Normandy landings

“D-Day” redirects here. This Planning for the operation

article is about the first day of began in 1943. In the months
the Invasion of Normandy. leading up to the invasion,
The subsequent operations the Allies conducted a sub-
are covered in Invasion of stantial military deception,
Normandy. For the use of D- codenamed Operation Body-
Day as a general military guard, to mislead the
term, see D-Day (military Germans as to the date and
term). For other uses, see D- location of the main Allied
Day (disambiguation). landings. The weather on D-
“Operation Neptune” Day was far from ideal, but
redirects here. For other postponing would have meant
uses, see Operation Neptune a delay of at least two weeks,
(disambiguation). as the invasion planners had
re- quirements for the phase
The Normandy landings of the moon, the tides, and
(codenamed Operation Nep- the time of day that meant
tune) were the landing only a few days in each
operations on Tuesday, 6 month were deemed suitable.
June 1944 (termed D-Day) of Adolf Hitler placed German
the Allied invasion of Nor- Field Marshal Erwin Rommel
mandy in Operation Overlord in command of German
during World War II. The forces and of developing
largest seaborne invasion in fortifications along the Atlantic
history, the operation began Wall in anticipation of an
the liberation of German- Allied invasion.
occupied northwestern The amphibious landings
Europe from Nazi control, were preceded by extensive
and contributed to the Allied aerial and naval
victory on the Western Front. bombardment and an
airborne assault— the tanks.
landing of 24,000 American, The Allies failed to achieve
British, and Canadian any of their goals on the first
airborne troops shortly after day. Carentan, St. Lô, and
midnight. Allied infantry and Bayeux remained in German
armoured divisions began hands, and Caen, a major
landing on the coast of objective, was not captured
France at 06:30. The target un- til 21 July. Only two of the
50-mile (80 km) stretch of the beaches (Juno and Gold)
Normandy coast was divided were linked on the first day,
into five sectors: Utah, and all five beachheads were
Omaha, Gold, Juno, and not connected until 12 June;
Sword Beach. Strong winds however, the operation
blew the landing craft east of gained a foothold which the
their intended positions, Allies gradually expanded
particularly at Utah and over the coming months.
Omaha. The men landed un- German casualties on D-Day
der heavy fire from gun have been estimated as
emplacements overlooking 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied
the beaches, and the shore casualties were at least
was mined and covered with 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed
ob- stacles such as wooden dead. Museums, memorials,
stakes, metal tripods, and and war cemeteries in the
barbed wire, making the work area host many vis- itors
of the beach-clearing teams each year.
diffi- cult and dangerous.
Casualties were heaviest at 1 Background
Omaha, with its high cliffs. At
Gold, Juno, and Sword, Between 27 May and 4 June
several fortified towns were 1940, over 338,000 troops of
cleared in house-to-house the British Expeditionary
fighting, and two major gun Force (BEF) and the French
emplacements at Gold were Army, trapped along the
disabled using specialised northern coast of France,
 Xas

were evacuated in the 1943. By then, Soviet forces

Dunkirk evacuation.[13] After were on the offensive and
the German Army invaded had won a major victory at
the Soviet Union in June the Battle of Stalingrad. The
1941, the Soviet leader deci- sion to undertake a
Joseph Stalin began pressing cross-channel invasion within
for the creation of a second the next year was taken at
front in western Europe.[14] the Trident Conference in
In late May 1942 the Soviet Washington in May 1943.[17]
Union and the United States Initial planning was
made a joint announcement constrained by the number of
that a "... full understanding available landing craft, most
was reached with regard to of which were already
the urgent tasks of creating a committed in the
sec- ond front in Europe in Mediterranean and Pacific.
1942.”[15] However, Churchill [18] At the Tehran
per- suaded Roosevelt to Conference in November
postpone the promised 1943, Roosevelt and
invasion as, even with Churchill promised Stalin that
American help, the Allies did they would Xas open the long-
not have ade- quate forces delayed second front in May
for such a strike.[16] 1944.[19]
Instead of an immediate Four sites were considered
return to France, the Western for the landings: Brittany, the
Allies staged offensives in the Cotentin Peninsula,
Mediterranean Theatre of Normandy, and Pas de
Operations, where British Calais. As Brittany and
troops were already Cotentin are peninsulas, it
stationed. By mid-1943 the would have
campaign in North Africa had
been won. The Allies then
launched the invasion of
Sicily in July 1943, and later
invaded Italy in September
2 3 DECEPTION PLANS

