HERMOMETRY
heat , méy -Science o meoUse
" Thom0 meons
-ment
physios ohich deal wit the Abucly ]
The bicunch temratse called
Scienee and easwsmnt
umometeola
themometyThe cewice wse
yHeot
Heat is atom eneiqy that is tlaeed em
Gre body to ounothe due to diteience c tenmpetatu
Heat u a 4oam enoqy n ticrstes dA taansit
coulled haat
The etfect thes ticnbter can be Gbse ved bu lbserviuq
change in curtaiu physical qucthtyto,vire+c)
>ettect q Heat
’ Phase chonges (T- costat)
Temp changes (Phase semaiy
Cevitent)
yits teat
ST wnt
CGSwniti Catoil
202s
-Temperae
dt is a measuse handem energy 4] 0scitlatten
of a system
’ Sone Smpotout yaca about tempeat¬c
phuysical quartitiescat
2. Tempoate is a acalal quantity
3- 40e ca ise the temp. 0cy atoy level but
cand Iowe the tenpeate below o en the
OK- abATlute temp
Keluin Scale 9MMAL
1orm hgh to lew tewyienatuo
tteat alays ews
4 bodyb w 0 ? a
ZekothLalw Thodynmicsg
whew two boclies Aand B e
accordina to this dau, A and B e n thelmal
oth but
Nolated en eack and B ae dd tn b
equlibim with bocy C, then A
in thomal equilbin
T¡ -Te
To - Tc
Then Ac2 z L0T >TA T&
Thmal Eqilibim
bodies are aid to be u thsmal eqlbiwm i
two heat exchange blw
temperatwe
temperatwe the
thay hae some
two bodies in centact u not taking
NOTE Zeoth LOL qives the concept
temperatue
As we know fonu 2euste kas, evey sustea 0Y bocy hay
p&opty called tempeatwe Th0LOd such
System or bocdy we measure temperature by measU lu
sevne physical quantity which depends on temp
tength, area or v o l m e o o d e s t
3 Yesisfane o moterial etc
To dune tempeaate-accsately we need heomete
adevie to
neasue called ostomater Chd o tu
we heed ascale.
To define the, tempesatue scole wue reaixe too
potvds ,ie, uppa ed poit (steam pei) and touwer
ete
t0
hay y
212 180
Ra460 K-273 of-32
60672- 373-273 21232 l00-o
°F-32K273 C-0
46o Ra-
ath notec +oble,
be to above the Ge s 0TE N
be72 RaRankine
212
ReuneY
80
278-1S Relviw
313-1SOP
10o
Tohrenheit
212 32
Celsiu
00 al
SyM&DL NAme
UFP LPp
Temperate
Secle
TSI UPPLE P
tcal ouy costat
ottewypexate LFP deflne To
le stype auy fos scale poiut) (ice poiut foed to
Grapical Conept Tempelatuue Scole
Staoght ine : Cy m ] geutol eguat
Gntercept
ton 9
0- anti clock wise i4
With -aiC
7
-Ve
+Ve
9<a0 O90°
acuto obtule
m tve
CVe
C e C-Ve
m ve
Syecial Case
oF-322hsklgpllbgaadk
OF-32
180
of-32
"C = 5 op - 32 XS
X
°C = 5 -160
Dxcw he anaph betw eln oc od op kecpns
oF -32
180
0f-32
5
32
-°c +32
O1ou the
= k-273
Oc = K-273
-m=
-213
oLpesetWhich
d
slatie the
oltuolg
blo
qnapk
oc
and
coN\e
F
ctty
C
d- nol-1S°z Us q°f 0)
Colala¯to
-qS+|S A
a-65°2SCale
n 100
(u)y°p-160 100-0OC-0 oleing
scalw
-9s2-AS) he Tho °C
chowge Ac2Q °c 5°
-(-1S)6S a of-32
oF-32 temp callecl si Cund F ound
Of-32 K-273 -
ol c 100 160 OF-32 the
evtutic = k oF
uo° z K temperawse
of-32 46°
212-324 en
C boilin
2 book K=
scale Gu k-273
oF ound that
=' -32 which
AZ
chewngee Scale dusoibls
F- W)
K-k=27339
P9 -32°F
320AZ 4°R OF w
-25-bR=
20°2 l48°F aatel -128
c and be
tempelatu
cnz =9°R oum
cue oR
scale Seeued o
>Types Thamemetey
! Kiquid (expansion) thesmoretos
by chagng ti haiqht (area -Cern St)
Metcusy à pefeed oel thel uigurds because io
LR-Loc oC-0
100 -0
Lioo'c-Lo»
=Gna auid thimettel seading lengta
ungth
shawne 50cn and a0m at o°c ard io0°c
Tepectvely Find the tempua tuur on th scale
G0-50
90 -50 S100
40
Juquid becaute eypai
Two tyypes a) Costont vowme
b) Corstont prUe
CvGT CPGTr (213
R-0 Ve - Voc OC -0
Pe -Po'c
100-0 9100 23
Riocc Pote 92 Voo' - Vo'c
3
92
Le potnt
- The sea cing cohespondig to the atd
CPGT ohe 500 6c surc.
