacann detines the wasnter oh tellers that sexurlate ale mn yeaes for Sintec at ws interes rate oh | per single payment prevent wurth fart siaoghy the rcigrecal ch Table 194, vatioss Gears facsons. Uniform annual veries factors st onetary airats cn eters Latte P) sunny h that rt eats. The bat value A the n-th yea is inners. Toe fi Feas(i+gne isin 4 1o4, gation (99A,3) in rtighied by 0 + iy, aah states eyaations (9 43) feo the passe (te uniform nual series sinking fard factor AF = Ah + if 1 = (A/F 0%. w 944850 Chapter Type of Discount Factor Payment Factors Compound-amount factor Uniform Annual Series Factors Simkin fond factor Capita recovery factor Series compound-amount factor (Emn) * F Series present-worth factor Uniform Gradient Series Factors form gradient eres present-wonh factor /P 19° Water Resources Management for Sustainability Table 194.1 Summary of Discounting Factors Symbol Given’ Find Factor (.m») (j-%») (ims) FA Ga) tt (Ema) A? é SOLUTION “The sinking fund factoristhe numberof oles A thatmustbeimvesed athe ed ofeach ofnyeasati percent interest to accumlateS1. The series compound amount factor (F/A) simply the reciprocal of the sinking fond factor Table 194.1), which sthe numberof accuuated dolar i Sis invested tthe end of each year. The capital recovery factor can be determined by simpy multiplying the sinking fund factor (A/P) by the single payment compound amount factor Table 1941 (APP, 1%, m) = (A/F)E/P) 1945 ‘This factors the number of dollars that can be withdrawn at the end of each of years if SI is initially invested. The reciprocal ofthe capital-recovery factor is the series present worth factor (PIA), which is the number of dollars initially invested to withdraw $1 at the end of each year ‘A uniform gradient series factoris tbe numberof dollars initially invested inorder to withdraw $1 ‘at the end of the first year. $2 at the end of the second year, $3 at the end of the third year ec A water resources project has benefits that equal $20,000 atthe end ofthe Bint year and increase oe # Uniform gradien snes 1 $100,000 a the end ofthe fh year The benefits remain constant at $100.000 suey om we ed On Mr ager Ooceer 0 0 ene eaeeentet yee ‘S0 What isthe presen value ofthese Benefits using a 6percent interest rate? “The present valve ofthe uniform gradient series for years 1 through Sis 20,000(P/G. 6%, $) = 20,000(12.1411) $242,822 } cit19.4 Water Resources Economics 881 [Tht od 40 Figure 19.4.1 Cash flow diagram, ‘The present value of the annual series for years 6 through 30 is 100,000(P/A, 6% 25)(P/F, 6%, $) = 100,000(12.7834)(0.74726) 955,252, Present value ofthe uniform gradient series for years 31 through 40 is modeled by a series of annual investments of $80,000 per year for years 31 through 40, and subtracting a uniform gradient sens for the same years, as shown in Figure 194.1. The prevent value is determined by applying the single-payimen preseit-worth factor, 90,000(P/A, 6%, 10)(P/F, 6%, 30) ~ 10,000(P/G, 6%, 9)(P/F, 6%, 31) = 90,000(7:3601)(0.17411) ~ 10,000(31.3783)(0.16425) = $63,793 ‘The total present worth value is $242,822 + $955,252 + $63,793 = $1,261,867 Benefit-Cost Analysis ‘Water projects extend over time, incur costs throughout the duration of the project, and yield ‘benefits. Typically, costs are large during te initial construction and startup period followed by only ‘operation and maintenance costs. Benefitstypically build up toa maximum overtime as depicted in Figure 19.4.2. The present value of benefits (PVB) and costs (PVC) are, respectively, PVB = bo + by/(1 +i) + ba/(1 + HP Ho byl + HP 19.46) Benefits (8) Time Figure 19.4.2 Benefits ana costs overtime.882° Chapter 19 EXAMPLE 19.4.2 SOLUTION Water Rew * Management for Sus inability and IMG =o taf bt) Fai 4 ef oie 19.47) The present value of net benefits (PVNB) is PVNB = PVB- pvc = (bo ~ co) + (by ~ey)((1 + 1) + (by ~ea)ft1 4 ay? + (a en) + ijt (1944) for economic optimization ofthe project design ing projects are needed. Howe (1971) points out thatthe mast important point 'nprojeet planning is to consider the broadest range of alternatives. The range of