panded operation meant that the invasion had to be de-

been possible for the

Germans to cut of f the
Allied ad-
vance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites
were
[20]
rejected. As the Pas de Calais is the closest point in
continental Europe to
Britain, the Germans
considered it to be the most
likely initial landing zone,
so it was the most heavily
fortified region.[21] But it
offered few op- portunities
Meeting of the Supreme for expansion, as the area
Headquarters Allied is bounded by nu- merous
Expeditionary Force rivers and canals,[22]
(SHAEF), 1 February 1944. whereas landings on a
Front row: Air Chief broad front in Normandy
Marshal Arthur Tedder, 1st would permit simultaneous
Baron Tedder; General threats against the port of
Dwight D. Eisen- hower; Cherbourg, coastal ports
General Bernard further west in Brittany, and
Montgomery. Back row: an overland attack towards
Lieutenant General Omar Paris and
Bradley; Admiral Bertram
Ramsay; Air Chief Marshal
Trafford Leigh-Mallory;
Lieutenant General Walter
Be- dell Smith.
 3
the estab- lishment of a large-scale lodgement on
layed to June.[28] the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious
Eventually, thirty-nine Allied invasion and establish- ment of a secure foothold,
was codenamed Operation Neptune.[24] To gain
divisions would be the air superiority needed to en- sure a successful
invasion, the Allies undertook a bomb- ing
committed to the Battle of campaign (codenamed Operation Pointblank) that
targeted German aircraft production, fuel
Normandy: twenty- two supplies, and airfields.[24] Elaborate deceptions,
codenamed Operation Bodyguard, were
American, twelve British, undertaken in the months leading up to the
three Canadian, one Pol- invasion to prevent the Germans from learning
the timing and location of the invasion.[31]
ish, and one French, The landings were to be preceded by airborne
landings near Caen on the eastern flank to
totalling over a million secure the Orne River bridges and north of
troops[29] all under overall Carentan on the western flank. The Americans,
assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha
British command.[30] Beach, were to attempt to capture Carentan and
St. Lô the first day, then cut off the Cotentin
Peninsula and even- tually capture the port facilities
at Cherbourg. The British at Sword Beach and
Gold Beach and Canadians at Juno Beach would
protect the American flank and attempt to
2 Operations establish airfields near Caen.line
Avranches-Falaise A secure lodgement
why cotentin would be established and an attempt made to
n brittany
hold all territory
not chosen Operation Overlord was the name assigned to
north within the Allies
why pas de of the first three plan
calais not sel

Normandy
s

Deippe
raid Ops
Rutter
Ops

eventually into Germany. Normandy was hence

chosen
as the landing site.[23] The lack of port facilities—
most serious drawback of would be overcome through
the Normandy coast—the the development of artificial
2 3 DECEPTION PLANS
Mulberry harbours.[24] A immediately insisted that
series of specialised tanks, the scale of the initial
nicknamed Hobart’s invasion be expanded to
Funnies, were created to five divisions, with airborne
deal with conditions descents by three addi-
expected during the tional divisions, to allow
Normandy Campaign, such operations on a wider front
as scal- ing sea walls and and speed up the capture
providing close support on of the port at Cherbourg.
the beach.[25] [28] The need to acquire or
The Allies planned to produce extra landing craft
launch the invasion on 1 for the ex-
May 1944.[22] The initial
draft of the plan was
accepted at the Quebec
Conference in August
1943. General Dwight
D. Eisenhower was
appointed commander of
Supreme Headquarters
Allied Expeditionary Force
(SHAEF).[26] General
Bernard Montgomery was
named as commander of
the 21st Army Group, which
comprised all of the land
forces involved in the
invasion.[27] On 31
December 1943
Eisenhower and
Montgomery first saw the
plan, which proposed
amphibious landings by
three divisions with two
more divisions in support.
The two generals
 5
weeks.[32][33] Montgomery messages from 21st Army
envisaged a ninety-day Group were first routed to
battle, lasting until all Allied Kent via landline and then
forces reached the Seine. broadcast, to give Germans
[34] the impression that most of
the Allied troops were sta-
tioned there.[38] Patton
3 Deception plans was stationed in England
until 6
Under the overall umbrella
of Operation Bodyguard,
the Allies conducted
several subsidiary
operations designed
to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of
the Allied landings.[35]
Operation Fortitude
included For- titude North,
a misinformation campaign
using fake ra- dio traffic to
lead the Germans into
expecting an attack on
Norway,[36] and Fortitude
South, a major deception
involving the creation of a
fictitious First United States
Army Group under
Lieutenant General George
S. Patton, supposedly
located in Kent and
Sussex. Fortitude South
was intended to deceive
the Germans into believing
that the main attack would
take place at Calais.[31]
[37] Genuine radio
 2 3 DECEPTION PLANS

