Analysis of Rates (Module 2) |

Module 2

Analysisof Rates
ANALYSIS OF RATES 3) The Schedule of Rates consists rates about 2500-3000
items under different subheads like building work,
Ques 1) What do youunderstand by CPWD? water supply, sanitary, etc.
The schedule of rates is being prepared by committee of
Ans: Central Public Works Department (CPWD) chief engineers based on the market rates framed by the
The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) is a Government.
govermment organization in India that is responsible for Schedule of Rates of Labours
the construction and maintenance of government
buildings and infrastructure. It was established in July ) Various categories of labours/artisans are required for
1854 and operates under the Ministry of Housing and construction. The rates may vary from place to place.
Urban Affairs. Sr. No. Typeof Labours Rates (per day)
The CPWD is responsible for the planning, designing, and 1) Mistry 400
2) Mason 300
construction of government buildings, including offices, 3) Male labour 200
hospitals, schools, and residences. It also undertakes civil
4) Female labour 180
engineering works such as roads, bridges, and other
infrastructure projects. 5) Carpenter 300
6) Blacksmith 300
Apart from construction and maintenance of government 7) Painter 250
buildings, CPWD also provides consultancy services to 8) White washer 200
various government departments and agencies. Italso works 9) Plumber 300
on various conservation and heritage projects, such as 10) Watchman 200
restoring and maintaining historical buildings and monuments.
Uses of Schedule of Rates
CPWD has its headquarters in New Delhi and has regional 1) The SOR describes the approved standard rates to be
offices in various parts of the country. It has a team of fallowed for estimation.
qualified engineers, architects, and other professionals
whoare involved in the planning and execution of various 2) One needs to match the Clause number and deseripion
projects. The department also has a workforce of skilled for calculating the estimated amount per SOR.
and semi-skilled workers who are involved in the
Rural Standard Schedule of Rates (RSSR)
construction and maintenance of government buildings 1) Schedule of rates for MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi
and infrastructure.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) works.
Oues 2) What is the CPWD schedule of rates as per 2) The rates for unskilled is decided as per the time of
work.
latest DSR (District Schedule Rates) and give the uses
of schedule of rates? 3) The unskilled rate shall be calculated in such a way
Or that he get one hour free in a day with 8 working
What is schedule for Rate (SOR)? hours to get approved wages per day.
Ans: CPWDSchedule of Rate 4) Each state has own Schedule of Rate (SOR) for
MGNREGA Works.
Schedule of Rates (SOR)is a document in which details of
rates of skilled labour, unskilled labour, material rates and Ques 3) Explain the Analysis of Rates as per latest
conveyance rates which are adopted to publish every year. DAR (Decision Analysis and Resolution). Also discuss
Schedule of Rates may be different for different states: the purpose and importance of analysis of rates.
1) It consists of group of items such as excavation items, Ans: Analysis of Rates
concrete items, demolition items, plumbing items; Rate analysis is the basis for arriving at a correct rate per
electr1fication works, etc.
unit work or supply of work specifications such as labor,
2) Schedule of Rates is prepared by Central Public materials, and equipment. IL can also be defined as the
Works Department (CPWD) which is premier analytical study that leads to the definition of unit rates of
construction organization of Government of India. work by identifying the basic requirenments.
 and Valuation)KI:
Series(QuantitySurveying
20 B.Tech, Eighth Seme_ter TP Solved to increase in the
the schedule of rates due
Rate analysis is the basis for arriving at a correct rate per 4) To revise and labour or
due to
unit work or supply of work specifications such as labor, cOst of material
change intechnique
materials, and equipment. It can also be defined as the
analytical study that leads to the definition of unit rates of
work by identifying the basic requirements. Importance of Rate Analysis gives a clear picture of
analysis
The process of rateand machinery and services involved
Purpose of Analysis of Rates various factors, toolsfinished item. For example, in case of
of
in manufacturingmaterial purchased a
Following are the main purpose of carrying out the rate
raw is brick which is
analysis an item: brickwork, bricks are
mortar (cement: sand)
) To deternine the actual cost of per unit of the items certain rate, then using materials such as cement, sand.
layed. In laying of bricks by
all activities is performed
To examine the economical use of materials and
processes in completing the particulars item. water, etc., is required andrequired. Now final analysis of
3) To work out the cost of extra items which are not as
mason and bhisti, etc.. determined
is considering all these
provided in the contract bond, but are to be rate of brickwork
done as per the directions of the department. factors.

Ques 4) Give the essentials of rate of analysis. Also write the uses of rate of analysis.
Ans: Essentials of Rate of Analysis
For arriving at the correct rate of analysis of a particular item, the following essentials are necessary for the persOn catying
out rate of analysis:

1) Good knowledge of construction work and familiarity with the trade:

2) Information regarding costs of materials, labour and equipnent's; and
3) Output of labourer, i.e., task works per day for various trades.

Aschedule or list of rates of various itens is prepared after the analysis of rates of these itens. It is prepared by large
concems or public bodies such as CPWD, State Governments, etc. Let's see example of analysis of rate done by CPWD.
Table 2.1:
Brick Work with Common Burnt Clay F.P.S. (Non-modular) Bricks of Class Designation 7.5in Foundation and Plinth in:
Cement Mortar 1:4 (1 cenment: 4 coarse sand)
Code
Deseription Unit Quantity Rate ()
Details of cost for l cum Material
2602 Common burnt clay F.P.S. (non-modular) bricks class designation 7.5 1000 Nos 0.494 4500.00
2201 Carriage mortar l:4 (| cement: 4 coarse sand) 2223.00
1000 Nos 0,494
3.9 Rate as per item No 3,9 of SH: Mortar 276.72 136.70
CUm 0.25
9999 Sundries 4010.35 1002.59
L.S. 2.73
Labour 2.00 5.46
0123 Mason (brick layer) 1 class
0124 Mason (brick layer) 2 class day 0.36 738.00 265.68
0115 Coolie day 0.36
679.00 244.44
0101 Bhisti day 1.37
558.00
day 764.46
Total 0.20
617.00 123.40
Add 1% Water charges on W"
4765.73 W
Total
47.66
Add GST on "X" (multiplying factor 0,1405)
Total 4813.38 X
Add 15% CPOH on Y 676.28
Total s489.66 Y
Add Cess @ 1% on Z 823.45
Cost of ICum. 6313.11Z
Say 63.13
6376.25
Table 2,2: Cement Mortar l:6 (1 6376.25
cement: 6 coarse sand
Code Deseription
Details of cost for Icum Unit
Material Quantity Rate
2602 Comnon burntcl:ay F.P.S. (non-modular) bricks cluss designation 7.5
1000 Nos
2201 Carriage of Bricks 1000 Nos 0.494
Cement iortar 1:6 (l cement: 6coarse sand) (Rate as per item No 3.11) 0.494 4500,00 222R00
276.72 136.70
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 21

3.11 Rate as per Item No. 3.11 of

SH: Mortar cum 0.25 3356.15 839.04
9999 Sundries L.S. 2.73 2.00 5.46
Labour
0123 Mason (brick layer) 1"class day 0.36 738.00 265.68
O124 Mason (brick layer) 2nd class day 0.36 679.00 244.44
O115 Coolie day i.37 558.00 764.46

Uses of Rate of Analysis

) The work carried out by the department is estimated according to DSR.
2) Rates shown in DSR keep check on rates quoted by the contractor.
3) If rates of contractor differ much with rates in DSR, ténder may be rejected.

Ques 5) Write the difference between schedule of rates and analysis of rates.

Ans: Difference between Schedule of Rates and Analysis of Rates

Schedule of Rates Analysis of Rates
It is a schedule maintained in PWD indicating the rates in respect It is a component-wise breakup of the rate indicated for each
of all the works that are commonly undertaken in the division. item of work in the schedule of rates.
This schedule facilitates the preparation of the estimates in the It is a detailed working sheet showing the quantity and value of
division. This schedule is also referred to at the time of settling each input required to completely do an item of work.
rates for work during negotiation with the contractors.
|It isprepared on the basis of rates prevailing in each locality. Thus. it supplements/supports the Schedule of Rates.
|I is revised from time to time. It is not revised from time to time.

Ques 6) What is specification? Also discuss the factors It is different for different classes of buildings, ie.:
affecting and classification. 1) First Class ii) Second Class
Or iii) Third Class iv) Fourth Class
Explainthe various type of specification. 2) Detailed Specifications: The detailed specifications
Or
form a part of a contract document. They specify the
What are different types of specification? qualities. quantities and proportions of materials and
the method of preparation and execution for a
Ans: Specification particular item of works in a project.
Specifications describe the nature and the class of the
work, materials to be used in the work, workmanship, etc. The detailed specifications of the different items of
and are very important for the execution of the work. The the work are prepared separately and hey describe
cost of a work depends much on the specifications. what the work should be and how tlaey shall be
Specifications should be clear. It describes the nature and executed. While writing the detailed specifications,
class of work, materials to be used in work. It describe the same order sequence as the work is to be carried
quantity of materials, proportion of mortar. workmanship. out is to be maintained.
etc., which are not mentioned in drawings. Drawings and
Specifications collecively define the full structure. Ques 7) What is the purpose of specifications?

Factors Affecting the Specification Ans: Purpose of Specifications

The factors on which specifications depend upon are Purposes of specifications are as follows:
mentioned below: 1) The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its
1) Nature of the work specifications.
2) Strength of materials 2) Specification of a work is required to deseribe the
3) Availability of materials quality and quantity of different materials required for
4) Quality of Materials a construction work and is one of the essential
contract documents.
Classification of Specification
Specifications are of two types: 3) This also specifies the workmanship and the method
1) General or Brief Specification. In general of doing the work. Thus specification of a work serves
specifications,nature and class of works and names of as a guide to a supervising staff of a contractor as well
materials that should be used are described. Only a as io the owner to execute the work to their
satisfaction.
brief description of each and every item is given. It is
useful for estimating the project. The general 4) A work is carried-out according to its specification
specifications do not form a part of contract and the contractor is paid for the same. Any change in
document. specification changes the tendered rate.
 Semester TP Solved Series (Quantity Surveying and Valuation) KTU
B.Tech. Eighth
shall
specification, a vii) Finishing: The inside and outside walls
As the rate of work is based on the Drawing,
3)
various items of have 1.25cm thick cement plaster. shall have 2
Ontracor can calculate the rates of dining and bed rooms inside of walls
materials
Worsin tender with his pvurement rates of coats of distemper and other
rOoms shali have
specification of
and labour. Thus tender rate without three coats of white washing. The outside of the
works is hascless, incomplete and invalid. wall shall have two coats of colour washing over
6) Spitication is necessary to specify the equipment one coat of white washing.
lools and plants to be engaged for a work and thus three
enables to procure them beforehand. viii) Painting: Doors and windows shall be given
zinc or
coats of white lead where exposed and white
) The nevessity of specification is to verify and check
the strength of materials for a work involved in a cream or grey silicate paint elsewhere.
shall be
ix) Miscellaneous: First class buildings
provided with first class sanitary and water
Ques $) Give the general specifications of residential supply fittings and electrical installations. A
building. plinth protection 1.50m wide of bricks sloped
Or away from the building shall be provided all
Explain the general specification of all items of a round the building. Plinth Area Rate 4.500.00 to
residential building. ?5,500 per sq. meter. (Rates variable)

