Prestieesci Research Review

THE IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLES ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE

REVIEW
Wang Yanxue*, Amiya Bhaumik

Lincoln University College, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor D. E., Malaysia.

Corresponding author: Wang Yanxue, L Lincoln University College, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor D.
E., Malaysia, Email: wangyanxue020@outlook.com

ABSTRACT
The present review paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of diverse
parenting styles on several dimensions of child development. Through an extensive
analysis of empirical research, the article classifies parenting styles into four
primary categories: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. It then
examines the specific effects of these styles on the emotional, social, and cognitive
development of children. Authoritative parenting, which is marked by a high level
of parental responsiveness and demanding expectations, is regularly linked to
favourable developmental results such as increased self-esteem, improved academic
achievement, and greater social abilities. By contrast, authoritarian parenting,
characterized by its focus on stringent regulations and minimal emotional
assistance, frequently results in diminished self-esteem and increased levels of
anxiety and violence. Permissive parenting, characterized by a high level of
responsiveness but modest expectations, can lead to challenges in self-regulation
and academic underperformance. Conversely, neglectful parenting, which is
characterized by a low level of responsiveness and low expectations, is associated
with various adverse consequences, such as behavioral issues and poor academic
achievement. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of psychological and
environmental variables on the formation of these effects. The text provides
practical suggestions for both parents and educators on how to use well-informed
and balanced parenting strategies that promote ideal child development.

Keywords: Child Development; Cognitive Development; Comprehensive Review;

Emotional Growth; Parenting Styles.

INTRODUCTION

The process of parenting is a crucial and significant factor in moulding the

development of a kid, including a wide range of customs, views, and actions. For
decades, psychology research has focused on the significance of parental behaviours
in child development, collecting substantial evidence that demonstrates their

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significant influence on a kid's social, psychological, and intellectual development.

An analysis of the impact of various parenting styles on development can offer
significant knowledge for educators, parents, and legislators seeking to promote the
best possible child development (Jeong et al., 2021).

Definition of Parenting Styles

Parenting styles encompass the comprehensive structures of conduct that parents
demonstrate in their engagements with their children. Through her groundbreaking
research in the 1960s, Diana Baumrind developed a fundamental framework that
identified three main parenting types: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
Subsequent studies extended this classification to encompass a fourth category:
negligent or disengaged parenting. Individual styles are distinguished by different
degrees of attentiveness and demanding nature, which collectively shape the
developmental path of children.

The behavioural patterns, emotional responses, and interpersonal abilities of

parents are essential factors in the personal growth and self-management of persons
in social situations. The interaction between emotions and interpersonal abilities
might serve as either risky or protective variables in relation to problematic
behaviours during adolescence (Carapito et al., 2018). Enhancing personal
autonomy, alterations in family dynamics, the move from specific to formalized
thinking, and changing social interactions are elements that influence the
psychosocial growth of an individual, with the family assuming a pivotal position.
The emotional, social, and personal development of teenagers is significantly
influenced by the parenting behaviours and family dynamics they experience. These
concepts (parenting styles, affects, and interpersonal abilities) can be
interconnected, where the parenting styles influence the other variables.

Authoritative parenting
An authoritative parenting style is characterized by a harmonious combination of
affection and organization. Parents that incorporate this approach demonstrate both
attentiveness to their children's requirements and provide explicit expectations and
limits. Their approach involves transparent communication, promotion of autonomy,
and use of logical thinking instead of punitive actions. Empirical studies repeatedly
demonstrate that children brought up by authoritative parents have a propensity for
elevated self-esteem, superior academic achievement, and enhanced social
competencies. This parenting approach is commonly linked to a favourable child
development path, characterized by improved emotional control and reduced
behavioural issues.