and Isigny. These dummies

led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne
landing had occurred. On
that same night, in
Operation Taxable, No. 617
Squadron RAF dropped
strips of “win- dow”, metal
foil that caused a radar
return which was mis-
takenly interpreted by
German radar operators as
a naval convoy near Le
Havre. The illusion was
Shoulder patches were bolstered by a group of
designed for units of the small craft towing barrage
fictitious First United States balloons. A simi- lar
Army Group under Patton. deception was undertaken
Op
Titanic near Boulogne-sur-Mer in
the Pas de Calais area by
Op
Taxable July, thus continuing to No. 218 Squadron RAF in
deceive the Germans into Operation Glimmer.[41][3]
believ- ing a second attack
would take place at Calais.
Op
Glimmer [39] 4 Weather
Many of the German radar
stations on the French The invasion planners
coast were destroyed in determined a set of
preparation for the conditions in- volving the
landings.[40] In ad- dition, phase of the moon, the
on the night before the tides, and the time of day
invasion, a small group of that would be satisfied on
because of
tide coming in
they would Special Air Service (SAS) only a few days in each
cross few
obsticles operators deployed dummy month. A full moon was
paratroopers over Le Havre desirable, as it would
 7
provide illumination for hower had tentatively
aircraft pilots and have the selected 5 June as the date
highest tides. The Allies for the assault. However,
wanted to schedule the on 4 June, conditions were
landings for shortly before unsuitable for a landing:
dawn, midway between low high winds and heavy seas
and high tide, with the tide made it impossi- ble to
coming in. This would launch landing craft, and
improve the visibility of low clouds would prevent
obstacles on the beach, aircraft from finding their
while minimising the targets.[43]
amount of time the men
would be exposed in the
open.[42] Eisen-

Surface weather analysis

map showing weather fronts
on 5 June

Group Captain James

Stagg of the Royal Air
Force (RAF) met
Eisenhower on the evening
of 4 June. He and his
meteorological team
predicted that the weather
would improve enough for
the invasion to proceed on
6 June.[44] The next
available dates with the
2 3 DECEPTION PLANS
required tidal conditions units were given leave.[47]
(but without the desirable Field Marshal Erwin
full moon) would be two Rommel returned to
weeks later, from 18 to 20 Germany for his wife’s
June. Postponement of the birthday and to meet Hitler
invasion would have to try to obtain more
required recalling men and Panzers.[48]
ships already in position to
cross the Channel, and
would have increased the 5 German order of battle
chance that the invasion
plans would be detected. Nazi Germany had at its
[45] After much discussion disposal fifty divisions in
with the other senior France and the Low
commanders, Eisenhower Countries, with another
decided that the invasion eighteen stationed in
should go ahead on the Denmark and Norway.
6th.[46] A major storm Fifteen divisions were in the
battered the Normandy pro- cess of formation in
coast from 19 to 22 June, Germany.[49] Combat
which would have made losses through- out the war,
the beach landings particularly on the Eastern
impossible.[43] Front, meant that the
Germans no longer had a
Allied control of the Atlantic
pool of able young men
meant German meteorol-
from which to draw.
ogists had less information
German soldiers were now
than the Allies on incom-
on aver-
ing weather patterns.[40]
As the Luftwaffe
meteorologi- cal centre in
Paris was predicting two
weeks of stormy weather,
many Wehrmacht
commanders left their posts
to attend war games in
Rennes, and men in many
 4 6 ATLANTIC WALL

age six years older than

their Allied counterparts.
Many in the Normandy area
were Ostlegionen (eastern
legions) – conscripts and
volunteers from Russia,
Mongolia, and elsewhere.
They were provided mainly
with unreliable captured
equipment and lacked
motorised transport.[50]
Many German units were
under strength.[51]
German Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler

• Oberbefehlshaber
Rundstedt
West
(Supreme
Comman- der
West; OB West): Field
Marshal Gerd von