Ans: General Specifications of Residential Building 2) General Specifications of Second Class Buildings:
Followings are the general specifications of second
General specification for residential building or brief class buildings:
specitications gives the nature and class of the work and
i) Foundation and Plinth: All walls shall be built
materials in general terms to be used in the various parts of of first class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar over
the work from the foundation the superstructure. It is a a bed of lime concrete or cement concrete.
short description of different parts of the work specifying
materials. proportion. qualities, etc., general specifications Top course of the plinth shall be laid in cement
mortar (1:6).
give generals idea of the whole work or structure and are
useful for preparing the estimate. i) Superstructure: Allwalls shall be built of first class
burnt bricks laid in mud mortar. The Following
For general idea, the general specification of different portions to be built in cement mortar (1:6.)
(fist. second. third. fourth) class of buildings are given a) Shills of windows, C. windows and almirahs.
below. These will of course vary according to the
necessity and type of works. b) Back of almirahs.
c) Top course of parapet.
General specifications give the idea and class of work in d) Jambs of doors, windows, C. windows and
general terms and are generally attached with the rough almirahs.
cost and detailed estimates:
1) General ecifications of First Class Buildings: e) Drip course, cornice and weather course, etc.
Followin re the general specifications of first class f) Two courses below the R.C.C. slab and roof
building battens.
i) Foundation and Plinth: Shall be of first class ii) Damp Proof Course: Damp proof course 4cmn
burnt bricks in lime or cement mortar (l:6) over a
bed of cement concrete. (1:6:12 or 1:8:16) thick shall be of Portland cement concrete (1:2:4)
with one coat of bitumen laid hot.
ii) Superstructure: Shall be of first class burnt
brick work in lime or cement mortar (1:6). iv) Roofing: All main rooms shall have R.B. roof or
R.C. roof and first class or second class
iü) -Damp Proof Course: Shall be of a cm thick mud
roofs over other rooms.
cement concrete (1:2:4) with on-layer of bitumen v) Floors: The main rooms shall
laid hot or any other specified water proof material. have conglomerate
floors and varandahs shall have flat or
iv) Roofing: Shall be of R.C.C. slabs (1:2:4) covered brick on
edge floors over cement concrete and
with two coats of bitumen laid hot and a layer of sand.
vi) Doors and
lime or cement concrete &cm thick over it with a Windows: Interior and exterior
tile flooring with cement flush pointed on the top. surface of wall shall be cement plastered
thick, covered with three coats of 1.25cm
V) Flooring: Shall be of terrazo in drawing,
dining. white washing.
bath and W.C.. 4cm thick plain vii) Painting: Doors and
conglomerate
polished floors in bed rooms and in other with three coats of windows shall be painted
rooms. approved paint.
chocolate paint or any other
vi) Doors and Windows: Doors and windows shall
be of teak wood. panelled or panelled and glazed vii) Miscellaneous: Roof drainage
wih gauze shutters to outer doors and fixed wire means of Gargolyes and khassishall be carried by
pamalas. Plinth
protetion 1.50mn wide of bricks shall
gauze to windows and ventilators. Fittings shall all round the building. Plinth be provided
preferably of brass or good quality metal. Area Rate: 2500 to
3000 per sq.m'.
 23
Analysis of Rates (Module 2)
propoftions of materials and the method of preparation and
3) General Specification for Third Class Buildings: execution for a particular item of works in a project. The
Followings are the general specifications of third class
buildings: detailed specifications of the different items of the work
i), Foundations and Plinth: All walls shall be built are prepared separately and they describe what the work
should be and how they shall be executed. While writing
of second class burnt laid in mud mortar over bed the detailed specifications, the same order sequence as the
on lime concrete.
work is to be carried out is to be maintained.
ii) Superstructure: All walls shall be built of
,second's class burnt bricks laid in mud mortar.
Detailed specifications give the method of constructions
ii) Roofing: All rooms shallhave second class mud and specify the nature of work:
roof and the verandahs shall have G.I. sheet roof. 1) Excavation of Foundations: Equality of pressure
iv) Floors: Floors everywhere shall be of brick over should be aimed at in designing foundations. The
mid concrete and cement pointed. foundation Trenches shall be taken down to the exact
v) Doors and Windows: Doors and windows shall width of the widest part of the foundation. The trenches
be of kail, Chir, Mango or any other soft wood, where possible shall always be taken down to a few
centimetres into good hard soil.
ledged, battened and braced type.
vi) Finishing: Interior surface of walls shall be mud In order to ascertain the nature of the soil, it is essential
plastered and covered with three coats of white to dig trial pits at each of the four corners of the
washing. The outside surface shall be flush lime proposed site of a building before starting the
pointed. construction. The bottoms of all trenches shall be well
vi) Painting: Doors and windows shall be give two watered and rammed.
coats of ordinary chocolate paint.
The soft and defective place shall -be flled with
vii) Plinth Area Rate: 1500.00to 1800.00 per sq.m". concrete or with any other hard material as directed
4) General Specifications of Fourth Class Buildings: by the Engineer-in-charge. If, however, rocky surface
Followings are the general specifications of fourth is met, it shall be made as levelled as possible and any
class buildings: small in equalities shall be filed with concrete.
Foundation and Plinth: AIl walls shall be built Foundation in bad soil where grert depths of bad soil
i)
of second class brick work laid in mud mortar. are met with, such as black cotton soil, it may be
necessary to resort to piles which may be of wood,
ii) Superstructure: All walls shall be built of sand steel or reinforced concrete.
moulded sun dried bricks laid in mud mortar with
the exception of the following which shall be Where the depth of the bad soil is not excessive, the
built in second class brick work in mud;
foundations may consist of beams or concrcte arches of
a) Twocourses underneath the roof battens. concrete pillars. The pillars being taken down into good
b) Jambs of doors and windows. soil. In some cases the structure may be built on a raft of
c) Pillars under the roof beams. concrete reinforced with a grillage of reinforced concrete
d) Sills of windows, (R.C)Beams.
e) Windows and almirahs. i) Earth Filling: Earth used for filling shall be free
iii) Roofing: Third class mud roof. from saltpetre and white ants and only foamy and
clayey soil free from clods shall be used. It shall
iv) Floors: Mud floors (2.5cm) mud plaster over the be laid in 15cm layers and each layer shall be
rammed earth and gobrileeped. well watered and rammed with iron rammers. In
case of high embankments, the layers shall not
v) Doors and Windows: Doors and windows shall be
exceed 30cm depth and the settlement allowances
of kail, chir or any other soft wood battend doors.
shall be made @ 10% of the height of un
vi) Finishing: Mud and mud plaster inside and outside. compacted fills.
vii) Painting: Two coats of ordinary paint. ii) Concrete in Foundations: Lime concrete or
vii) Plinth Area Rate: 800.00 to 1000.00 per sq.n. cement concrete shall be used in foundations to
be a base for the super structure:
Ques 9) Describe the detailed specifications.
Or ii) Lime Concrete: Ingredients are Lime, Surkhi,
Sand, Brick ballast or stone ballast and water as
Briefly explain the detailed specification of Earthwork discussed below:
excavation in foundation.
Or a) Lime: Lime is always used as putty lime of
Reproduce the detailed specification for earthwork Class B (semi-hydraulic or quick lime form)
excavation for foundation. and Class C (Non- hydraulic in hydrated or
quick lime form), shali be used as directed by
Ans: Detailed Specifications the Executive Engineer. The hydrated lime
The detailed specifications form a part of a contract Lused should be thoroughly mixed with water in
document. They specify the qualities, quantities and suitable container.
 (Quantity Surveying and Valuation) KTU
B.Tech, 1igh1h Semester TP Solved Series
Different Types of
Use of Coarse Aggregate for
b) It sthall then be stirred into thick consistency Concrete
and lett undistributed for not less than 36 i) 65mm, Nominal Size: For
unreinforced mass
hours, BNtra wato shoukd be drtned out and work.
concrete word on ordinary
puty should be buNcd. Smilurly quick line unreinforced mass
should be conveted into putty. The volune i) 40mm, Nominal Size: For jobs over
ot lie putty shall be takCn aN cqual to the Work of cement concrete on small
reinforced
volume of dry slaked lie. IScm. minimum dimensions. Fordimension of
works, it shall be used where the
iv) Surkhi: Suckhi shall be obtained by pounding fully members exceed 45cm.
bicks or bats, It shall be fee fio) dmixture of
Unless otherwise
clay, duNt or foreign mattcr. No un-burnt bricks or iii) 20mm Nominal Size:
bats shall be used for ginding in to surkhi. mentioned, it willbe used as under:
between
v) Aggregate: The brick aggregale shall be their
broken a) Unreinforced cement concrete work
5cm minimum size,
trom rst class or sccond class bricks or
bats, or from dense over burnt bricks. The gauge b) Conglomerate floor,
of the ballast shull be 2enn to 4cm 12cm but not
c) R.C.C. works exceeding
exceeding 45cm in minimum dimension.
The stone aggregate shall consist of good hard
tough broken stonc, gravel or shingle of the gauge iv) 15mm Nominal Size: Unless otherwise mentioned
spcitied, It shall free from dirt, leaves or any other and specified, this aggregate shall be used in cement
organie. or admixture of soft or decayed stone. concrete works of the following description:
vi) Water: Water uscd in construction shall be clean, a) R.C.C. lintels and slabs under 12cm and more
free carthly, vegetable or organic inmpurities, like than 5cm.
alkalis, salts, ctec., which cause efflorescence and b) R.C.C. posts and battens less than 40cm
affect setting tinne of mortar. sectional area.
vii) Mixing and Laying: The aggregate previously 4) Cement Concrete Ingredients: Cement, sand, brick
well souked, shall be measured'and laid on a or stone aggregate, gravel or shingle and water ctc.
clean plattorm of brickscyut 555 or wood. The Cement: Cement shall be Portland cement of the
)
platform shall be sufficient size to give ample Indian standard Specifications as per IS: 269. All
room for mixing 23 to 28 cub.m of concrete.
cement shall be brought to the site of work in bags
Lime und surkhi shall be measured and laid on with the seals tack. Fresh and from moisture. All
the aggregate.
cement shall be gauged by weight and shall be
added at the mixture in whole 50kg bags.
The whole dry and wet mix is then turned over
three or four times so that it shall be thoroughly ii) Fine Aggregate (Sand): shall consist of clean,
mixed concrete shall be laid slowly and gently hard, uncoated grains of natural sand or crushed
in layer of I5em (not thrown from a height) and stone sand rushed gravel sand or combination of
thoroughly consolidated with S.5kg. Rammers any of these free clay, loam, silt, organic or other
shallbe used for consolidating the cdges. deleterious substances. The sand shall be washed
2) Tests: The consolidation of a Concrete is said to be before using.
complete if: ii) Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregate (bajri or
A stick end ways from a hcight of lm rebounds grit) shall consist of good hard tough and clear
with ringing sound. water worn bajri obtained from natural streams.
ii) The second test is by digging a hole in the The girl shall be free from dirt, clay, leaves or
concrete and pouring water in the hole. other organic matter and soft or decayed stone
and shall be of the gauge specified
iii) If the consolidation in complete, the water shall the nature of the work. according to
not be absorbed in the layer.
iv) Water: Water used in
3) Curing: The concrete shall be kept wet for a periodof construction shall be clean,
free from earthly, vegetable or organic
at least ten days no brick work masonry shall be laid like alkalis, salts, etc., which cause impurities
on the concrete for at least seven days after laying. and affect setting time of mortar. efflorescence
Table 2.3: Permissible Safe Loads of Foundations
Soil
Tonnes per sq.m. v) Mixing (Cement Concrete 1:6:12
Ordinary carth ETC): In all
Make up ground, well consolidated
S.46 proportions of cement concrete except I:1 h: 3,
S.46 1:2:4 and :3:6, the measured quantity of
Softclay S.46 to l0,93 to be placed on top of the cement is
Lomy soils and sand mixed clay 8.20to l6.40 measured quantity
aggregate (fine and coarse) and the whole ofmass the
Ordinary clay I6.40 to 21.86 mixed three or
21.86 four times so that it
shall be
Solid ciay thoroughly incorporated. The required quantity
32.80 0 43.70 of
Very hard clay water (cean, rather drinking water) shall then be
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 25