Authoritarian parenting

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Authoritarian parenting, in contrast, is distinguished by demanding expectations and

limited responsiveness. Authoritarian parents impose stringent regulations and
demands from their children without offering much psychological encouragement or
facilitating open communication. This approach prioritizes compliance and self-
control, frequently achieved by harsh consequences. Children reared in
authoritarian parenting styles may have diminished self-esteem, heightened anxiety,
and challenges in social relationships (Balantekin et al., 2020). Existing research
suggests that although authoritarian parenting can prompt instant obedience, it can
also give rise to enduring difficulties in emotional and social growth.

Permissive parenting
Permissive parenting is characterized by a prominent level of responsiveness but a
minimal level of demandingness. Permissive parents exhibit warmth and nurturing
qualities, although they do not establish clear limits or expectations. Parents often
grant their children substantial autonomy and refrain from enforcing regulations or
exercising discipline. The permissive parenting style, although promoting a robust
parent-child relationship and creativity, can also result in challenges related to self-
regulation, academic achievement, and behavioural difficulties. Offspring raised in
permissive households may have difficulties in assuming authority and responsibility,
which can hinder their capacity to adjust to organized working settings.

Parental Negligence
Negligent or uninvolved parenting is characterized by insufficient levels of both
attentiveness and demanding nature. Negligent parents exhibit a state of social
detachment and disengagement from their children's lives, offering no emotional
encouragement or supervision. This parenting approach is linked to several adverse
consequences, like behavioural problems, subpar academic achievement, and
emotional challenges. Children residing in neglectful households frequently
encounter difficulties in cultivating positive relationships and managing stress.

Influences of Culture and Context

It is imperative to acknowledge that parenting approaches do not function
independently. The influence of cultural and contextual dimensions is substantial in
determining methods of parenthood and their impact on the development of
children. The definition and perception of parenting styles are influenced by cultural
norms and beliefs. For example, what is deemed knowledgeable in one culture may
be interpreted differently in another. Furthermore, socioeconomic variables, levels
of parental education, and dynamics within the family might influence the
implementation and results of parenting styles.

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Multiple conceptual frameworks provide valuable understanding of the processes by

which parenting styles impact the development of children. For instance,
attachment theory highlights the significance of safe parent-child interactions in
promoting sound emotional and social growth. Child-rearing techniques that foster
stable relationships, such as authoritarian parenting, are linked to favourable
developmental results. Alternatively, parenting methods that weaken the
establishment of secure attachment, such as negligent or authoritarian parenting,
might result in difficulties in child development.

The social learning theory offers a conceptual framework for comprehending the
influence of different parenting approaches. According to this hypothesis, infants
acquire behaviours and attitudes from direct observation and subsequent imitation
of their respective parents. Authoritative parenting, characterized by its focus on
demonstrating desirable conduct and fostering transparent communication,
enhances the development of adaptive social and emotional abilities. Conversely,
autocratic and negligent parenting styles may exemplify less adaptive behaviours
and fall short in offering the essential direction for sound growth. Given the
substantial influence of parenting styles on child development, this review intends
to offer a thorough examination of the existing research on the subject. The
objective of the review is to elucidate the connections between various approaches
to parenting and important developmental outcomes such as emotional regulation,
communication abilities, educational achievement, and behavioural changes by
combining results from several studies. Furthermore, the review will analyse the
influence of cultural and contextual elements in governing these impacts and
emphasize deficiencies in the current body of knowledge.

Furthermore, the review will provide pragmatic suggestions for parents, educators,
and policymakers derived from the offered research. Through a comprehensive
understanding of the effects of various approaches to parenting, participants can
make well-informed choices to promote the best possible child development and
tackle feasible obstacles. Ultimately, the investigation of parenting approaches and
their influence on child development is a crucial field of study with extensive
consequences (Mak et al., 2020). Given the continuous evolution of parenting
methods and the changing societal standards, it is crucial to continuously study how
these practices impact developmental outcomes. The objective of this review is to
enhance the overall comprehension of this intricate connection and offer practical
insights for fostering sound child development.