Friedrich Dollmann
• (Panzer Group
• LXXXIV Corps under
West: Gen-
eral Leo Geyr General der Artillerie
von Erich Marcks
Schweppen-
Cotentin Peninsula
burg)
• Army Group B:
Field Marshal
Erwin Rommel
• 7th Army:
5.1
Generaloberst
 5
G s using captured following ele- ments of the
e French tanks 352nd Infantry Division:
r (Beutepanzer) in
m Normandy, 1944 • 914th Grenadier
a Regiment[56]
n • 352nd Artillery • 915th Grenadier
tr Regiment[55] Regiment[56]
o
o • 916th Grenadier
Allied forces at Gold Regiment[56]
p and Juno faced the
5.2 Grandcamps Sector
Allied forces attacking Utah
Americans assaulting
Beach faced the following
Omaha Beach faced the
German units stationed on
following troops:
the Cotentin Peninsula:

• 352nd Infantry
• 709th Static Infantry Division under
Division under Gener- Generalleut- nant
alleutnant Karl-Wilhelm Dietrich Kraiss, a full-
von Schlieben numbered strength unit of around
12,320 men, many of 12,000 brought in by
them Ostlegionen (non- Rommel on 15 March
German conscripts and re- inforced by two
recruited from Soviet additional regiments.[54]
prisoners of war, • 914th Grenadier
Georgians, and Poles). Regiment[55]
[52] • 915th Grenadier
• 729th Grenadier Regiment (as
Regiment[53] reserves)[55]
• 739th Grenadier • 916th Grenadier
Xas
Regiment[53] Regiment[55]
2016-10-03 20:31:21
--------------------------------------------
• 919th Grenadier • 726th Infantry
The St Nazaire Raid or Operation
Chariot was a successful British
Regiment[53] Regimentamphibious
(from 716th attack on the heavily
defended Normandie dry dock at
Infantry Division)[55]
St Nazaire in German-occupied
France during the Second World
War. The operation was
 4 6 ATLANTIC WALL
• 352nd Artillery Panzergrenadier
Regiment[56] Regiment[56]
• 192nd
5.3 Forces Panzergrenadier
around Regiment[56]
Caen • 155th Panzer Artillery
Regiment[56]
Allied forces attacking Gold,
Juno, and Sword Beaches
faced the following German 6 Atlantic Wall
units:
Main articles: Atlantic Wall
and English Channel
Op Ops Rutter
• 716th Static Infantry Alarmed by the raidsOps
Chariot on St
Jubillee
Division under Gener- Nazaire and Dieppe in
alleutnant Wilhelm 1942,
Richter. At 7,000 troops,
the division was
significantly
understrength.[57]
• 736th Infantry
Regiment[58]
• 1716th Artillery
Regiment[58]
• 21st Panzer Division,
(south of Caen) un- der
Generalmajor Edgar
Feuchtinger included
146 tanks and 50
assault guns, plus
supporting infantry and
artillery.[59]
• 100th Panzer
Regiment[56]
• 125th
 7

strongpoints were never

built.[60] As it was
expected to be the site of
the invasion, the Pas de
Calais was heavily
defended.[60] Xas In the
2016-10-03 21:28:04
Normandy area, the best
--------------------------------------------
fortifications Rommelspargel) were
Rommel's asparagus (German:
were 13-to-16-
concentrated placed
at the
foot (4 to 5 m) portthat were
logs
in the fields and meadows
facil- ities at Cherbourg
of Normandy toand cause damage to
the expected invasion of Allied
Saint-Malo.[28]military Rommel
gliders and paratroopers.
Also known in German as
was as- signed to oversee
the construction of further
fortifica- tions along the
expected invasion front,
Map of the
which stretched from the
Atlantic Wall,
Netherlands to Cherbourg,
shown in green
[60][61] and was given
German Reich
command of the newly re-
and Axis powers
Allies formed Army Group B,
Neutral countries which included the 7th
Army, the 15th Army, and
the forces guarding the
Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all
Netherlands. Reserves for
this group in- cluded the
along the Atlantic coast, 2nd, 21st, and 116th
from Spain to Norway, to Panzer divisions.[62][63]
pro- tect against an
Rommel believed that the
expected Allied invasion.
Normandy coast could be a
He envisioned 15,000
possible landing point for
emplacements manned by
the invasion, so he ordered
300,000 troops, but
the construction of
shortages, particularly of
extensive defensive works
concrete and manpower,
along that shore. In
meant that most of the
addition to concrete gun
4 6 ATLANTIC WALL
emplacements at strategic mark.[42] Tangles of
points along the coast, he barbed wire, booby traps,
ordered wooden stakes, and the removal of ground
metal tripods, mines, and cover made the approach
large anti-tank obsta- cles hazardous for infantry.[64]
to be placed on the On Rommel’s order, the
beaches to delay the number of mines along the
approach of landing craft coast was tripled.[28] The
and impede the movement Allied air offensive over
of tanks.[64] Ex- pecting Germany had crippled the
the Allies to land at high Luftwaffe and established
tide so that the infantry air supremacy over
would spend less time western Europe, so
exposed on the beach, he Rommel knew he could not
ordered many of these expect effective air support.
obstacles to be placed at [65] The Luft- waffe could
the high water muster only 815 aircraft[66]
over Normandy in
comparison to the Allies’
9,543.[67] Rommel
arranged for booby-trapped
stakes known as
Rommelspargel (Rom-
mel’s asparagus) to be
installed in meadows and
fields to deter airborne
landings.[28]