added and the entire wet mass shallbe turned over V) Curing: The concrete when laid shall be
into the homogeneous mixture of the required carefully protected from the extremes of weather
consistency is obtained. and temperature and from unequal or too repaid
drying. lt shall be thoroughly kept wet for atleast
vi) Laying and Consolidation of Cement Concrete in 15days.
Foundations: Concrete shall be handed from the
mixing platform to the place of final deposit as vì) Expansion Joints: In every long lengths of slab
work. expansion joints shall be provided at
rapidly as possible. It shall be laid slowly and gently intervals of about 9m to 12m.
in layers of 15cm (not thrown from a height) and
thoroughly consolidated with 5.5kg Rammers. 7) Bearing: The bearing of slabs not be less than the
thickness of the slab with a minimum of 12cm.
vi) Farma or Batch Box: The design of the farma is
given below 15" x I5" x 9 x 5"/8 = 1.25 cft. Or 8) Danmp Proof Course: In order to prevent water
38cm x 38 cm x 25cm = 0.036m. absorption form the soil and thus causing dampness in
the walls, a continuous layer of an impervious
5) Reinforced Cement Concrete: The standard mix for material is provided. Such a material is knowa as a
reinforced cement concrete is (1:2:4). In addition to horizontal damp proof course. It consists of cement
this, round steel bars are embedded to make the concrete 1:2:4, l part cement washed sand and 4 parts
structure strong to take up all the tensile stresses.
shingle (gauge ómm to 20mm). Unless and otherwise
Mixing specified, the damp proof course shall consist of 4cm.
The two ingredients, i.e., cement and sand shall be thickness of cement concrete with one coat of bitumen
hand mixed dry, three or more times until the mix laid hot @ lkg per square metre of Damp proof
comes to a uniform colour. The measured quantity of courseand be sanded immediatelv.
coarse aggregate shall then be added to the mixture The Damp proof course shall extend to the full wvidth
and whole mixed dry thoroughly.
of the superstructure walls except ìn the case of outer
6) Reinforcement: Round steel bars as far as possible walls where it shall not be carried across doorways
shall be used in preference to square bars. The bars and varandah openings and sìmilar openings. Vertical
shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust, scale and of D.P.C. shall consist of 12mm or 18mm thick l:3
coatings that might destroy or reduce bond. The ends cement plaster with two layer of bitumen laid hot.
of all bars shall be properly hooked and bends shallbe Bitumen shallbe blown birumen grade 85/25. having
made as per drawing and design supplied. In case of application temperature 177 to 204c.
joints in reinforcement an overlay of not less than 40 9) Brick Work: Bnck work consists of first class bicks
diameters shall be given for tension member.
laid in the mortar specified.
i Mixing Cement Concrete (1:2:4 or 1:3:6): The i) Bricks: Shall be first class made fromn good
two ingredients, i.e., cement and sand shall be brick free from saline deposits and shall be sand
mixed dry, three or more times until the mix moulded thoroughly bumt without being
comes to a uniform colour. The measured vitrified, of good colour. shall be regular and
quantity of coarse aggregate shall than be added uniform in shape and size with sharp and square
to the mixture and whole mixed dry thoroughBy. arises and parallel faces. Emits a clear inging
The required quantity of water shall then be sound when struck, shall be free from flaws,
added with a rose. cracks, etc.. and should not absorb more than
ii) Placing and Handling the Concrete: Concrete 20% of water by weight, after being soaked in
shall be handled from the mixing platform to the water for 24 hours.
final deposit as rapidly as possible. After depositing. ii) Mud Mortar: Mud mortar shall be prepared
the concrete is to be ridded, vibrated, tamped or from stiff clay. broken up into powder and tree
worked to ensure that no hollow places are left. grass, stones, kankar, oots and other matter. The
iii) Forms and Centring: Forms wherever required clay shall then be worked up with water by men's
shall be sufficiently rigid and strong to withstand feet and phowraths on a clean platform.
the weight placing and putting of concrete and the iii) Joints: The thickness of the joints shall be ômm
movement of labour material and plant. Forms and in no case exceeds 10mm. All brick work
shall be sufficiently water right to prevent shall be taken truly plumb, laid in English bond.
leakage of mortar. Forms shall be supported or
fixed by wedges of the load being cased and the 10) Brick Work in Lime Mortar
forms removed without sock to the work and i) Lime Mortar: Ingredients-Line, Surkhi sand or
without hammering. cinder and water. The proportions upvn he
ingredients available at site. General one part of
iv) Laying: Before depositing the concrete. the lime and 2 parts of surkhi are suitable
reinforcement shall be correctly laid in position
and secured against displacement by tying with ii) Mixing: The mortar shall be mixed by easur
soft iron wire. The bars shall remain in position on a clean platorm close to the mill. The
20mm above the surface of centering. measuring wooden boxes may be used. The
 Surveying and Valuation) kT
TP Solved Series(Quantity
B.Tech, ighth Senester of ordinary
Terrazo Flooring: A rough foundation below the
dry and then
13) :2:4 to within 29mm
ngredients shall be mixcd twice cement concrete material
water in a mill finish grade shall first be provide. The small
ground with sutticicncy of works a
required
consisting of 1x I2 parts of
very
continuously for threc hours. For big shal| be of the terrazo from marble
bullock mortar mill is used
und marble chips machine crushed and free part cement
construtedof first class bricks in lime
mortar.
dust and foreign matter, 6 to 13mm, to one surface, so
floated over the rough
i) Lying: Bricks should bc laid in
proper bond. shallthen be laid and
lay evenly at the top if the
bricks shall be soaked in clean that flat sides of the chipsup sufficiently, the defective
iv) Soaking: AII hour. marble chips do not showhand.
water bcfore use for atleast one
thickness, not parts may be filled up by
v) Joints: Joints shall be of uniform
CxCCcding bmm, 10mm and 13mm
for I" class has hardened enough to
After the terrazzo concrete
brick work respectively. The vertical joints
must aggregate, it shall be ground
case of prevent dislodgement of shod
be quite symmetrical and truly plump
in
are
type of grinding machine
down with an approved carborundum
faces which stones to expose
T class brick work. The joints in with free rapid cutting
raked out while kept wet during
to be plastered or pointed shall be shall be kept floor to be
the coarse aggregate. The the finish shall be scrubbed
work
the mortar is green. The brick grinding process. After this
moist for aperiod of ten days. with warm water and softsoap and
mopped dry:
| ) Brick Work in Cement Mortar flooring shall
Marble Floors: The marble
Cennent Mortar: Cement mortar shall consist of
i) on 12mm thick
i) marble tiles
consists of laid
mixture of 1:3, I: 5, or : 6 according to the nature mortar bed over the usual base
courses of 10cm
of work. said or stone
base concrete 1:8:16 and 10cm
thoroughly over R.C.C.
ii) Mixing: Cement and sand shall be filling in case of ground floor or
mixed dry and then water is added with a fine bed shall
Mortar to slabs. In case of upper tloors the mortar slabs
rose to make the mortar workable. marble
be of 1:3 cement sand mortar. The
which the water has been added shall be used should be of approved quality and thickness
within 30 minutes of the addition of water. 20mm to 25mm with truly plane surface. The size
iii) Joints: (Same as per in point 24(v)) the thickness of marble slab shall be slightly oversize to permit
of joints shall be regulated so that height of 10 cutting to actualsize of tiles at the site of work.
courses when laid with horizontal joints shall
measure one metre in height. The joints in faces i) Curing: During the progress of work and for l0
which are to be plastered or pointed should be days after laying, each section of floor shall be
racked out while the mortar is green, ie., not later kept flooded. Three clear days shall be allowed
than 24 hours after the work is done. for setting before the pavement is walked over
and no weight should be rested upon the surface,
iv) Watering: Walls as they progress shall be kept until 7 days after lying is completed. polishing is
thoroughly well watered on their faces and tops.
done, as in case of Terrazo flooring and no first
12) Brick or Tile Flooring: Consists of first class burnt cutting is usuallyneeded.
bricks or tiles laid flat or on edge over a bed of 10cm,
iii) Roofing: First class mud roofing consists of two
thick lime concrete or cement (1:6:18) and 10em thick
sand:
layers of tiles 30 x 15x 4 cms. Resting on wo0den
Laying: All bricks or tiles or tiles shall be laid in
or reinforced cement concrete battens spaced 30cm
i) centre to centre. The top of tiles shall have 13mm
lime or cement mortar with bed and vertical joints
lull of nortar :4 simple "lipping" at the cdge thick cement plaster (1:4) covered with two coats
shall not be permitted. The laying shall be in of bitumen laid hot and iOcm thick earth, another
2.5cm layer of mud plaster to be given and
plain, diagonal, herring bone or other pattern as finished with gobri leeping. (45 tiles are required
desired by the Engincer-in-charge. The work
shallbe prolected lrom the effect of sun, frost and for one sq.m. of roof area.)
rain during construction. 14) Doors and Windows: Doors and windows may range
ii) Soaking: Before use, all bricks or tiles shall be from the humble ledged and braced doors and
soaked in clean water in tanks for at leastone hour. windows which are usually fitted to out houses, to the
multiple,. panelled and fitted with ornate moulding and
ii) Joints: The joints shall not eKceed 6mm in panelled, and which are usually associated with the
thickness, The mortar in the joints shall be struck
off flush with trowel. Care shall be taken that no entrances to important buildings. In all cases the
construction shall be such as to ensure that the docor
mortar shall spread over the edge of the bricks or shallbe satisfactory in service:
tiles.
Timber: Alldoors, windows, clerestory windows
iv) Curing: The floor must be kep wet lor seven and all almirahs with their chowkats shall be
days after lying. If cement pointing is done, it made of well-seasoned deodar wood or any uther
shall be kept noist lor atleast |5days after the food timber free from sapwood, large
pointing has been done. shakes cracks and other serious defects. knoS.
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 27

ii) Panels: In case of panelled doors, the panels shall Specifications for brick masonry in cement mortar are:
not be less than 13mm thick. 1) The bricks shall not absorb the water more than one
sixth of the weight of the brick.
ii) Sash Bars: In case of glazed doors, Sash Bars
shall be of the full thickness of the leaf and 38 2) The bricks should be free from flaws, cracks and
mm in width and shall be moulded and metered lumps of any kind.
on the outside and rebated from inside. The width 3) The bricks shall be of first class, regular in shape, size
of the rebate shall be 13mm. andcolour.
15) White Washing: The surface to be white washed must 4) The brickwork shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.
be clean and smooth and perfectly dry before applying
white wash. Each coat is allowed to dry before nest is 5) The bricks lay truly horizontal in course with frogs
upwards.
applied. New plastered surface tone white washed, shall
not be trowel led to a glazed surface otherwise white 6) Bricks before lying shall be thoroughly soaked in
wash will not adhere. The.white wash shal be made water.
from pure fat lime, brought to the work in an un-slaked 7) The brickwork shall be raised Im in height at a
condition and termed as class C" lime.
strength all-round the building.
Water shall be added to this lime in a tub, until the 8) Shall have minimum crushing strength 10.5N/mm2.
mixture is of a consistency of cream and allowed to
rest for 24 to 48 hours. The mixture shall thenbe 9) The sand used shall be medium coarse, clean, sharp,
strained .through coarse cloth; suitable quantity of free from clay, mica and other organic matter.
gum shall be added, dissolved in hot water. This hot 10) The cement used shall satisfy the requirement of
water shall be added at the rate of about 5 litres per kg Bureau of Indian Standard.
to produce milky solution: 11) The mortar is designated in specified proportion of
i) Colour Washing: The colour wash shall be made cement and sand. The materials are weighed or
from pure slaked fat lime and mixed with the measured and mixed on watertight platform after
necessary pigment to give the required shade. The allowing bulkage of sand.
pigment shall be such as to be unaffected by lime. 12) Onlyfresh mortar within half hour for cement mortar,
The surface to be colour washed shall be given the time of adding water shall be used.
one coat of white wash and then one or two coats
of colour washing. Each coat of site or colour 13) During rains, no brickwork is carried out when special
arrangements are made.
wash is to be allowed to dry and passed by the
Engineer- in-Charge before the next is applied. Specification Reinforced Cement Concrete
ii) Painting Wood: Before commencing any painting, Reinforced Cement Concrete in which steel is embedded
the surface should be rubbed down with sand paper in such a manner that the two materials act together in
and make it smooth with grade 2/2 paper and then resisting forces. The reinforcing steel rods, bars, or
with 1½ grade. The sand papering must be finished mesh-absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the
with the grain. Before applying paint, all knouts compressive stresses in a concrete structure. The invention
must be killed or covered with two coats of patents of reinforced concrete in the 19h century revolutionised
knotting or with a preparation of red lead glued size, the construction industry, and concrete became one of the
laid on hot. When the wood work is thoroughly dry, world's most common building materials:
the priming coat shall be applied. 1) Shuttering shall be done using seasoned wooden
boards of thickness not less than 30mm.
Ques 10) Describe detailed specification of
the
reinforced cement concrete and finishing 'of 2) Surface contact with concrete shall be free from
masonry,
adhering grout, nails, splits and other defects.
building work.
3) All the joints are perfectly closed and lined up.
Ans: Detailed Specification of Masonry
4) The shuttering and framing is sufficiently braced.
Brick masonry is widely used in the construction of
superstructure. Materials used for masonry construction 5) Nowadays timber shuttering is replaced by steel
plates.
shall be of acceptable quality otherwise the masonry
construction would not be able to serve its purpose. So, 6) All the props of approved sizes are supported on
successful brick masonry structure cannot be built unless double wedges and when taken out, these wedges are
brick units, cement, and sand meet applicable standards eased and not knocked out.
and proper working procedure is not followed. 7) The entire framework is removed after 21 days of
Brick units shall be hard, sound, properly burnt, and free curing without any shocks vibrations.
of flaws and cracks. Added to that, cement, sand, and 8) All reinforcement bars conform IS specifications and
are free from rust, grease oil, etc.
water shall conform to the requirements of applicable
standards. Brick units shall be examined prior to 9) The steel grills are perfectly as per detailed specifications.
installation and suitable bonds need to be considered to 10) The covers to concrete are perfectly maintained as per
achieve maximum possible load carrying capacity. code.
 (QuantitySurveying and Valuation) KTU
Solved Series
B.Tech, Eighth Semester TP ANALYSIS OF RATE