E steam point to a
temp be. ay
4 the suading co5spondune to' AoeVv
510-600
5US-s0(00iblsfSA
Si A CVG T shows paswe eacne o 50cm and
a0cun macy at o°c and L60c esputte temp
40- 50
3 Resistonce Themometev a
Ut watk oe the prlnciple d a piqpeity os cCiCte d
oith matoiol caled ous esstancl
100 -O
Ricoe -Ro'e
(ALORMeTRY
Mety Science wMeas Weent
* Calonie- Heato
The brcnch physiu, that deala wite the studu
te heot evolvec o ob A0kbed
Sueuce Ct measung
csing the couse cheical actiee ol chanse
Caloimee
evie wsed to maoue u
exchange &heat between
Calosimety is the poce
difevent substane
Heat () enery in transit
hecut is o fovvn
As we already know that
kivetic eelgy
body. Sevvutinms heot u aso kntn a
aocioted with c
Thesumal evgy Substane we cann dbsevve the
when we heat to any
tenpexate os change un phase.
Change un GGS wniit s Caloie
and
S] wit o heat u Jeule cse the
nount o hat seaed to
1 calosie - itt is the
15:5°C
kalent heoti ng lcooiny
Senshle Phase chenes
Temypoate chanye, 4emp'doent change
out temp
but Phase deesnt haye
f heatialoaoxbed |sijected, cause Ne4ll tie tenpel
-atw t t Choveina 4he phose, it is Said to bee
Types senjlbe neatng leoding
eat copacity lThmal copaci by (kj: is Hhe
mout heot absohbed on ecteed 40er ut e
94
Mothematt caly TA
K= dQ dQ - kdt
dT
LAQKAT
i quoutity matta
) quality matHer
u) stato o atter
SpecRc heat cayoa city Cs) : it a the ameunt heat
J
aboAbed ol sejected per urit ae ot ihall temp
wnit mas
pa
mathemti callyug gs h
1 dQ ’dQ= Smdt} wnit
m dt
kg -K
2
1AQAQ=SmAT
Relatiom b<ww k nd s
TA
m
i) quality matte
ii) AtoE mottel
) sp. ho Ot o wate H2000 (or) "1cal ) Sp kaat o vapos
kg -k 9 0.47 cal
2100T 9-°c
t eamout oheat oubin
Caacity Cc) tai ntemperetue
in]Mola Heot osr
hejectud pa wutse
wole
mathematically
C = LdQ
wnite;
K-moy C+f(t)ie
AT
AQ > AQ = Cn
CAT
CandK h
Relation blw
Relation b/w Ccnd
t*
n dT
mw
dT
) quality mouasha
cdepends pen i) tae mottel
cnent wala fo
iv]Wat& equivalentC): - t is the
aumot hect to scne Ch
ohich t wil ao AoE same
as thot a body X,tan this anmouht
4 temypetabe,
ootn is ou ol to be wo equvoleut bodiy X
mathematicoly
AQs = AQ
w My Sy
Sw
dapends pon: )uculity
i) quatity matte
ii) Statt
Skg end mila mas 60gImol absoNbed
t Abody d ma
o) ktot capacity b)s ) e d) w
a) K dQ ACAk0
dT 0. k273
3-5
O5.
t04J
S= J
5 2155K
S2e kg-k
c) C= mws
*-mol k-mol
d) w= mx Sx
Sw
W= 5 x105X4
4200
w 20X103
A2 XLo
21
21
20q Cerntas I80g
=2. Acoppa caloUmetr o weter equtvolt d the minimum
wae andvon sphe o maw 2004 - Fin
d n
ls
amout o heat required by the system to Aar'se
tempeatuse by 20C - Gwen So 1 cal ancl Siron OL4 cal
9-°
Tstal aootu = 180q t 209 200q
47- 20°c
Q
ms AT
of wa = 200 y1 X20 2204)
2 400O cal
200 X0.X X20 111
209
2 1600 cal
Qvotal 4000 +1600 56 cal
watr equivaleut SrGA
w= my Sy
Sw
2Q00 x O 4 0
Total ater = 28 09
280 XI X 2 O
= 5600 cal.