7 Armoured reserves

Rommel believed that

Germany’s best chance
was to stop the invasion at
the shore. He requested
that the mobile re- serves,
especially tanks, be
 9
stationed as close to the visions as strategic
coast as possible. reserves, not to be used
Rundstedt, Geyr, and other without his direct orders.
senior comman- ders [68][69][70]
objected. They believed
that the invasion could not
8 Allied order of battle
be stopped on the
beaches. Geyr argued for
a conven- tional doctrine:
keeping the Panzer
formations concen- trated
in a central position around
Paris and Rouen and
deploying them only when
the main Allied beachhead
had been identified. He
also noted that, in the
Italian Cam- paign, the D-day assault routes into
armoured units stationed Normandy
near the coast had been
damaged by naval Commander, SHAEF:
bombardment. Rommel’s General Dwight D.
opin- ion was that, because Eisenhower
of Allied air supremacy, the
large- scale movement of
tanks would not be
possible once the invasion
was under way. Hitler
made the final decision,
which was to leave three
Panzer divisions under
Geyr’s command and give
Rommel operational
control of three more as
reserves. Hitler took
personal control of four di-
6 8 ALLIED ORDER OF
BATTLE

Commander, 21st Army • 101st Airborne

Group: General Bernard Division: Major
Montgomery[71] General Maxwell D.
Taylor[72]
8.1 American zones
Omaha Beach
Commander, First Army
(United States): Lieutenant
• V Corps,
General Omar Bradley[71] commanded by Major
The First Army contingent General Leonard T.
totalled approximately Gerow, making up
73,000 men, including 34,250 men[73]
15,600 from the airborne
divisions.[12] • 1st Infantry
Division: Major
General Clarence R.
Utah Beach
Huebner[74]
• 29th Infantry
• VII Corps,
Division: Major
commanded by Major
General Charles H.
General J. Lawton
Gerhardt[74]
Collins[72]
• 4th Infantry
8.2 British and Canadian
Division: Major
zones
General Raymond O.
Barton[72] Commander, Second Army
• 82nd Airborne (Britain and Canada): Lieu-
Division: Major tenant General Sir Miles
General Matthew Dempsey[71]
Ridgway[72] Overall, the Second Army
• 90th Infantry contingent consisted of
Division: Brigadier 83,115 men, 61,715 of
General Jay W. them British.[12] The
MacKelvie[72] nominally British air and
naval support units
 7
included a large number of
personnel from Allied
nations, including several
RAF squadrons manned
almost exclusively by
overseas air crew. For
example, the Australian
contribution to the
operation included a
regular Royal Australian Air
Force (RAAF) squadron,
nine Article XV squadrons,
and hundreds of personnel Royal Marine Commandos
posted to RAF units and attached to 3rd Infantry
RN warships.[75] The RAF Division move inland from
supplied two-thirds of the Sword Beach, 6 June 1944.
aircraft involved in the
invasion.[76]
Gold Beach

• XXX Corps,
commanded by
Lieutenant Gen- eral
Gerard Bucknall[77]
• 50th
(Northumbrian)
Infantry Division:
Major General D.A.H.
Graham[77]