) Bas of dueter beyond 25mn diameter are bent discuss b.

when rd hot. analysis of rates. Also
1) The naterials ropotion should be as per he 11) Explainthe
Quesconsidered obtain the rateof
an item.
costs to
spociticaliousof he concreie.
may he
Ans: Aalysis of Ratesof different items of works
Spevification of Finishing of Building Work rates materials
The siication of tinishing of building woK nfers to the The analysis of information of out-turn,
fron the The
ktaileddescriion of the materials, ncthods, and standards to workcd out
etc., discussed previously. be
requirenents, rates, etc., may
I usd tor the fnal suge of 0nstruction of a buildinyg. The coolies, bhisties,
inishing wnk includes the installation of doors, windows, number of mazdoors, idcas and different operations of
tlxnng. uinting. plastering, nd other decortive elements. udopted from the gencral item of work.
constructionof the particular
need to
Seitications oe White cement based polymer modificd
various stages in the project management, we of the
Ntr. lst quality distemper for new & old works, deluxe At amount
of executing unit
multi surtar aint tor inienor and exterior, Epoxy Paint, Fire know how imuch is cost equipment or labour are required to
work and how many
Retaniant Paint,G.l. metal tiles ceiling. Heat resistant terrace an iten of work.
flor. thenal insulations over existing wall with fiber glass Cxecute unit amount of
wOl. calcium silicate iles false ceiling, caleium silicate for the purpose of eliminating
These things are requiredmaterial
hani talse ceiling. thermal insulation oe ceiling, thermal planning, labour and
cost of construction, etc. Obtaining the
insulation over existing talse ceiling, thermal insulation over equipment allocation in the scheduling analysis.
existing walland Melamine Polish have been incoporated, amount of an item is called rate
cost of unit
determined from the
The following are some of the specifications of finishing The costs of these components are
by central and
work that are typically included in a construction contract: area survey, schedule of rates published
) Doors and Windows: The specifications, for doors state government; transportation chatges based on the
location of the area. Also we need to know how much is
and windows include the type of material to be used,
such as Wood. aluminum, or PVC, the size and required for execution of the work. Similarly a number
thickness of the frames, the type of glass, and the of labour and equipment, these things are bared on both
finish. The specifications should also include details the heuristics and engineering design.
about the hardware, such as locks and hinges.
Costs Considered Obtaining the Rate of an Item
2) Flooring: The flooring specification should include Toobtain the rate of an item, generally following cost are
the type of flooring material, such as tiles, marble, or considered:
wood, the size and thickness of the tiles, and the 1) Cost of Material: To obtain the cost of material in
method of installation. It should also specify the color, the unit amount of an item, first specification is
texture, and finish of the flooring material. studied carefully. Quantity of material required is
3) Painting: The painting specification should include calculated and multiplied by the cost to obtain the unit
cost. Cost includes freight, transportation, sales tax,
the type of paint to be used, the color scheme, the
number of coats, and the method of application. It insurance, as well as profit. An estimator has to do his
should also specify the type of primer and the market survey and the area survey before calculating
preparation of the surface. the unit cost of the material.
2) Cost of Labour: Productivity of the
4) Plastering: The plastering specification should
important aspect in calculation of labour cost.labour is very
include the type of plaster to be used, such as cement, of the labour depends upon the type of Productivity
lime, or gypsum., the thickness of the plaster, and the imparted to the labourer, nature of work, time work, training
method of application. It should aiso specify the the work, etc. For example, a schedule of
surtace preparation and the finish. mason can do more
plastering standing on the floor than working at aheight
5) Electrical and Plumbing: The specifications for on the scaffolding. Initially, it takes
and gradually time to learn the work
electrical and plumbing work should include the types productivity increases, which is shown by
outlets
and sizes of pipes and wires, the location of the learning curve as follows:
size of switches and
and fixtures, and the type and Productivity
other clectrical equipment.
may also include
6) Miscellaneous: The specification installation of false
other finishing work, such as the elements,
ceilings, woodwork, and other decorative

of finishing work should be

In general, the specifications conform to the reievant
detailed and clear, and should
building codes and standards. They should also be consistent
aesthetic of the building. Time
with the overail design and Figure 2.1: Learning Curve
Analxix o Rates (Modulo ) 29

Im speitic works, ditferent types of laboures, such aN Let us consider 10 cum of carthwork for which detailed
Nkilled d mskillod
labour, maso), carpenter, cost will be calculated and by dividing the detailed cost by
mazdoor ete, ae equircd to execute the work. Unit I0 we will get the cost of I cum of earthwork for the
amnt of work iN obtaincd based on experience; and foundation.
their vONE iN obined om the local NUrvey 0r
remlent wa ules. Let us consider the following:
) Labour Charges for Earthwork Excavation for
) Cost of Rquipmcnt and Plunt Tools: Caleulation of Foundation: Once we have calcuiated the rate of
work hour used tor cquipnwnt is dependent upon the machinery and we need to calculate the labour
ty of quipnwt utlity. Some cquipments ure used charges for the excavation of earthwork for the
tor spevitic puupose where as some of it are used for foundation. IS 7272 -1974 has laid standard labour
dittent work simultaneously. Cienerally cquipment productivity for different work for di fferent zones in
INl indivitually is caleulated for cch itenn of work. the country.
tor these quipents, it is not possible to caleulate the
ON, the cquipment charge cn be added as overhead. We have assumed the labour productivity in the
For example, installation ot a batching plant requires Northern Zone of the country:
i) As per IS 7272-1974, for cum of excavation.
aval cttotand it is not csy to.distribute its initial 0.05 Mate is required. Thus for 10 cum of
s on the coneting. We can incorporate such kind excavation 0.5 Mate is required.
of worktN Cstablishent charges or overhead. ii) For I cum of excavation 0.50 Mazdoor is
4) Overhead Cost: During the period of construetion, a required. Thus 10 cum of Excavation 5.0
company has to naintain an oflice or depreciation of Mazdoor will be required if we are excavating
its cquipments nmay take place. This is usually taken using manual methods. Since we are calculating
AN 2-5% ot unit rate. Part of the overhead is directly the excavation rate through machinery we will
Ielated to the construction of an item of work. Such use 2.05 Mazdoor (half) for lifting and
Cxpenses include: transporting the muck.
i) Repuir and depreciation of tool and plants 2) Rate of Machinery for Earthwork Excavation for
i) Salaries of supervisOrs, etc.. who are indirectly Foundation: Since we are calculating the rate of
involved in the work excavation through machinery, we need to determine the
ii) Tennporary godown and sheds to store the rate of machinery for doing the excavation work. We
material at the site need an excavator and a loader for excavation work. An
iv) Lighting arrangements Excavator can excavate 30 cum per hour, thus for a full
V) Labour welfare day, it can excavate 30x8=240 cu m of soil.
S) Profit: The protit turgeted in construction works is 240 cumcan be completed in I day. .
between 7-15%. ln large jobs, profit is low whereas I cu m can be completed in /240 days.
protit considered is higher in smaller jobs. We shall iii) 10 cu m can be conpleted in (1/240) x 10= 0.041
illustrate the caleulation of rate analysis through the days.
examples: iv) 30 cu m of per hour can be loaded by the loader.
) Obtain the unit rate of production of M20 concrete. v) 10 cu m of soil can be loaded by the loader in
i) Obtain the cost of brick masonry for one cubic 0.041days.
meter, forone brick thick wall. The rate of excavator and loader per day including
fuel and driver charges is different for different
Ques 12) Deseribe the analysis of rates for earth work places. We have assumed the Excavator rate is 7000
inexcavation for foundation. per day and the loader rate is 6000 per day.
Ans: Analysis of Rates for Earth Work in Excavation 3) Other Charges for Earthwork Excavation for
for Foundation Foundation: Generally. 1% Water charges are
Earthwork excavution for a foundation depends on the required to be paid to the municipality for using the
Iype of carth that is to be excavated. The soil may be loose water for construction works. 15% of the total amount
of these. The
or sott, hard rock, sott rock or a mixture obtained after adding 1% water charges is kept as
umber of labour per day and machinery required per day Contractor Profit and Overhead charges for the
carthwork
depends on the eurth. We have calculated the Contractor. I-2% of the total amount is paid as Cass
Cxcavation for foundations for all types of soil by to the Govt. as per Regulation of Employment and
mechanical or manual means. Conditions of Service)Act, 1996.
These rales shall be applicable for depth and width not Alter adding all these you will get the cost of
CNCCCdng 1.5 m, 10 sq. m on the plan. The rate is excavation of 10 cum of earthwork. For calculating
including of dressing on the sides und ramming of the co for l cunm, divide the total by 10 thus you will
bottoms. Excavated material can have a lif up to 1.5 m.
get the cost of earthwork excavation for the
The excavated soil will be disposed of up to a distance of
S0 m from the excavation sile. loundation.
30
B.Tech, Eighth Semester TP Solved Series(Quantity
Surveying and Valuation) KTU
under:
4) has been calculated as
Earthwork ExCavation for Foundation Rate: Earthwork Excavation rate
Table 2.4 Unit Qty. Rate
Description
Eahwork in excavation by mechanical nmeans (HHvdraulic excavator)/ manual means in
Toundation trenchesor drains (not exCceding 1.Sum in width or 10sqm on plan). including
dressing of sides and ramming of bottoms, lift up to I.5m, including getting oue
excavated soil and disposal of surplus excavated soil as directed, within a leadof s0
Details of the cost 10 Cum
Machinery 0.041 7000
Hydraulic Excavator (3D) with driver and
Hire and nunning charges of the loader
fuel day
day 0,041 6000
287.00
246.00