Objectives of the research

• To consolidate the current body of research on types of parenting and
developmental consequences

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• To assess the influence of cultural and contextual elements on methods of

parenthood
• To pinpoint deficiencies and constraints in the existing body of research
• To offer pragmatic suggestions for parents, educators, and policymakers

LITERATURE REVIEW

The influence of parenting styles on child development has been a central focus of
psychological research, with a multitude of studies investigating the effects of
different parenting techniques on diverse developmental outcomes. This literature
review presents a comprehensive summary of significant discoveries about each
specific parenting style—authoritarian, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—
and their impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive growth of children.

Authoritative parenting
An authoritative parenting style is defined by a combination of high responsiveness
and strong demandingness. Authoritative parents employ a combination of support
and demand, effectively harmonizing affection with organization. This particular
approach is regularly linked to favourable developmental results in several research
investigations.
Empirical studies regularly demonstrate that children who are brought up by
authoritarian parents display elevated levels of self-esteem and emotional
management. An investigation conducted by Rohmalimna et al. (2022), revealed that
youngsters who are authoritative tend to have superior emotional well-being and
greater proficiency in managing stress and overcoming challenges. Furthermore,
these youngsters are more prone to evolving a secure attachment style, which is
associated with favourable emotional consequences.
Social development: Authoritative parenting enhances the acquisition of effective
social skills and fosters improved peer interactions. Children raised in authoritarian
households typically demonstrate more social competence and display elevated
levels of empathy and pro-social behaviour (Balantekin et al., 2020). One reason for
this is that authoritative parents frequently promote transparent communication
and provide direction in social contacts, therefore assisting children in navigating
intricate social settings.
Cognitive Development: The proven cognitive advantages of authoritative parenting
are well established. According to Lansford (2021), children who are brought up in
authoritative households generally have higher academic performance and
demonstrate enhanced cognitive competencies. This phenomenon can be ascribed
to the adept management of support and expectations by the authoritative parent,
which creates a learning atmosphere that is favourable for intellectual
development.

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Authoritarian parenting
Authoritarian parenting is characterized by a higher level of expectations and a
lower level of compliance. Authoritarian parents impose stringent regulations and
demands while offering minimal emotional assistance.
Empirical research suggests that authoritarian parenting styles can result in
diminished self-esteem and increased levels of anxiety among children. An
investigation conducted by Rohmalimna et al. (2022), revealed that children raised
in authoritarian households are more likely to encounter emotional distress and face
challenges in regulating their emotions. Deprivation of emotional support and
prioritization of compliance can erode a child's sense of self-value and emotional
fortitude.
Social Development: Authoritarian parenting styles can have adverse effects on
social development. Children raised in authoritarian households generally face
difficulties in social relationships and may display elevated levels of both
aggressiveness and social withdrawal. Authoritarian parenting, characterized by its
inflexible and controlling approach, might restrict children's chances to cultivate
proficient social abilities and experience confidence in their interpersonal
connections.
Analysis of Cognitive Development: The cognitive results linked to authoritarian
parenting are inconclusive. Previous research indicates that children raised in
authoritarian households may attain academic excellence as a result of elevated
expectations and rigorous discipline. However, they may also suffer from a
deficiency in creativity and problem-solving abilities (Jeong et al., 2021). The
prioritization of conformity above autonomous thought might limit intellectual
inquisitiveness and cognitive adaptability.

Permissive parenting
Permissive parenting is defined by significant levels of receptivity and minimal levels
of demandingness. Permissive parents cultivate a warm and tolerant environment
yet enforce little regulation or expectation.
Empirical evidence indicates that children raised in permissive households may
encounter challenges in regulating their emotions and exercising self-control. An
investigation conducted by Mak et al. (2020), revealed that children who exhibit
permissive behaviour tend to display greater levels of impulsivity and have less
capacity to regulate their emotions efficiently. Failure to establish clear limits and
maintain regular expectations might result in difficulties in cultivating self-
regulation and emotional fortitude.