alternatives selected 'srestricted typically by the response of the water resource agency and/or the planners. The nature of the problem to be solved may also condition the range of alternatives. Preliminary investigation of alternatives can help to rule out projects because of technical infeasibility or on the basis of costs Consider the selection of an optimal, single-purpose project design such as the construction of a Mood: control system ora water-supply project. The optimum size can be determined by selecting the alternative such that the marginal or incremental present value of costs, APVC. is equal to the ‘marginal oF incremental value of the benefits, APVB, {In order to carry out a benefit-cost analysis, rules and procedures for ra APVB = APVC The marginal or incremental value of benefits and costs, for a given increase inthe size of the project are , APVB = Abs /(1 + i) + Aha /(1 + 2 +o + Ab / + Uh 19.4.9) APVE = Bey/(1 + i) + Bea /(1 +? +--+ Beg/(I + if” (19.4.10) ‘When selecting a set of projects, one rule for optimal selection isto maximize the present value of benefits. Another ranking criterion is to use the benefit-cost ratio (B/C). PVB/PYC. B/C = PVB/PVC. 194.11) ‘This method has the option of subtracting recurrent costs from the annual benefits or including all Costs in the present value of cost. Each of these options will result in a different B/C, with higher B/Cs when netting out annual costs, if the B/C is greater than 1. The B/C ratios frequently used 0 screen infeasible alternatives whose B/C < 1 from further consideration, Selection of the optimum alternative is based upon the incremental benefit-cost ratios, AB/AC, whereas the B/C ratio is used for ranking alternatives. The incremental henefit-cos ratio 1s 4B/aC = [PVB(A,) ~ PVB(As)]/[PVC(a,) ~ PCA, 19412 where PVB(A,) 15 the present value of benefits for alternative 4,. Figure 19.4.3 1s a flowchart illustrating the benefit-cost method. Determine the optimal scale of development for a hydroelectric project using the benefit-cost analysis procedure. The varius alternative size projects and corresponding benefits are listed in Table 19.42 According to Figure 19.4.3, the benefit-cost analysis procedure fist computes the B/C ratios of each alternative and ranks the projects with B/C 1 inorder of increasing cost Referting Table 1 B/C ratios forthe altematives are the incremental benefit-cost ratios given in column (8) Compa 50,040) and 60,000 kW altematives, the AB/AC is 4B/3C = 3000/ 2400 = 1.3 Note\ tha\the\ ancremental\ B/C\ ati 1s\ greater than\ ome\ until the\ 100.000\ and 125.000 kW” projects are\ compared\ where\ AB/AC\ =\ 0.9.\This\ means\ that\the\ incremental benefits c€\ 0| 19.4 Water Resources Eonomiss 984 Comite BIC ratio of each alteroate Koop aternatives| wit BC» 1 ‘Compara two lonst costly ‘torn | lot nxt Soloet nox! Computo incremental — |g | si allomative to BIC ratio aB/aC. alternative ts compare compare No 8 Choose oss " Choose more costly alternative costly aternative Figure 19.4.3 Flowchart for benei-cost analysis, Table 194.2 Determination of Optimum Scale of Developanet ot Ihe Pant for Example 2.2.2 1 2 3 ‘ s es Seale Costs © Benefits Net benefits Cons AC Bonctis Mt ca) ($000) (S000) (Su) Be (500) SH 50,000 15,000 18,000 3008) 12 60.000 17.400 21,000 34h) 12 2400 0 ‘ 75,000 21,000 36.700 s700 133600 S700 te 90.00 23,400 29,800 00 La 2400 3100 Ma 100,000" 26000 32,700 6700 132600 200%) i 125,000 32,500 38,500 on 12 gs00 5st 7 130,000 37,500 4500 5000 Lie sooo 4000 os 200,000 50,000 50,000 1 013.500 7500) bo “Optimum scale of project Source: Sewell et ab (1961)1943 Chapter 19 Water Value of Water Resources Management for Sustainability pet bere C2 The opium sae of developments the 10000 KW project * for Sustainability ‘uch asthe value of knowing that something exist for the value o Of the various types of values, Environmental economists refer different ways but usually consists ‘The use values indicated in include “existence” and“ re 19.4.4 are self-explanatory; however, nonuse values, which ‘bequest” values, are less intuitive. Existence values are those thet