Labour
Mate day 0.5 700
Coolie
350
day 2.05 650 1332.50
Total
Add 1% water charge 2215.50
Total
22.16
Add 15% 2237.66
Total 335.65
Add 1% cess 2573.30
Cost of 10 Cum 25.73
Total 2599.04
Add 15% 2237.66
Total 335.65
Add 1o cess 2573.30
Cost of 10Cum 25.73
Cost ofl cum 2599.04
Say 259.90
260.00
5) Earthwork Excavation Formula: Simple geometrical formulas are used for the
For example, you are excavating up to a depth of 1m calculation of
and the sides of the pit are of dimension Im,earthwork excavation.
Excavation = Length x width x height= 1 x 1x 1=1 Thus.
cum.
This is true for shallow excavation and
or soils which can support
excavation, we cannot excavate 90 degrees to the themselves
ground surface. For such, excavationduring excavation. For deeper
This means that the top of the pit will have more area needs to be done in the slope.
Excavation = (Area of the Pit at the Top + Areathan the bottom of the pit. Thus.
of the Pit at the Bottom) / (2 x depth of
6) Earthwork Excavation Code: the pit)
Earth
where depth is more than 1.5m and for Excavation Work-Code of Safety (IS 3764:1992) is applicable to the
pits where labour is required to enter
various types of earthwork have been laid in IS 1200 Part-I: 1992. the pit. Methods of earthwork
7 Farthwork measurements of
Excavation cost per m': Earthwork excavation cost per m3
factors. like the rate of machinery at (show in the table below) depends on many
particular
200-300 will be required for excavating 1cum of place, and the rate of labour at a particular place.
earthwork for a depth not exceeding Generally for soft soil.
1.5m and lead up to 50 m
Table: 2,5
SR. Item Item Total Item Work
No. Code No Quantity Rate Unit
Schedule-A CPWD DSR Items
CPWD DSR-2018
Sub-Head: 2.0- Earth Work
021010 2.8 242 00 Earth work in
1) excavation by
mechanical
excavator)/manual means in foundation means (Hydraulic|252.30 cum 590886.60
(not exceeding 1.5m in trenches or drains
width or
dressing of sides and ramming of1Osqm on plan), including
including getting out the excavatedbottoms,
soil
lift upto.1.Sm,
and
Surplus excavated soil as directed,
Alkinds soil, within a lead ofdisposal
50m.
of
2.8.1
Analysis of Rates (Moaule 2) 31

2) 022010 29 1938.00 Excavation work by mechanical means (Hydraulic 448.15 cum 868514.70
excavato)/manual means in foundation trenches or drains
(not exceeding 1.5m in width or 10sqm on plan). including
dressing of sides and ramming of bottoms, lift upto 1.5m,
including getting out the excavated soil and disposal of
surplus excavated soils as directed, within a lead of 50m.
2.9.1 Ordinary rock
3) 0230112.10 200.00 Excavating trenches of required width for pipes, cables, etc.. 364.20 Metre 72840.00
including excavation for sockets, and dressing of sides,
ramming of bottoms, depth upto 1.5m, including getting out
the excavated soil, and then returning the soil as required, in
layers not exceeding 20cm in depth, including consolidating
each deposited layer by ramming, watering. etc. and
disposing of surplus excavated soil as directed, within a lead
of 50m.
2.10.1 Ordinary rock
2.10.1.2 Pipes, cables, etc., exceeding 80mm diameter but not
exceeding 300mm diameter

024010 2.25 2916.00 Filling available excavated earth (excluding rock) in trenches, 219.65 cum 640499.40
plinth, sides of foundations, etc., in layers not exceeding
20cm in depth. consolidating each deposited layer by
ramming and watering, lead up to 50m and lift upto 1.5m.
5) 025010 2.34 520.00 Supplying chemical emulsion in sealed containers including 200.85 litre104442.00
delivery as specified.
2.34.1 Chlorpyriphos/Lindane emulsifiable concentrate of 20%
Post- 39.45 metre 9152.40
6) 026011 |2.35 232.00 Diluting and injecting chemical emulsion for
Constructional anti-termite treatment (excluding the cost of
chemical emulsion):
2.35.2 |Chlorpyriphos/Lindane emulsifiable concentrate of 20%
2.35.2.1 With Chlorpyriphos/Lindane E.C. 20% with 1%
concenration
026021 2.35.3 1000.00 Treatment of soil under existing floors using chemical|227.05 sqm 227050.00
emulsion @ one litre per hole, 300mm apart including
drilling 12mm diameter holes and plugging with cement
mortar 1:2 (1 cement: 2coarse sand) to match the existing
floor.
2.35.3.1 With chlorpyriphos/Lindane E.C. 20% with 1% concentration

Ques 13) Discuss factors affecting and purpose of 4) The range of lead and lift require for deposition of
materials.
analysis of rates.
5) Percentagecharge for overheads.
Ans: Factors Affecting Rate Analysis
6) Possibility of theft of loSses.
Factors affecting Rate Analysis are as follows:
1) Specification of the item: 7) Range of profit.
i) Quality of materials 8) Availability of water connection.
H) Proportion of materials Purpose of Analysis of Rates
iii) Method of construction
Followings are the different purpose of analysis of rates.
iv) Protection of work. |) Todetermine the current rate per unit oe an item at the
2) Rate of materials for item of work up to worksite. locality.
3) Daily wages of labourer: 2) To examine the viability of rates offered by contractors.
i) With different categories 3) To calculate labour strength and equipment required
ii) With localities for Project Planning.
4) To fix up labour contract rates.
iii) As per outputs.
 32
B.Tech, Bighth Semester TP Solved Series (Quantity Surveying and Valuation) KTU
Ques 14)Give the detailed
rates for building constructiondescription
works.
of analysis of 5) Specification of Various Building Materialk.
Generally the building materials shall conform to the
Ans: Analysis of relevant Indian standards. Where no such standad
To determine the Rates for Building
rate of building Construction Works exist the relevant British/ American standards in so far
item of work from construction a particular
quantities of materials and labour as they are applicable could be followed. The
required and their costs. materials of local origin (Within 40 km or distance as
and changing from placeThe rates of material and
to place, therefore the labour specified) shall be best available and approved by
different items of work also changes rates of competent authority.
Analysis of rate for buitding work from place to place.
is the process of 6) Basis Costs: Cost of materials, labour,
separation of work into machinery,
Labour. materials, machinery,components/elements (Viz. tools and plant (depreciated cost), and direct
profit) of work and pricing them. transport, overheads and overheads connected to the particular project.
7) Indirect Costs: Not directly
related to the
Requirement of Analysis of Rates otherwise involved. The corporate office project but
expenses,
1) Insertion in a tender (i.e.) as a lump sum, item consultant charges, outsourced costs etc.
2) To check rates. 8) Daily Wages: Wages which the
reasonability of rates inserted by
to labour which will not be less builder is bound to pay
3) To assess
various quantities of labour, tenders. than statutory wages.
machinery, money and to effect economy materials, by using
9) All in Rates: Wages+
proportionate element of
alternatives
4) To
and to óptimize the
resources. terminal benefits such as bonus,.gratuity.
assess the rates payable for 10) Standing Charges: Includes element of
of work to the
builder.
deviations, extra items depreciation,
interest whereas running charges include
5) Tocompare the costs with sanctioned amount and to
take action for
operation of plant, POL, operator & supportingcost
staff.
of

6) To workout the
regularization of excess/ less cost. 11) Fixed/Variable
Overheads: Fixed overheads are
budget and those incurred only once ike
of the work and arranging cash flows at various stages office, whereas variable overheadsconstruction of site
7) To detect irational
interim/ final payments. are salaries paid
rates quoted by tenders. and other expenses as per
8) To serve as basis every month. employment of labour hours
data in case o disputes that may
arise at a later stage. 12) Standard Schedule of Rate: Many
Analysis of Rate for Building Works organizations/departments
materials/ items of
shall have schedule of rates of
works. These
Following points are considered while preparing analysis specifications for materials & methodsschedules contain
of rates for building works: torelevant Indian standards. The giving references
1) Percentage Profits &
Overhead Charges: Element periodic intervals of 3 to 5 yearsschedules are revised at
or yearly. In certain
of profit normally varies from 5 to 10% cases certain percentage addition/
vary from 3 to 7A%.The total Overheads to bring them in line with deduction is specified
and profit shall not normally element of overheads marked rates.
exceed 17½% on 13) Derived Rates: The
estimated rates. This should be restricted to 10% if rate derived by
paid bills/days' work is considered. extrapolation of rates inserted interpolation/
The rate for PCC 1:3:6 can in the contract. For e.g.
2) Cement Constants: The
cement coDstants for various rate for PCC 1:4:8. The rate be derived from quoted
items of work including wastage of 2½%. from quoted rate for M-25 for M-20 can be derived
constants are based on observations made by These concrete.
Roorki, concrete association of India, CPWD, CBRI 14) Star
and other construction organizations.
MES based Rates/Market
on market Rates: The rates worked out
The
constants
are shown in Appendix 'A' (CPWD) hand book). the percentage enquiry/ quotations and applying
3) Materials Constants: Cost of trade items plus above/ below for similar quoted
materials includes the overheads and profit.
rates worked out for Alternately
supplier's pricetransportation, loading/ unloading, material/ labour
haulage to site, handling
work, wastages/
for incorporation into the bills/vouchers produced by contractor plus profit.
based on pald

deterioration on breakage/pilferage,
storage, returning storage
of emptycharges,
bags/ Ques 15) How to
prepare rate analysis for brick
cases and taxes and other incidentals. The constants in masonry?
use in various departments and organizations are as Ans: Rate Analysis for
per Appendix 'B' (CPWD hand book). Rate analysis of Brick Masonry
4) Labour Output Constants: Some of the labe.. quantities of brickwork requires the determination
output Constants are covered in IS- 7272.. The Mortar can be materials
of any (bricks and mortar) and labou
constants given by NBO, CPWD, MES, State quantity proportions
estimation of bricks
1) Quantity
1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. The
is required for the
governments are also considered and given in
Estimation for Brick rate analys
Appendix C' (CPWD hand book). rate analysis
masonry, weMasonry:
of brick
of brick masonry: For Im
will consider
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 33

i) Number of Bricks for 1 Cubic Meter of superstruçture with the standard size of brick as above
Brick Masonry: For Im of bricks masonry, (19cm x 9em x 9em).
the number of standard size of bricks required
is 494. Ans: Given,
ii) Quantity of Mortar for Im' of Brick Masonry: Brick Size without mortar = 19cm x 9cm x9cm
In meters, this is 0.19m x 0.09m x 0.09 m
For Im' of brickwork,the quantity of the mortar With mortar, the size of brick is increased by lcm = 20cm
required is 25-30%, i.e. 0.25m' -0.3n' of cement
masonry. For example we will consider 0.3m' of x 10cmx 10cm
cement mortar. In meters, this is 0.2m x 0.1m x 0. Im
Let's consider 10 m' of volume of brickwork.
2) Labour Estimation for Brick Masonry: Labours that Step 1:Quantity of MaterialsCaleulation
are required for brick masonry are mason for brick work, Volume of Brick without Mortar = 0. 19m x 0.,09m x 0.09
labours for cariage of materials (sand, cement, bricks, m = 0.001539 = 1.539 x 10m
and water). mixing and transporting mortar. Volume of Brick with Mortar =0.2 x 0.1 × 0.J = 0.002=
2x 10 m
The quantity of labour is expressed as requirement of
labour in days for lm' of brick masonry.
i) Mason: The quantity of mason required for Im' We now need to find out the Quantity of Each Material:
of brickwork is taken as 0.94 days. Brick quantity without wastage = 10 divided by volume of
ii) Labour: The quantity .of labour for various brick with mortar= 10/(2x 10) = 5000 Bricks
works like carriage of materials, mixing of Add 5% for brick wastage = 5/100 x 5000 = 250 bricks
mortar, transporting of mórtar etc. are clubbed. Total number of bricks including wastage =5250 bricks
The labour required for Im of brick masonry is
for 1.57 days. The cost of various tools, Wet volume of mortar = 10 5000x 1.539 >x 10 = 2.31 m'
transportation of materials etc. shall be suitable Add 25% mortar for frog filling (brick indentations) and
wastage= 25/100x 2.31 = 0.577 m²
taken as lump sum for the given location.