Juno Beach

Main article: Juno Beach

order of battle
6 8 ALLIED ORDER OF
BATTLE
• British I Corps,
commanded by
Lieutenant General John
Crocker[78]
• 3rd Canadian
Division: Major
General Rod
Keller[78]

Sword Beach

• British I Corps,
commanded by
Lieutenant General John
Crocker[79]
• 3rd Infantry
Division: Major
General Tom
Rennie[79]

• 6th Airborne
Division: Major
General
R.N. Gale[79]

79th Armoured Division:

Major General Percy
Hobart[80] provided
specialised armoured
vehicles which supported
the landings on all beaches
in Second Army’s sector.
 9

9 Coordination with the operation to sabotage the

French Resistance rail
system.

• Plan Bleu dealt with

destroying electrical
facilities.
• Plan Tortue was a
delaying operation aimed
at the enemy forces that
would potentially
reinforce Axis forces at
Normandy.
Members of the French • Plan VioletXas dealt with
Resistance and the U.S. cutting underground
2016-10-03 21:41:28
--------------------------------------------
82nd Airborne division telephone andThe
teleprinter
French Forces of the Interior
(French: Forces Françaises de
discuss the situation during cables.[81] l'Intérieur) refers to French
resistance fighters in the later
the Battle of Normandy in stages of World War II. Charles de

1944 The resistance was

Gaulle used alerted
it as a formal name
for the resistance fighters. The
to carry out these
change tasks
in designationby of these
Through the London-based mes- sages personnels
État-major des Forces transmitted by the BBC’s
Françaises de l'Intérieur French service from
(French Forces of the London. Several hundred of
Interior), the British Special these messages, which
Message
s

Executive might be snatches of

personn
el
Operations
orchestrated a massive poetry, quotations from
campaign of sabotage to be literature, or random
implemented by the French sentences, were regularly
Resistance. The Allies transmitted, masking the
developed four plans for few that were actually
the Resistance to execute significant. In the weeks
on D-Day and the following pre- ceding the landings,
days: lists of messages and their
meanings were distributed
• Plan Vert was a 15-day
6 8 ALLIED ORDER OF
to resistance groups.[82] BATTLE
in more than 500 places.
An increase in radio activity Normandy was isolated as
on 5 June was correctly of 7 June.”[85]
interpreted by Ger- man
intelligence to mean that an
invasion was imminent or
10 Naval activity
underway. However,
because of the barrage of
pre- vious false warnings
and misinformation, most
units ig- nored the warning.
[83][84]
A 1965 report from the
Counter-insurgency
Information Analysis Center
details the results of the
French Resis- tance’s
sabotage efforts: “In the D-Day planning map, used
southeast, 52 locomo- tives at Southwick House
were destroyed on 6 June
and the railway line cut

Large landing craft convoy

crosses the English Channel
on 6 June 1944.

Naval operations for the

invasion were described by
 1
his- torian Correlli Barnett 1

as a “never surpassed
masterpiece of planning”.
[86] In overall command
was British Admi- ral Sir
Bertram Ramsay, who had
served as Flag officer at
Dover during the Dunkirk
evacuation four years ear-
lier. He had also been
responsible for the naval
planning of the invasion of
North Africa in 1942, and
one of the two fleets
carrying troops for the
invasion of Sicily the
following year.[87]
The invasion fleet was
drawn from eight different
navies, comprising 6,939
vessels: 1,213 warships,
4,126 land- ing craft of
various types, 736 ancillary
craft, and 864 merchant
vessels.[12] The majority of
the fleet was sup- plied by
the UK, which provided 892
warships and 3,261 landing
craft.[76] There were
195,700 naval personnel
involved.[12] The invasion
fleet was split into the
Western
8 12 THE LANDINGS

Naval Task Force (under Eastern Task Force and

Admiral Alan G Kirk) launched fifteen torpedoes,
support- ing the American sinking the Norwegian
sectors and the Eastern destroyer HNoMS Svenner
Naval Task Force (under off Sword beach but
Admiral Sir Philip Vian) in missing the battleships
the British and Canadian HMS Warspite and Ramil-
sectors.[88][87] Available lies. After attacking, the
to the fleet were five German vessels turned
battleships, 20 cruisers, 65 away and fled east into a
destroyers, and two smoke screen that had
monitors.[89] German ships been laid by the RAF to
in the area on D-Day shield the fleet from the
included three torpedo long-range battery at Le
boats, 29 fast attack craft, Havre.[91] Allied losses to
36 R boats, and 36 mines included USS Corry
minesweepers and patrol off Utah and USS PC-1261,
boats.[90] The Germans a 173-foot patrol craft.[92]
also had several U-boats In addition, many landing
available, and all the craft were lost.[93]
approaches had been
heavily mined.[42]
11 Bombardment