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Social Development: Permissive parenting can exert both beneficial and

detrimental impacts on the process of social development. On the one hand, the
loving disposition of permissive parents can cultivate robust and encouraging bonds
with their children. Conversely, the absence of limits and controls can lead to
behavioural problems and challenges in exercising power. Adapting to regimented
situations and adhering to social norms can be challenging for children raised in
permissive households.

Cognitive Development: The cognitive results of permissive parenting exhibit a

range of variations. Although liberal parents typically create a conducive
atmosphere that fosters creativity and exploration, children may have difficulties in
terms of academic performance and self-control (Lansford, 2021). The lack of
explicit expectations and an organizing framework can affect children's capacity to
concentrate and persevere in their academic pursuits.

Parental Negligence
Neglectful parenting, alternatively referred to as uninvolved or disengaged
parenting, is distinguished by diminished levels of both responsiveness and
demandingness. Negligent parents frequently exhibit a sense of detachment and
disengagement from their children's lives.
Emotional Development: Children brought up by parents who disregard their well-
being are highly susceptible to experiencing emotional and psychological health
problems. Evidence has demonstrated that negligent parenting is correlated with
heightened levels of anxiety, sadness, and behavioural issues (Carapito et al., 2018).
Insufficient provision of emotional support and direction might result in challenges
in forming stable bonds and maintaining appropriate emotional control.
Social Development: Children from neglectful parents typically experience poor
social development. Research conducted by Balantekin et al. (2020) suggests that
these youngsters may display inadequate social skills, elevated levels of aggression,
and challenges in establishing and sustaining relationships. Without parental
engagement and direction, social competency and interpersonal skills may be
compromised.

Research has shown that neglectful parenting might have a negative impact on
cognitive development. Children from households characterized by neglect
consistently demonstrate subpar performance in academic environments and display
diminished levels of cognitive ability. Educational attainment and intellectual
development might be impeded by the absence of parental involvement and support.

An analysis of cultural and contextual factors

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It is imperative to acknowledge that the influence of parenting techniques might

range greatly among various cultural and contextual environments. Cultural norms,
social status, and family dynamics can shape the implementation of parenting
techniques and their impact on the development of children. For instance, what is
deemed authoritative in one culture may be interpreted differently in another,
therefore influencing its influence on childhood development results.
Furthermore, socioeconomic issues are of paramount importance in influencing
parenting behaviours and their consequences. Resources-constrained families may
encounter difficulties in adopting specific parenting methods, which can have an
effect on developmental results. A comprehensive grasp of these cultural and
environmental differences is crucial for the application of study results to different
groups and the development of successful parenting treatments.
The existing body of research on the influence of parenting styles on child
development provides valuable understanding of how different parenting techniques
affect different facets of a kid's development. Research repeatedly shows that
authoritative parenting is correlated with favourable emotional, social, and
cognitive results, whereas authoritarian, permissive, and negligent parenting styles
are connected with various difficulties and developmental problems. Nevertheless,
it is essential to take into account cultural and contextual elements that can
potentially reduce these impacts. Further study is required to investigate these
dynamics in greater depth and fill in the gaps in the current literature, therefore
enhancing the understanding of how parenting techniques impact child development
in various settings.

Literature Gap
Notwithstanding the considerable amount of study conducted on different types of
parenting and their impact on child development, there are still several deficiencies
in the existing literature. The current body of research on the effects of developing
parenting practices, which are shaped by contemporary social media and
technological advances, on child development is insufficient. Furthermore, although
cultural differences are recognized, there is a necessity for more comprehensive
research investigating the impact of various cultural environments on the efficacy
of parenting approaches. Third, there is a paucity of longitudinal studies
investigating the long-term impacts of parenting approaches on adult outcomes.
Moreover, empirical studies frequently fail to consider the interaction between
socioeconomic variables and parenting methods, which can influence developmental
results. Furthermore, it is imperative to do more detailed studies on the impact of
parenting techniques on children with varying requirements, such as those with
impairments or from underprivileged neighbourhoods. The resolution of these
deficiencies will augment the comprehension of methods of parenthood and provide
more focused treatments to promote favourable child development in diverse
settings.
DISCUSSION