katent Heating /cooling
2lectéd Wiat to chahgethe phase or
the bedy ahoñbed I chánging tempera tuie, then t is
Statu motter oite
1copling
Soid
Heabing iquid cooling
Gas a
fusion (L;):
i)) Latnt kaat of absorbed by a beet solid bods per unitl
amewnt of heat phase at its melting
cervert itself tnto icjutd
mass to tenperatre is called Latent
þeints wotthout chonging
heat of fusion
en: ce ’ water
mathematcally Unit
SI =
or Le
ol m
AM Cas = cal
AQ= Lç AM
cal (9m
Lç of ice at 0°c - 80
= 336 KJ| k
in Latent neat of Freezing (Le):
Lp of water at oc = -9O call9m NaterTce
--336 KT/KQ
iu) Latent heat of vapousisation ( Lv) :
amount heat ab Aobecl by e igidl b0dy per uet mas
to cenvert itcelf into vOupeur phaGe at is boiling point
Jitheut changing tempera toe
e: watersteom
\water
mat bemuticouluy
Ly dQ Cal
dm
Ly Am wnit: k9 01)
dQ= LV dm AQ LV AM
|00° = S40call9m
Ly of Hz0 at
(v) Latent heat o
d cendensa tion (Le)
’Water
Steam
eatnat too'c = -54o catlq m
Lc of st
Le =-2268 KI/k
(v) Latent Heat of Sublimatlen (Ls)' solid
pel wutmaM
o0 dy p0L
The amGwnt oo heat absobed by aabody
to cerwert atself into vape phe diicctly bypasinA
No4
iquid phQse oitieut changintempirathe
dasho Camnphor, Najlhaleve balus
(u) Latent heat of Hoal Frosting (LH):
Soudo
Snowfal
70
’Heating Curve
a cemplelea is uali sakion o chang
eatng curve qives ee us
phase tempetoatube and
apot er grauph betweeh
Jt is baSiCally on y-anis auncl heato
-axIS
heot ohere teperte
tKor°c
000001
G
6-P heating
va-p
-risa How
Sublimation
h e a t i
o n g
f
Solic
t Q:msAT Qmhpl Q=msAT Q=mLvl Q
mSAT
Q= ms AT
(T/cat)
AT = Q
ms
y = mx
sLope (m) ms
Ssotid Sug. > Sgas
Stepeotrt Stepesouidt S
Slope solid< Slopeiq ud K SelPegas
the ameunt o hat seqxcd to cervert 1kg o tu
Dtet Find heati ng curve
da
at -10°c nto vapouw alSo
ice at o'c
lce at o'c
Q=mLf
water at o°c
Q= msAT (3
water ot l0o°c
Q=mLv (
vapea at 100'c
Q= me AT
F 5000 col 21 kI
+1000g X80 cal /g m
8000o cal
3) Q- ms AT
- l000g X1 X 100
E |00, 000 col /420 KJ
-S40, 000cal
Total Q 105,000cl
T,o
Water
Ice
SODO
waler I850c6125 oo0Q-tol
Col
SGO00
0Sboo bg0 0oo cal ’-10o, 000 cal-540000 col
jce cal
hect
Principke Caloxi me tty
two objects Cene n ceutact, then the ftows rom
hen tempetate dbject
hgher temperatse to Lower thiS procesS nouit
themal equicbrium u attained Gn
Gbje ct s equal to fhe
heat ost by bughel tempel otuetempetaute object if no
t hect gaine d by Lowe
uckage heat takes place That is heat Loss = heat go)
is heat
4 no leckage faks place.
NOTG
for ex
TLoss = Ti -TË Tgau T -TË
Cal culatien o temperatwe d mixtuse
TYPE 1- when both oubstanees ae k Some phase
J 10g Ha0 at 30'c io mi ed wi-thh ieoq H20 ut 70°C
Find the temperature o the mintue.