on individual assigns to a resource to insure its availablity for others, or forthe sake of the ressance ‘evi: rather than for any director even indirect (eg. ecological) benefit tat it provides. Bequest wales are those that an individual assigns ou of altruism for future generations. These nonvse velocs Re especially significant because of their obvious relation to the concept of sustinability and because they are typically the most difficult and controversial aspect of water valuation, Methoos foe {evaluating the nonuse values of water are typically very limited. From a sus ability viewpoint the Total economic value ye Use van [Norse vanes Sa [Extractive Vaiues| InSitu Values itu Vetus Municipal use Ficod contrat Enistonce. Agricultural use Ecological tupction Bogiat Industral use ‘Buller function ‘Waste assimilation Subsidence avoidance ‘Sea water intrusion avoidance Figure 19.4.4 Total economic valve of water (Rothman, 2007)19.5 Water Resource Systems Analysis #57 avality constraints and inequality constraints. A feasible solution ofthe optimization problemisaset Gf alues of the decison variables that simultaneously satisfy the consrunts. The feasible region the region of feasible solutions defined by the constraints. An optimal solution is ast of values ofthe 0 and ‘The final version of the mathematical ststemen [Regervvts ae alt for several purposes incing ‘afows (steamfows into a eservit) and the wane . orng ser i sais ‘minima! during a historical record of fone ne Pe sae ding wick eta ond used fee te sian60 Chapter 19 Water Resources Management for Sustainability "tee (10.0) Figure 19.5.2 Feasible space of manufacturing-waste treatment example, ee COurobjectiveiste determine the active storage fora planned reservoiron tbe Litle Weiser River near Indian Valley, Idaho, fora firm yield (firm release) of R = 2000 ac-fUmonth (AF/month). As defined in Chapter 11, fm yield of a reservoir isthe mean monthly withdrawal rate that would lower the eeetvoirto its minimum allowable level just once during the critical érought of record. The monthly ‘ream flows, QT, for L, ....T (months), for the Little Weiser River near Indian Valley, Idaho, for the ettical drought of record is for water years 1966-1970 as given in Tables 11.7.1 and 11.7.3 Precipitation on the reservoir surface, PP,, and evaporation from the reservoir, EV re listed in Table 11.7.3. ' sonerio Invert save ts poem, we wl develop an opimiaton del based upon wig ne | testa, This ml ane ted Minimize active storage capacity, Ky subject to the following constrains: Conservation of mass in each time period Reservoir capacity cannot be exceeded during any time period Nonnegative decision variables ‘Oucfirst steps to identity the conservation of mass constraints. The monthly reservoir storage is denoted ve ST, and the spill (amount of release in excess ofthe specified firm release) for month £5 W, The Conservation of mass in each time period (month) is aT ST, ST, 2) Wy = R-OT,—PP,+ EVs for “The second set of constrains states thatthe unknown reservoir capacity, Ky, cannot be exceeded during duahtime pened. ST, ~ K<0,fore=1,.» <7 Theconsrant, ST,> ST, saysthat storage atheend of the erial period, ST): must be atleast a lrge as the starting storage. Essentially this last constant. prevents botrowing storage to arifcally inflate the amount that canbe delivered steadily throughout the Eitical record. The decison variables are $7, Wy for ¢= 1, ..., Tand Ka must be poseY 19.5 Water Resource Systems Analysis #61 Minimize Z = K, ST, ~ ST; 1~W, = 2000 ~ QF, ~ PP, + EV, for b= 1, aT ST, Ky $0 for t= 1,7 ol ST; > ST, { STyand W, > 0. for tm ty. 7 and Ky > 0 ‘We will assume the initial storage inthe reservoir is ST, = Ky forthe fst month (F 1). Phe mass balance i887; ~ S73 ~ Wi = 2000 ~ OF) ~ PP, + EV), From Table 11.7.3, QF) ~ 742 APhaouth, PP, = VAPY ‘month, and EVs = 270 AFYmonth,sothe resulting massbalanceconstraintformonth¢= bisK,, Sf, it 1525, Similarly, the mass balance for month f= 248.7; — ST, ~ Wy= 2000 - QE, - PP, + EV, 1210.71 ions written fr each of the 60 months. The second vet of constraints tocnsure ‘that the monthly storage ST; does not exceed the reservoir active capacity. The constraints are expressed as ST ~ Ky SOST, ~ Ky <0, ...STw 0. The third constraint then forces the inal storage at the v ‘end ofthe critic! peti tobe at least as large a the initial unknown storage, K,, There area tol of J 1uass ‘balance constrains and 7 storage constunts, so the total numberof constants fortis LP problem is 27 120 and the number of decision vasables is 27° + 1 = 121 i ‘An altemative to this problem would be to maximize the firm yield (firm release) for a specified active storage Maximize 2 = R subject to ee ee : fore ty. 7 ST, > ST ST, and W, > 0 forte 1, Pand r R20 A firm yild-netive storage relation ip can be constructed by repeatedly solving this LP model for Aiferent values of specified active storage K;, See Mays and Tung, (1992) and ReVelle (10996 19.5.3 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Decision support systems (DSS) do nol ele toa specitic area of specialty, andi is wot easy to give a specific definition to DSS based on theiruses, Generally, DSS provide pieces of information, sometimes ‘eal-time information, that help us to make better decisions. A DSS is an interactive ‘support system that helps decision-makers uilize data and compater programs t salve untructars problems, DSS generally consists of three iain components: (1) state representation, 2) stare ‘transition, and (3) plan evaluation (Reitsma etal, 1996) State representation eon formation, , shout the system in such forms as databases. State transition takes place through mela such simulation, Plan evaluation consists of evalution too! and status checking. The above twee components model base management subsystem, and dialog. generation ad any Nunerous DSSS have bee developed over the yea, an of f packages that include extremely sopisicated components, however, they ar ian gration of various interctaions among. the dlfferent social, environ, technological dimensions of water reso ‘Strategy Man Decision Support System ( rategy Man project (Developing Strategic computer-based a such as multi-criteria evaluation, visualization ‘comprise the database management subsystem igeMent subsysten, espe h we commercially avaiable the etal, econonne, and ves (Todin et a, 200). One model of interest is tae Water SM DSS), which was developed by the EU-funded Water les for Regulating and Managing Water Resources andthe conceptual links among the varius components ment, instead of merely focusing on the detailed scene of the physical systems and oy the NSM DSS to evaluate the altemative water management scenarios of the Ribeiras do A the seman region of southem Portugal. This river basin includes an area of 3.837 km and 9.6 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) | + (LCA) is anocher too! that can be used for analyzing water resources sustain- peocehure 19 ase the environmental bundens asoviated withthe lite Spends, PRESS, c€ service) (USD, 1996), LCA evaluates the enviroamental ‘a pendct, PRES. oF activity by identifVing energy anni materials used and © evaluate and implement oppomunities to affect environ: i ‘ ‘Several scdes ave applied LCA in the field of water resources. Thest incase applications to: life scesement of Water semen fe Sus se meanptinn wae the extraction of raw materials energy consumption via hice sally accomplished in four phases (see Figure 19.6.) jon, which defines the aims and the scope of the study, including the definitions of i and system boundaries. J lists pollutant emissions and consumption of resources during the entire raw material extraction, production, use, and waste treatment assesses the environmental impact ss out uncertainty analyses and sensitivity studies in a looped > + impact assessment. + interpretation, which sore we assesoment say, 2 system delivers a product or service that performs 2 specie! rady used upon LCA attempts to determine the efficiency of proving that function over cycle of he prodhact or service. In the first phase (goal definition the design and conduct of the LCA saady must be defined based upon the purpose