Rate Analysis of brickwork now requires rates of various Adding these two amounts gives us the Total Wet Volume
materials like cement, sand, bricks, and rates for labour i.e of the Mortar which is 2.9 m
mason and other labours. The rate of these varies with
Next is the Dry Volume of Mortar which is 30% more than
location and timne.
the above total wet volume of the mortar= 1.30x2.9 =3.77
These may be obtained from the schedule of rates of m
particular location or can be taken from local market and
shall be multiplied with the quantities of materials and Quantity of Cement = (3.77/(1 + 6))xl=0.538 m
labours we have estimated to get the rate analysis.
Number of Bags of Cement = quantity of cement divided
by volume (Volume of 1 bag of cement = 0.035 or 35 litres)
Ques 16) Find the rate analysis of first class brickwork
in =0.538 /0.035 = 15.37 (so 16 bags of cement)
6
in cement mortar where the ratio is 1 to
Quantity of Sand = (3.77 / (1+ 6)) x6=3.23 m

Step 2: Example Cost Calculation (As shown in following table 2.6) Per Cost
Particulars Quantity Rate
1350 Kg for cement, Mfor 5600 for cement,
Materials, Cement, 16 for cement, 3.23 for|350 for cement,
sand, 5250 for bricks for sand, 4500 for sand, 1000 numbers|4360.5 for sand, 23625
Sand, Bricks for bricks for bricks
bricks
|33585.5
Total Amount
Labor Per day 300
Head mason 2 numbers 600
Mason 10 numbers 500 Per day 5000
10numbers 300 Per day 3000
WorkerA
10 numbers 250 Per day 2500
Worker B
2 200 Per day 400
Other
11200
|Total Amount
44785.5
Total Cost (Materials
+Labor)

Add 1.5% for water cost = 1.5/100 × 44785.5 = 671.8 Add 10% for contractor's profit = l0/100x44785.5 = 4478.55
Add 1.59% for tools and plants = 1.5/100 x 44785.5 = 671.8 Add these four to the total = Grand Total = 51951.3
Rate per m' = 51951.3/10 = 5195.13
Add 3% for lump-sum = 3/100 x 44785.5 = 1343.6
34
B.Tech, Eighth Semester TP Solved Series (Ouantity Surveying and Valuation) KTL
Ques 17) What is the
mortar? Also Caleulate the
quantity and cost rate analysis cement and sand required for Im° of cement mortar, Fo.
for cement mortar. Im' of wet cement mortar, 1.3m' of cement and sand jg
Ans: Mortar required, due to presence of voids in sand in dry state. So
A building material cement and quantity is calculated for 1.3m' of ceme
of lime, cement andmade of Mortar consists of amixture mortar.
sand lime
between bricks or stones so as to and
hold
water that is spread
them
it hardens. Due binding properties; it together
to its
binding agent in masOnNry
when
is used as the
Rate analysis of cement mortar requires the rate of cement
and sand multiplied with their respective quantity. Cost of
many purposes based on thestructures. It can be used for labour and tools and tackles for the cement mortar is also
be used to construct ingredients used. Mortar can calculated. Cost of cement, sand, labour and tools depend
brick masonry and stone
Mortar is a less strong material than masonry. on local availability and local rates. When quantity of
cement. cement, sand, labour and tools are multipied by its rates
Mortar is a
combination of sand, a binding agent like and a contractor's profit of 10- 20% is assumed, the total
cement or lime and water, used in masonry sum of the amount is taken as the cost of lm of cement
bridge the space between building blocks. It isbuildings to mortar.
the form of a applied in
paste which then hardens and binds the 1) Estimation of Materials for Cement Mortar: Step
masonry units such as stones, bricks, or concrete used in for calculation of quantity of cement and sand for
the construction. cement mortar.
Consider we want to calculate quantity of cement and
The thickness of clay and earth sand for CM 1: X, where, 1is proportion of cement
mortar is 12 mm and the and X is proportion of sand. Then, quantity of cement
maximum height of building constructed with
restricted to 2.5 m. Minimum thickness of mortar orclay is shall be calculated as:
between brick and reinforcement: 1/4 in. . (6.4 grout Quantity of cement =
1.3x1
Except: a. 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) bars may be laid in h in mm), 1+X

Type M mortar is the strongest of the four, and Above formula gives quantity in volume. To calculate
has a
compressive strength of 2500 PSI (Pound per Square the quantity of cement in number of bags, we have to
Inch). Type M mortat should be used when the divide it by volume of cement of one bag. The
has to withstand high gravity and/or lateral loads. structure of one bag of cement is 0.0347 m'. volume
mortar is also a good choice for hard stone projectsType
M
where Therefore, number of bags of cement
the compressive strength of the stone is greater than 2500 1.3x1
PSI (Pound per Square Inch). (1+X)x0.0347
Also called thinnest mortar, thinnest cement, driest
mortar, Quantity of sand 1.3×X
or dry bond mortar) an adhesive mortar made of cement, 1+X
fine sand and a water retaining agent such as an alkyl
derivative of cellulose. It is usually used to attach tile or For example, for a
stone to surfaces such as cement or concrete
proportion of CM 1:4,
Quantity of cement in bags = 1.3×1
Quantity and Cost Rate Analysis for Cement Mortar (1+ 4)>x0.0347
Rate Analysis for cement mortar requires estimation of
materials for cement mortar, i.e. quantity of cement and
=7492bags
Quantity of sand æ1.3x4
-=
sand required for Im' for various proportions, i.e., CM 1:2 (1+4) 1.04 m' of sand
1:4, 1:6. 1:8 etc. So, let us first calculate quantity of
2 Estimation of Labour and
Tools for Cement Mortar: For Tm OT cement
0 27 davs for mixing.
unskilled labour for 0.26 ror carryin8 Ot cement, Sandmortar,
and
semi-skilled labor is reuired for
mixer js taken in lump sum of can be taken as 0.27 days for mixing 1 cum of mortarwater. Hire charoes for mechanical
Data- Cement Mortar (as shown in table 2,7)
|S.No Description Cost of sand Cost of Cement
Mixing Add 20 % on
Qty Rate Amount Qty Rate Amount charges Mixing charge
Total
Charges
In Cum In Cumn Qty
In cum
Rate Amount
1 Cement L.00 935/ 935/ 720 5100 3672.00
Mortar 1:2) 50.00 50.00 10.00 |4667.00
Cement L00935/ 935/ 480 5100 2448.00
2 |50,00
Mortar I:3) 50.00 10.00 |3443.00
Cement
L.00935/ 935/ 350 5100 1836.00
3 50.00
Mortar 1:4) 50.00 l0.00 2831.00
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 35

4 Cement 1.00 935/- 935/ 288 5100 1469.00 50.00 50.00 10.00 |2464.00
|Mortar 1:5)
Cement 1.00 935/-| 935/ 240 5100 1224.00 50,00 50.00 10.00 2219.00
Mortar 1:6)
Cement 1.00 935/- 935/ 180 5100 918.00 50.00 50.00 10.001913.00
Mortar I:8)
Ques 18) Explain the rate analysis of plastering with The labor and bhishti days required for mixing of cement
cement mortar. mortar is also calculated as given in rate analysis of
cement mortar.
Ans: Rate Analysis of Plastering with Cement Mortar For example, labor required = 0.21 x0.06 = 0.0126 days,
Rate analysis of plastering with cement mortar requires the Bhishti required = 0.0929 x 0.06 =0.005574 days.
quantity estimation of materials cement mortar, i.e. Thus total number of days for plastering in two-layerS of
quantity of cement, sand and water for various grades of plaster for 1.5mx2mx20mm plaster:
mortar required. Grades of mortar used for plastering is Mason =0,44610 days
generally same grade as used in the masonry work. Labor = 0.5574 + 0.0126 = 0.57 days.
Bhishti = 0.5574 + 0.005574 = 0.562974 days.
There are different grades of mortar that cán be used for The daily wages of masons and labors are multiplied with
plastering of masonry structural members such as in CM 1:2,
number of days required by them to get the cost.
1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. Cement Mortar in ratio 1:6 is generally used
for plastering work. For the calculation of quantity of cement
Ques 19) How to prepare rate analysis for R.C.C? (Use
and sand in mortar, volume of mortar required for plastering
is calculated based on thickness of plastering surface and CPWD data book)
surface area of the structural member.
Ans: Rate Analysis for Reinforced Cement Concrete
Let us take an example of a wall to be plastered: (R.C.C)
Length of wall = 2m First step to rate analysis is the estimation of labour,
materials, equipment and miscellaneous items for
Width of wall =1.5m
Thickness of plaster to be used = 20mm particular quantity of reinforced concrete.
Plaster to be carried out in two layers of 10mm each. Second step is to determnine the component of structure for
which RCC rate analysis is required, as the quantity of
The quantity of cement mortar required will be: 2 x 1.5 x reinforcement steel varies with slabs, beams, columns,
(20/1000) = 0.06 m'of mortar.
foundation, RCC Roads et., though the quantity of other
The rate analysis of mortar need to be done for the materials like sand, coarse aggregate and cement remain the
calculated quantity required. same with the same mix design (mix proportion) of concrete.
Once the quantity of cement and sand is calculated, the labor Labour rates reinforcement work change with type of
cost required for mixing of mortar is calculated. The structural component as the quantity of reinforcement steel
coefficients of labor for plastering work are taken from the changes. The Quantity of materials like sand, cement and
calculated
Rate Analysis by CPWD. The cost of mixing ofapplication coarse aggregates vary with mix design such as MI5
quantity of mortar remains constant, but the cost of (1:2:4),M20 (1:1.5:3), M25, M30 etc.
mortar is
of mortar varies with number of layers in which the
applied. Thus, the cost of mason depends on area to be Data Required for RCC Rate Analysis
plastered and number of layers of plaster to be applied. The Followings are the various data required for RCC rate
cost of other labors varies with the quantity of cement mortar analysis:
to be mixed and number of layers of plasters to be applied. 1) Estimation of Materials: Material estimation
includes sand, cement, coarse aggregate and steel for
The coefficients of mason and labours are as follows per a particular mix design. The dry volume of total
materials required is considered as .54 times the wet
m´ area per layer of plaster of be applied:
Mason - 0.07435 days volume of concrete, due to voids present in sand and
Labors - 0.0929 days aggregates in dry stage, Therefore, for our calculation,
materials and we will consider the total volume of materials
Bhishti - 0,0929 days (the one who carries
water for mixing) required as 1.54 m' for Im' of wet concrete.
quantity
These coefficients are multiplied with the givennumber 1) Bags of cement required
mortar required for plaster in m' and of Volume of cement required for Im' of Concrete
of cement
layers or plasters. Ix1.54
=0.28m
1+1.5+3
x Number
The number of days of mason required = 0.07435 0.44610 Then number of bags of cement (volume of one bag
2 (2 x1.5) =
of Layers x Surface Area 0,07435 x of cenent =0.0347 m)
0.28 =8.07 bags of
days 0.5574 0.0347
For Labors and Bhishti = 0.0929 x 2 x (2 x 1.5) = cement.
days for each.
 and
36 Solved Series(Quantity
Surveying
B.Tech, Eighth Semester TP quantity of concrcate. Following are the vat
K Valuation)
i1) Volume of Sand, required =5x1.54 -0.42 m' laboursrcquired:
Mason: As per Standard Schedule of Rates an
I+1.5+3
of sand. i) Analysis of Rates, One mason is required forb
iii) Volume of Coarse
3x1.54
Aggregate Required days.
=0.84 mof coarse
aggregates. One Unskilled labours required for 3
1+1.5+3 ii) Labours:
iv) Estimation of Reinforced Steel: Quantity of steel days.
water carrier required
required depends on components of structure, i.c. ii) Water Carrier: One
slabs, bcams, columns, foundation, roads ete. To I.39 days.
estimate the steel required, there are two method: iv) Bar Bender: Bar bender requirement depends
First method is, when we have the drawing Let's consider one
weight of reinforcement.
as for I dat
available, we can calculate the total weight bender required for 100 kg of steel
of steel required divided by total volume of Miser Operator: One mixer operato requir
concrete for diffefent components. This will V)
give us the weight of reinforcement steel per for 0.0714 days.
cubic meter of concrete.
vi) Vibrator Operator: One Vibrator operat
b) Second method is assuming the percentage of required for 0.0714 days.
reinforcement for different components.
Following are the percentage of reinforcement 3) Equipments and Sundries: Equipment and otbe
steel generally required per different charges, such as water charges, miscellancous iteme
tools and tackles etc can be assumed as some
components. Its values can vary from
structure to structure, and can be assumed percentage of total cost of materials and labours, Let'
say it as 7.5%.
from past experiences of similar structure.
For slabs =1.0% of concrete volume.
4) Contractor's Profit: Contractor's profit depends on
For Beam = 2% concrete volume. place to place, organization to organization and wort
to work. varies from 10 - 20%. For our case let's
For column =2.5% of concrete volume.
For RCC Roads, 0.6% concrete volume. assume it as 159% of total cost of materials, labour
Let's take example of RCC Column, where . and equipment. We have calculated the quantity of
reinforcement required is 2.5% of concrete every item in above 1-3 steps.
volume, weight of steel required will be: For rate analysis of RCC shown in the table. we need to
2.5 -x7850 =196.25 kg
100×1
multiply each quantity with their rates to get the amount
for every item of work. Rates vary from place to place and
2) Labour Requirement for Im of RCC: Labour time to time. It is advisable to assume local rates o
required are presented in terms of days required by standard rates of the place. The sum total of all the four
particular labour to complete its work for the given items above willgive the rate or cost for lm'of concrete.
Table: 2.8
RCCWork 1:1.5:3 for Beam with 2.0% Steel
Consider 10cunm concrete. Steel=10*2/100 = 0.2cum =1570kg. Binding wire = 1% of
1570 - 15 7ko
Particulars
l) Material
Quantity Rate
Stone chips 20 mm down 8.4
Sand 850 7140
4.2 1050
Cement 81
4410
Steel 350 28242.07
1570 57
Binding Wire (Ikg per 100 kg) 15.7 89490
Shuttering Material on Hire 67 1051.9
S%
2) Labour 65 16.699
For concrete:
Head Mason
Mason 0.5 800 400
Mazdoor 600 1800
For Steel: 23 450 10350
Black Smith
Mazdoor helper 450 7200
For Shuttering: 16
450 7200
Carpenter l0
Mazdoor 600
10 6000
450
(1+2) 4500
174300.7
Analvsis of Rates (Module 2) 37