(o09 H20 TO°c
qain Q=msAT
Heat qon hact loos
|Øx1x(e-30) =Lop x Lx (1o°-e)
9-30 = 100° |09
|19= 730°
9=130
eual momes thse dlitent uiqwids A, B and c
21 he temp 1a'C and 28c enectively . The temyy
wohe Horc
Q0 12°C, 23c, mied it u
when A and C ae mixed.
ha whot should be the temp
TA =12°c Te = 19c Te = 26°c
B
TAr 23° 28°
Q mSAT
A mSp(23-()= ms (28-23)
19°
S (4) =Se (5) e)
y sA (16 -12) = M12 -16) 4SA () = ScC5)
Sa(4) = Ss (3) t)
S 4SA 16SA
16
C
12t
16
SA (6-1) ns (28-e)
SA (9-12)= 16se
15
(28-e)
15 SA (9-12) - 166A (28-6)
15SA - 130Sp = 4uBSp -16 SA O
31%B = 628A
31
TYPEhen
TY PE -2 ' when too bstounce ahe n perenl phase a
ae mixed. Finc
300, H,0 ot 25% and 400g d lce at o°c
300g H;0 252
1009 o Tce o'c
Gai
Demand abh Sunplyste
L00 x 80
= 300 x( x2s-0o
- 8000 col 2 1500 cal
Hee we can see that Qd> Qs , t meom ice hequhec
moae heat to melt sey cepetely in cael buk it co
Wot be OMi ble ths we can concde 4at parttal
meltng Lce tabes place cc temp semarws at 0c.
be o°c
Fnd the masS o ie Semasn wmeltedd
mz43
ie wnmelte L00-43.7=6-3a
max
Golw Dit asSwme LOSS
supply
- 10000 col
-8000 cal t ms AT Qs= nS0T
-4000 cal
- 4000cal
’10°c
tho
ten s4ethat supply o mO
) ttee we can oe
ncl
place
will not be
head psesent , the temp
ttfthe , SU Aeme am ount by utiù iy
systen will sthel sAe
fho system q
heot.
ßn ta caLse 2000 cal a keat semoins and may wat
berenes 260a
32000
>an hen bleck ms 200g onde specific hkat capaity
9-c
at 80c is $09 H2O at 20°
Then fnd equitbiwn t e p 2 e o
CGntous
H20 ot 30. Oe ur uen sphene at a09 s qeuty placed
Ch the calo\imeti and equiwbium temp found to be
40C. Fund the mou inse sphoe csumny tha uohee
Suysten homally inAaled 80 that the aysten does
no JONe heat to fhe snoundny Given Sisew
209
Covnen centaunes deally wwatzd peru NUSRendusl
Co that no
luokage baot takes place anc also no het
obsONbed byoy centaih fuud equiib iuw temp
c'orhmom contanl, thomally isulcllel fo
the mixhre.
and also coupositie
Specit tonctpt o Heat eutve
-’Taiple Point biothel o LOAdKelvi
Thonps ovn n 1831,
Noneoven by anes
substouce a the
Gn thomodynamie,the tsupe point the
tempulae phese at wtic all three phases
co-exist in
(sout, iquid qaS) of that sustonce
Hhermo dunoumic egiibium
temperature cnel pre SSure at ohick the
Jt is thet
Stbotr sub limoten curve, fusier curve and vap ourt Satiou
Curve eet
water at the triple point ,the temp is Oe O1c 0r
*For
O-0062 atrn
213.16K and pressure s 4o6 mm of H or
P-T qaph also
Called as
celine Vapo
Phase grouph Line
0.0062m
SubtieLine
Hg
O:01°c
OY
213-16K
Special Cencept gq Hecting Cuav e
Temp
1> mi =2 0 0 2
T-80°c
Si O.4 col
9-°c
80q g Hz0at 80°c e 80g of H,O 2a
w Sae LOSS
80x1 x(Ae -e) = goxI Ye-20)
80- = -D0
2=[00
9- 50
27 Wien mu S
Sw
9=40o
0.umg o Hz0 at 4dc (20+180)a g Hz0 ct 30
LoSs
= 200x | X Io°
=100g
209 ice @ o'c o'c 009 Hz0 @80°c
aSsme
Q= msAT
20 X&0
= 100 XIX S0
= 800O cal
64 00 ca 6 heot emCiws
mo Hz 0 = 1209
Q= mS AT
Gu0 20 x1(0-0)
9 -53.3°c
109 1 ie -10°c assme
demendl supply
Q=msAT
Q- mL
8000al mass ice meted =.Ly -
equiliban 425 0-6259
s Qd > Qs Temp = 0c ma sso Hy0 14264- 10G 25
mass o ice = 0-+25
F-8169 q-315