and objecuves of the study. ARer the goal ‘efinibon has been accomplished, the inventor phase ofthe LCA stady requires mass balances of neg Direct applications: + Product development and improvement + Stategie panning + Pubie poicy making + Manceang + Omer Figure 19.6.1 Standardized phases of the LCA procedure (SABS, 1999).196 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 83 he wastes and pollution generated over the enue lifecycle resources an materials used in addition wo thetmpoct assessment phase the resulting ventory sth conver tse of indicators for ser and outer efiency, a wel sor polslant a waste Youngs. can be argued tht ile cycle empt vrerament ean be deverbed as un inticator systema (Owens, 1999) L.A sis can combs Wo mere a indusal, municipal, and agricultural Ssatens ifthe indicators are properly defined and applied (wens, 2001), LCA can be used vo ite 9 Comparison of diferent scenarios fra product or system, of different systems to produce a rast ot Service. Insights can be provided on efficiencies and tradeoffs arnong competing ists. ‘Addressing the sustainable use of water resources, CA indicators must include indicators for both water quality as well as water quantity, Ovens (2001) discusses water resources in ie cycle impact assessment, as water is one of many resources, wastes, and pollotants in ile cj tusessment, Detailed indicators beyond the total input of water are proposed considering tssential areas of water sustainability, water quantity, and water quality. To consider water quant the govgming principles are that water sources (as inputs to LCA) are renewable aid wntinabls the volume of water released (LCA outpu ms for further use downstream, To consider water quality, the governing principle 1 that “the re impaired for either humans or ecosystems downstream "Lundin etal (19999 discuss ev for the assessment of temporal variations inthe sustamnabibty of sanitary syste» The definitions proposed by Owens (2001) are based on current U.S. Geological Survey accounting definitions and may be summarized as follows; inable uses of resourees, such as water in various systems Hk ) is returned to humans oF €cosy + Use indicates that water resource quantities are uilized and then made available to others + Consumption indicates that the water resource quantities are denied to others. * Depletion indicates that water sources ar either not renewed by the hydrological ye te sufficiently replaced atthe same rates that they are used by the natural hydrological [ene | Be, —T Legend Lt ty if —~ smn. WP, WFP po} | WFPS WP, TH 7 Dewees Were | | WS | WSA, | ows — vu water sooter T Won = war ayoen co oe Wr (aris > wostente2ytom ara STP ~ sewage Woarnent pant T __ | Tare, |} stee | | SPs BTR, Figure 19.6.2 Schematic diagram of LCA inode! for Syéney Water (Lundin etal 1999Bee cake ( a EMP ct 3SD8S ai i B64 edhe ere dl“: Chapier 19° Water Resources Management for Sustainability Laie eta. (2008 performed life cycle assessment for sustainable metropolitan water systems plaaning In paneutar they developed an LCA model fora large water and wastewater system Sydney: Water which is Ausalia’s largest water service provider, Figure 19:62 shows the chemaie disgram ofthe LCA model fr Sydney Wate. Figure 19.63 shows te simplified ow tiagram with the defined system boundaries forthe Sydney Wate system, Various senarios for “tate planning were considered, These included desalination of seawater and uprades of major Chasal seawater treatment plants Co secondary and tertiary treatment, The scenarios examined troreasedJeman_management energy efcency, energy generation, and zddtonal enerey reenvery from biosolids later ieaton tan wator supplies ‘ants me cia seowna es2GUa . = 23100" | iota atnbuton reoGwna systems Leakage aecua Matera suppers Sydeay Water, Sewerage 0 > Outtoor use veGua ocycing 1 iti 1eaua ee \~ ous Sewage teatment vate ystems enwterment cow e8cv0 206 Gwe vowed | Energy tomer | tecorny Tra | beGwna 67 Ws (or) Boss ree He wr Figure 19.6.3 Simplified flow diagram within the defined system boundaries for the Sydney Water system (Lundie et al., 2004).