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Overall, the findings of this extensive analysis emphasize the substantial impact that
diverse parenting styles exert on several facets of child development, encompassing
social, emotional, and intellectual areas. The authoritative parenting style regularly
proves to be the most advantageous, as it fosters robust self-esteem, interpersonal
abilities, and academic accomplishment. The equilibrium between warmth and
structure offered by authoritative parents establishes a setting in which children
experience both support and challenge, therefore promoting both autonomy and
accountability. By contrast, authoritarian parenting, which is marked by stringent
regulations and minimal emotional assistance, sometimes has varied results (Frosch
et al., 2019). Despite its potential to promote obedience and academic success, it
frequently leads to diminished self-esteem, heightened anxiety, and worse social
abilities. The prioritization of compliance and self-control can suppress innovation
and autonomous cognition, therefore constraining children's capacity to successfully
negotiate intricate social contexts.
Permissive parenting, characterized by a high level of attentiveness but low
expectations, poses an additional distinct set of difficulties. Despite the loving
atmosphere created by permissive parents, the absence of structure can result in
challenges related to self-regulation, academic underperformance, and power
struggles. The development of discipline and resilience necessary for success in
structured environments may be challenging for children who are brought up in
permissive households.
Negligent parenting, characterized by a deficiency in both responsiveness and
rigorousness, is linked to the most adverse consequences. Children residing in home
environments characterized by neglect are more susceptible to experiencing
emotional issues, social challenges, and subpar academic achievements (Fang et al.,
2022). Insufficient parental engagement and direction can result in various
developmental challenges, including maladaptive attachment and behavioural
disorders.
The aforementioned results emphasize the need for adopting a well-rounded
parenting strategy that integrates assistance with explicit expectations.
Nevertheless, it is crucial to take into account the cultural and social environment
in which parenting takes place. Cultural conventions, economic forces, and social
expectations exert effects on parenting techniques, therefore preventing their
existence in isolation (Greene et al., 2020). For example, what is considered
authoritative in a specific society may be interpreted differently in another,
therefore influencing its influence on the development of children. Moreover, the
analysis uncovers a deficiency in the existing body of knowledge concerning the
enduring consequences of different parenting methods and their impact on life
outcomes in adulthood. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies that
investigate the enduring effects of these phenomena, together with the influence
of contemporary factors such as social media and technological advances on
parenting methods. Gaining insight into these relationships will offer a more
complete understanding of how approaches to parenting influence not just childhood
but also early life development.

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DISCUSSION
Eventually, parenting styles are crucial in determining a child's growth, impacting
their intellectual, emotional, and behavioural results. Based on an extensive analysis
of current research, it is evident that authoritative parenting, which is marked by
affection, attentiveness, and well-defined limits, is regularly linked to favourable
developmental results such as increased academic performance, improved
emotional control, and enhanced social abilities. By contrast, authoritarian
parenting, characterized by rigorous discipline and limited responsiveness,
frequently results in negative consequences such as diminished self-esteem and
heightened behavioural issues. Adopting a permissive parenting style, characterized
by indulgence and leniency, can lead to challenges in self-control and subpar
academic achievement. Negligent parenting, characterized by insufficient attention
and engagement, is associated with the most harmful consequences, like attachment
problems and inadequate peer interactions.
Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the influence of parenting techniques
varies among children and can be modulated by elements such as cultural
background, socio-economic standing, and the unique temperament of each child.
Moreover, whereas parenting styles offer a valuable construct for comprehending
child growth and development, they are just one component of a more
comprehensive system that encompasses environmental, genetic, and cultural
variables. Subsequent investigations should persist in examining these interactions
to facilitate a more intricate comprehension of how various parenting methods
impact the development of children among distinct demographic groups. Ultimately,
it is essential to cultivate a parenting style that is maintained, flexible, and
understanding in order to enhance the well-being and integrated growth of children.

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