0.50% 871.5034
3) Contingencies (0.5% of (1+2))
1% 1751.722
4) Water charges ((0%of (+2+3)| 10% 17692.39
Profit and Overhead {10% of+2+3+4)) 329124.9
Total cost per TOum
32912.4
Total Cost per cum
Table: 2.9
RCC work 1:2:4 for Lintel with 0,9% steel. Consider 10cum Concrete
Steel = I0*0,9/100 = 0,9 cum = 707 kg. Binding wire = 1% of 707=7 kg
Quantity Rate
Particulars
) Material:
8.8 850 7480
Stone chips 20 mm down 4620
Sand 4.4 1050
63 350 22190.2
Cement
707 57 40299
Steel
7.07 67 473.69
Binding Wire (1kg per 100kg) 3753.145
5%
Shuttering Material on Hire
2) Labour:
For concrete:
0.5 800 400
Head Mason
3 600 1800
Mason
Mazdoor 23 450 10350
For Steel:
450 3150
Black Smith
450 3150
Mazdoor helper
For Shuttering: 7 600 4200
Carpenter 7 450 3150
Mazdoor
105016
(1+ 2) 0.50% 525.0802
3) Contingencies (0.5% of (1 + 2))
4) Water charges (1% of (1 + 2 + 3)) 1% 1055.411
10% 10559.65
Profit and Overhead (10% of (1 +2 +3 + 4) 187982
Total cost per 10cum 18798.2
Total Cost per cum
their selection depends on applications, aesthetics and
Ques 20) Describe the analysis of rate for finishing
DAR. choice of user. A floor in building construction is a
work and flooring work as per latest DSR and leveled surface which can support the objects,
Or
occupants etc. Different flooring types are there based
Discuss the type of material in flooring building on different factors.
construction works.
The flooring material is chosen as per requirement of
Ans: Finishing Work the user and based on applications which provides the
Finishing work is a fine job in building construction
Several
most satisfying results for objective, either it may be
building.
process where it forms the beauty of a economically or durability wise. Following are the
based on the materials used.
types of finishes can be used different types of flooring work materials generally
environmental conditions and costs. Finishing of a used in flooring building construction works:
building can be dividd into several sections:
2) Cement Concrete Flooring Material in Buildings:
1) Floor finishing Concrete is most commonly used flooring material. It
2) Wall finishing is suitable for any type of construction and is cheaper
3) Ceiling finishing than others and durable. Cement Concrete mix of
1:3:6 to 1:5:10 or lime concrete with 40% 1:2 lime
Construction work phase that provides an attractive,
sand mortar and 60% coarse aggregate is used as base
completed appearance and provides proteçtion to the
course."
building.
Finish work includes enclosing interior walls and ceilings, After hardening, 1:2:4 cement concrete mixes with 40
installing finished flooring, cabinetry, doors, mouldings, mm hick layer is laid as topping. In industrial
cover interior and exterior surfaces, and completing buildings, granolithic finish is provided to obtain hard
plumbing, HVAC, electrical, and communication systems: wearing surface. Granolithic finish can be obtained
1) Flooring Work Material: There are various types of from rich concrete with tough quality coarse
flooring materials used in building construction and aggregate. mix.
 38
B.Tech, lighth Semester TP Solved Series (Quantity Surveyíng and Valuation) KT:
3) Bricks Flooring Material in Buildings: Bricks cun
silica, calcite and iron oxide. Flag stone is used to
also be used for (looring purposes, but they are manufacture tiles of different sizes in different shapes
not suitable Moor materils for resiclential or public
buildings. Brick tloorings are generally used in 5) Marble Flooring Material in Buildings: Marble is a
unimpotant roos, god owns, ctc. For this well burnt type of metamorphic rock and is used widely for
bricks arC prelerable and bricks should be in uniform floorings in Commercial buildings. kitchens.
siZe adhave sane color. bathrooms etc. they are stain proof and easily
cleanable. Hence, they are used where extra
cleanliness is required especially in bathrooms. They
are also available in different colors and designs.
6) Glass Flooring Material in Buildings: Glass is used
as flooring material for special conditions like to
transmit light from upper floor to lower floor etc
They are available in tiles which are fixed in closely
spaced frames. Even though it is very costly it
Figure 2.2: Brick Fooring in Buildings provides beautiful appearance.
7) Ceramic Flooring Material in Buildings:
Ceramic tiles are famous floor covering materials.
Flagstones Flooring Material in Buildings:
Flagstone is a type of sedimentary rock which is Ceramic is inorganic material and it possess
obtained by splitting along bed planes. It consists properties like good compressive resistance.
brittleness and hardness etc.
Analysis of Rate for Flooring Work
Cement concrete flooring (1:2:4) using 12 mm HBG machine crushed chips from
approved quarry to site of work
including curing cost and conveyance of all materials completed.
S.NoDescription of Item Quantity Unit Rate |Per Amount
12 mm HBG metal 092 Cum 680.25 Cum 625.83
2. Crushed chips
3 Sand 0.46 Cum 284.80 Cum 131.00
4 Cement (0.23m'x1.1| =0.33t) 0.23 (cc) 0.331 Cum MT 2700
5 Mason class Mt 894.24
0.06 Nos 150 Nos
6 2nd Class 9.00
0.14 Nos 131.00 Nos 18.34
7 Man Mazdoor 1.80 Nos 101.00 Nos 181.80
Women Mazdoor 1.40 Nos 101.00 Nos 141.40
9 Add 15% Extra on ML
52.58
10 Ad TOT@4% 2054.19
Sundries 82.17
0.64
Total 2137.00
Ques 21) Workout the Rate Analysis of tiles flooring
(for given room plan) on average 50mm thick bedding Total Room Floor Area = (5 x 4) + Door opening = 20 +
of cement mortar (1:4). Provide skirting also on (1x0.3) = 20.3m?
(bottom sides) wall.
Now for Provide skirting tiles we calculate
rOom:
Perimeter of
Perimeter of the room = 2x (5 + 4) Door Width = 18 1
Tile 300 mm x 300 = 17m
Imm
We have assumed 0.1016m (4 inches) as skirting tiles
Size of Room 5 m x4 m height.
Door Opening Im x 2.1 m
Skirting Tiles Area = Perimeter of the Room x
Tile Height Skirting
= 17x0.1016 =1.73 m
Total Area to be required = Total Floor Area +
Figure: 2.3 Tiles area Skirting
= 20.3 4+ 1.73 =22,03 m
Ans: Given Data: Size ol the room = Sm x 4m
Area of one tile =0.3 x 0.3 = 0.09 m
Size of the tile = 0.3m x 0.3nm
Cement Mortar (1.4) (hick= 50mn = 0.05m Now, the total number of tiles
required for room is:
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 39

Total cost = Cost of materials + Cost of Labours = l6924

Number of tiles required = Total required Area
+ 1700 = I8,624.00
Area of one tile
22.03 Add 1.5% Water Charges of total cost =
-= 244.7SNos
0.09 ISKS624 =279.36
100

Add 5% extra for wastage (rendered vastage and damaged Add 10% Contractor's Charges = 10 1,862.40
xI 8624 =
tiles) 100

Grand total = 18624.00 + 279.36 + 1862.40 =20765.76 =

5% of 244.78 = 12.24Nos
¿20,766.00
Total tiles = 244.78 + 12.24 =25702 = 258Nos Ques 22) Prepare rate analysis for vitrified tile flooring
over 20mm lime mortar bed.
.. 1BoX of tile contains 4 tiles, so number of boxes we
required Ans: Requirement of Material
258
-=64.4 Boxes Take 100m of Tile Flooring Work:
4
Assuming Vitrified tiles of size 20cm x 20cm =0.20m x
0.20m
Cement Mortar (1:4) Calculation for Tile Flooring
Wet volume of the cement mortar required = Area of the And Proportion of Lime Mortar as 1:2:4 (cement: lime: sand)
room x Cement Mortar Thickness
Volume of Lime Mortar = Area x Thickness
=100 x 0.02 = 2m'
= 20.3 x 0.05 = 1.015m
Dry Volume of Mortar = Increase it by 25%
= 1.25 x2
Wet Volume of the cement mortar required= 1.015m
= 2.5m
Add 25% extra for voids to get volume of dry mortar i) Volume of cement
DryVolume -x Proportioof cement
Volume of dry mortar = 1.25 x 1.015 = 1.27m Sumof Proportion
2.5
-xl=0.357m
1.27 1+2+4
Quantity of cement = Xl= 0.254m'
1+4
No. of cement bags
Volumeof Cement 0.357
No. of bags = 0.254 x 28.8 = 7.32 = 8 Bags (Say) 0.035
=10.20bags
Volume of l bag of cement
1.27) x4=1.016m =1.02m Cement bags for neat cement slurry and for joint, etc.
Quantity of sand = = 5bags
1+4) Total number of bags: = 10.20+ 5 = 15.20 = 16 bags
Cost of Materials ii) Volume of lime
|Sr.No. Material Unit Quantity Rate Amount Dry Volume -xProportion of lime
P.

1) Tiles Boxes 64.5 200 12,900 00 Sumof Pr oportion

Cement Bags 8 350| 2,800|00 2.5
2) 1.02| 1200 1.224 00 -x2=0.714m'
3) Sand m
Total Amount =16924.00 1+2+ 4
ii) Volume of sand
Cost of Labours
Men(nos.) Rate Per(Day) Amount Dry Volume
Sr. Labour x Proportion of sand
No. Sumof Proportion
P.
2.5
1 Head Mason 400/- Day 400 00 -x4=1.428m'
800 00 1+2+4
2 Labour for 4 200/- Day
Areaof Tile Flooring
Fixing, iv) No. of tiles =
Polishing Sizeof One Tile
3) Mazdoor 2 I50/ Day 300 00
100 = 2500 No.
|4) T&P |Lump sum200/ 200 00
Total Amount =1700.00 0.20x0.20
 40 B.Tech, ighth Sennester TP Solved Series (Quanity Surveying and Valuationy Ky
Cost of Material: For 00m of' work ellective to construct umerouN buildihg components sch
N walls, columus, tooing, arches, beams, ete, Piers,
Materials Quantity Rate ( Per locks, dums, ghthounes, and other sea Construcion buil
Cement l6bags 2S0/ Bag 4,000/ with Ntone maNODry, Ntronge, ote robust, nd Hore
Lime
238Skg (/ kg 14,310/ weather-en0stant than brick mnoDry.
Sand I.428m 2,000/ 2,856/
Vitritied 100m 1,000/ I,00,000/ The poceNN of None usory typically involves the
Tiles lollowing steps:
Laying and 100nn 100/ 10,000/ |) Quarryng: The first Ntep in slone manonry is the
Polishing quarryin of NtoneN from the earth. This involves
Oxalie acid ump S00/ 500/ cutting und extracting stoneN from qurry using
powder Sum various tools Nuclh aN chisels, humners, and wedye,.
Total of Cost of 1,31,666/ 2) Dressing: After quarrying, the stones are dresned or
Materials shuped to the required size undshape ning tools uch
UN lamners, chisels, and swN.
Cost of Labour: 3) Laylng: The stones are laid on a bed of mortar and
arranged in aspecific puttern, depending on the type
Labour Quantity Rate Per of masonry. In ushlar masonry, the stones are laid in
() horizontal layers, while in rubble masonry, the stones
Head Mason 1,000/- Day I,000/ are arrunged in amore rundom pattern,
Mason 15 600/- Day 9,000/
S00/ 6,000/
4) Jointing: Once the stones are laid, the joints between
Male Mazdoor 12 Day them are filled with mortar using a trowel. The mortar
Female 10 400/ Day 4,000/
helps to bind the stones togcther ad also provides a
Mazdoor Smooth surfacc.
Bhisti 500/- Day I,.000/
5) Finishing: Alter the mortar has dried, the surface of
Polisher 100 600/- Day 60,000/
I,000/ 1,000/ the stone masonry can be finished using various
Sundries T&P Lump lcchniques such aN polishing, sandblasting. or
Sum
Total Cost of Labours 82,000/ chiseling.
Malerials Used for Stone MuNOnry
Total cost of material and labour = 13I666 + 82000 = 2, The materiuls used for stone masonry ure:
13,666/ ) Stones: The stones used in masonry must be robust.
durable, and free of cracks, Nand holes, and voids. The
Adding 10% contractor's profit = 21,366.60/ uvailability of the stoie and the construction's relevance
décile the stone's Nclection for a given project.
Add 1% water charges = 3205/ Limestone, sandstonc, granite, marble, laterite, and other
2
stones are utilized in masonry construction,
Grand total = 213666+21366.60+3205/- = *2, 38,238/ 2) Mortar: Mortar is the binding medium uscd in
masonry construction. Masonry mortar consists of
Rate of Vitrified Tile Flooring in Lime Mortar per m' cement or lime, sand, and waler, In nature, the
238238
=(2,382/ resulting mixture is uniform. The following are the
100 mOst important aspects to consider while choosing
masonry mortar:
Oues 23) What is the stone masonry work? Also Strength is nceded.
i)
explain the material uses in stone masonry. ii) The stone'scolor
Or ii) Thc loads placcd on the structure

Give classification and analysis of rate for stone Uses of Stone Masonry
masonry work. The basc of the building, walls, piers, and pillars, as
well as the architectural work.
Ans: Stone Masonry Work constructio lechnigue in 2) Roofing materials and roof coverings
Stone masonry is a type of maleriuls, It is a
3) The process of eladding is carried ut.
which stones are used as building 4 Danns, ighthousCs, and other colossal constructions
has been used lor
traditional and time-tested techniquc thatbridges, are exanples of this.
and other
centuries to construct buildings, walls, S) Cureers in puving
structures. 6 Ballust, bluckboards, und un clectrical switeh building
cemented ure part of the railway system.
construction of stones
Stone masonry is the plentiful, cutting 7) Lintels, beums, beams, archeN, domes, and other
mortar. Where stones are
together with makes it cost urchitcctural elenments
he right shape
and dressing them to
Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 41

Classification of Stone Masonry Table: 2.10

Stone Masonry has two çategories:
1) Ashlar Masonry: Ashlar masonry comprises Random Rubble Masonry (1:6) in Foundation and
precisely finished stones with consistent and fine Plinth
seams. The joints are approximately 3mm thick and Consider 10cum. Mortar Volume is 4.2cum. Cement = 17
placed in diverse ways. The size of the stone blocks bags, Sand = 3.6cum
must be proportional to the wall thickness. The Rate
following are the several types of ashlar masonry:
Particulars Quantity
1) Matcrials:
Stone 12.5 636 7,950
(undressed)
Sand 3.6 1050 3,780
Cement 17 350 5,950
2) Labour:
Head Mason 0.5 800 400
Mason 10 600 6,000
Mazdoor 19 450 8,550
3) Contingencies 0.50% 163.15
Figure 2.4: Ashlar Masonry 4) Water Charge 1% 327.9315
5) Overhead and 10% 3.312.108
The following are the several types of ashlar Profit
masonry:
6) Total per 36,433.19
i) Ashlar Fine Masonry
10cum
ii) Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry
iüi) Ashlar Block in Course Total per cum 3,643.319
iv) Rock or Quarry Faced Masonry Prepare Rubble Masonry Analysis for 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6
v) Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
Table: 2.11
2) Rubble Masonry: It's a style of stone masonry. in
which the stones are either naked or coarsely dressed. Random Rubble Masonry (1:6) in Superstructure
The thickness of these . masonry structures is not Consider 10cum. Mortar Volume is 4.2cum. Cement = 17
regular. The rubble masonry's strength is determind bags, Sand = 3.6cum
by: Particulars Quantity Rate
i) Use of long through stones 1) Materials:
iü) High-quality mortar, and Stone (undressed) 12.5 636 7,950
iii) The proper filling of mortar between the stone Sand 3.6 1050 3.780
and joints. Cement 17 350 5,950
Scaffokding 1.00% 336.80
2) Labour:
Head Mason 0.5 800 400
Mason 11 600 6,600
Mazdoor 20 450 9,000
3) Contiagencies 0.50% 170.084
4) Water Charge 1% 341.8688
5) Overhead and Profit 10% 3,452.
Figure 2.5: Rubble Masonry 875
6) Total per 10cum 37,981.63
The following are the several types of Rubble Total per cum
masonry:
3,798.163
i) Rubble Masonry with Courses Prepare Rubble Masonry Analysis for 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and
1:6
ii) Uncaused Rubble Masonry
ii) Masonry with Dry Rubble Table: 2.12
Coursed Rubble Masonry (1:6) in Foundation and
iv) Polygonal Masonry Plinth
v) Masonry in Flint Consider 10cum. Dry Mortar Volume is 4.0cum. Cement
= 17 bags, Sand = 3.4cum
Analysis of Rate for Stone Masonry Work Particulars Quantity Rate
Consider the following tables:
 42
B.Tech, Eighth Semester TP Solved Series (Quantity Surveying and Valuation) KTU
1) Materials
Stone Volume of Stone 1.25x10= 12.5m'
11.7 865 10,120.5 Volume of dry mortar = 40% of volume
Sand 3.42 1050 3,591 =0.4x10 = 4m
2)
Cement
Labour
17 350 5,950

Head Mason 0.5 800

Quantity of Cement =
1+6
xl =0.57m'
400
Mason 15 600 9,000 Add 25% extra
Mazdoor 24 450 10,800 (25% of volume + Volume) = (25o+1) volume = (0.25+1)
3) Contingencies 0.50% 199.3075 volume
4) Water Charge 1% 400.608 1 1.25 x olume
5) Overhead and 10% 4046.142 Volume of stone = 1.25x10 = 12.5m'
Protit
6) Total per 10cum 44,507.56 Volume of dry mortar = 40% of volume
Total per cum 4,450.756 = 0.4×10 = 4m
Prepare Rubble Masonry Analysis for 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6

Table: 2.13 Quantity of cement = xl =0.57m'

Coursed Rubble Masonry (1:6) in Superstructure
Consider 10cum. Mortar Volume is 4cum. Cement= 17 Number of bags =0.57x28.8 = 16.42 bags = 17 bags
bags, Sand =3.4cum (say).
Particulars Quantity Rate
1) Materials
Stone
Quantity of sand = *6*6= 3.42m
11.7 865 10,120.5
Sand 3.42 1050 3,591 Abstract Sheet
Cement 17 350 5,950 1) Cost of Materials
Scaffolding 1.00% 196.62
2) Labour Sr. Materia Unit Quantit Rate Amount
No
Head Mason 0.5 800 400
Mason 17 600 10,200 P.
Mazdoor 28 450 12,600
1) Rubble m 12.5 1,200/ 15,00
3) Contingencies 0.50% includin 0
215.2906
4) Water Charge 1% 432.7341 through
5) Overhead and 10% Stone &
4370.614
Profit
2)
Wastage
6) Total per 10cum Cement Bag 17 350/
48,076.75 5,950
S
Total per cum 4,807.675 3) Sand m 3.42 1,000/ 3,420
Prepare Rubble Masonry Analysis for 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6
(
Total Amount =24.370.00/
Ques 24) Workout the
for 10m for Randomquantity of materials required
Rubble masonry in cement
2) Cost of Labours
mortar (1:6). Prepare Rate analysis also for Sr. Material Men
and labours with abstract sheet. material No.
Rate Per Amount
(nos.)
(Day)
Ans: Given, Volume of work = 10 m 1) P.
Head 400/
Mason
Day 400 00
Cement mortar ratio = 1:6 2 Mason 350/
3 Mazdoor 3 200/
Day 700 00
Ouantity of stone including through stones and wastage 4) Coolie Day 600 00
3 150/
Bhisti 250/
Day 450 00
Add 25% extra to get total volume of stone. 6 Day 500 00
Scaffolding Lump
Sum
IS0/ 150 (00
[To compensate for wastage during actual construction) 7) T&P
Lump
Sum
I00/ 100 00

Total Amount =2,900,00/

Analysis of Rates (Module 2) 43

Total cost = Cost of materials + Cost of labours For 1On' stonc work, we need 12.5m' stone.
= 24370+2900
2) Mortar Caleulation
Total cost= 27,270.00/ Volume of dry mortar in stone masonry = 40% of
1.s) volume
Add 1.5% WaterCharges of total cost o0x27270 = 0,40×10
=4m' (dry volume)
Water charges =409.05/- (say = 7410.00/-) For quantity of cement =
Ratio of cement
10 xDry volume
Add 10% Contractor's Charges = x 27270 Sum of Ratio
100
1
-x4=0.8m'
Contractor's Charges =2,727/ 1+4

Grand total = 27270+410+2727 = 30,407.00/ 0.8m cement volumes we convert into kg, we know
that unit weight of cement is 1440kg/m
30407 = 0.8x1440m'xkg/m' = 1152kg
Rate of work per m' = ’3,040.70/ If we calculate in number of bag of cement:
10
1152kg = 23.04 bags of cement
Hence Rate of Stone masonry per m° is 3,041.00/ 50kg/bag
Ques 25) How to calculate quantity of material for Ratio of sand
Random Rubble Masonry volume of work is 10cum For quantity of sand = -xDry volume
Sumof Ratio
cement mortar ratio 1:ó/1:3/1:4
4
1+44 =3.2m3
Ans: Given,
Volume of work = 10m
We convert into m' to ft', we know that lm=35.31ft
Mortar Ratio = 1:6, 1:8, 1:4 (on working)
So;
So first of all we find volume of stone require in work then =3.2 x 35.31 m' x ft/m' = 113f³
mortar calculation for cement and sand.
1) Volume of Stone: Quantity of stone including Result
through stones and wastage for making. Stone = 12.5m
Add 25% extra to get total volume of stone (to Cement = 23 bags of cement
compensate for wastage during actual construction) Sand = 113ft'.

Volume of Stone = 1.25x10 = 12.5m