Main article: Bombing of

Normandy
Bombing of Normandy
began around midnight
with

Map of the invasion area

10.1 Naval losses showing channels cleared
of mines, location of vessels
At 05:10, four German
torpedo boats reached the engaged in bombardment,
 9
and targets on shore Minesweepers began
clearing channels for the
more than 2,200 British, inva- sion fleet shortly after
Canadian, and American midnight and finished just
bombers attacking targets after dawn without
along the coast and further encountering the enemy.
inland.[42] The coastal [95] The Western Task
bombing attack was largely Force included the
inef- fective at Omaha, battleships Arkansas,
because low cloud cover Nevada, and Texas, plus
made the as- signed eight cruisers, 28
targets difficult to see. destroyers, and one
Concerned about inflict- ing monitor.[96] The Eastern
casualties on their own Task Force included the
troops, many bombers de- battle- ships HMS Ramillies
layed their attacks too long and Warspite and the
and failed to hit the beach monitor HMS Roberts,
defences.[94] The twelve cruisers, and thirty-
Germans had 570 aircraft seven destroyers.[7] Naval
stationed in Normandy and bombardment of areas
the Low Countries on D- behind the beach com-
Day, and another 964 in menced at 05:45, while it
Germany.[42] was still dark, with the
gunners switching to pre-
assigned targets on the
beach as soon as it was
light enough to see, at
05:50.[97] Since troops
were scheduled to land at
Utah and Omaha starting
at 06:30 (an hour earlier
than the British beaches),
these areas received only
about 40 minutes of naval
bombardment before the
assault troops began to
10 12 THE LANDINGS
land on the shore.[98] elim- inate the enemy’s
Some of the landing craft ability to organise and
had been modified to launch counter- attacks
provide close support fire, during this critical period,
and self-propelled airborne operations were
amphibious Duplex- Drive used to seize key
tanks (DD tanks), specially objectives such as bridges,
designed for the Nor- road crossings, and terrain
mandy landings, were to features, particularly on the
land shortly before the east- ern and western
infantry to provide covering flanks of the landing areas.
fire. However, few arrived in The airborne landings
advance of the infantry, and some distance behind the
many sank before reaching beaches were also in-
the shore, especially at tended to ease the egress
Omaha.[99][100] of the amphibious forces off
the beaches, and in some
cases to neutralise German
12 The landings coastal defence batteries
and more quickly expand
12.1 Airborne operations the area of the beachhead.
The success of the [101][102]
amphibious landings The US 82nd and 101st
depended on the Airborne Divisions were as-
establishment of a secure signed to objectives west of
lodgement from which to Utah Beach, where they
expand the beachhead to hoped to capture and
allow the buildup of a well- control the few narrow
supplied force capable of causeways through terrain
breaking out. The amphibi- that had been intentionally
ous forces were especially flooded by the Germans.
vulnerable to strong enemy Reports from Allied
counter-attacks before the intelligence in mid- May of
buildup of sufficient forces the arrival of the German
in the beachhead could be 91st Infantry Division
accomplished. To slow or meant the intended drop
 1
1
zones had to be shifted
east- ward and to the
south.[103] The British 6th
Airborne Di- vision, on the
eastern flank, was
assigned to capture in- tact
the bridges over the Caen
Canal and River Orne,
destroy five bridges over
the Dives 6 miles (9.7 km)
to
 12.1
12
Airborne 12operations
THE LANDINGS

9
who was taking a
newspaper to read on
the east, and destroy the the plane ... There was
Merville Gun Battery an easy familiar touch
overlook- ing Sword Beach. about the way they
[104] Free French were getting ready, as
paratroopers from the though they had done
British SAS Brigade were it often before. Well,
assigned to objectives in yes, they had kitted up
Brit- tany from 5 June and climbed aboard
through August in often just like this –
Operations Dingson, twenty, thirty, forty
Samwest, and Cooney. times some of them,
[105][106] but it had never been
BBC war correspondent quite like this before.
Robert Barr described the This was the first
scene as paratroopers combat jump for every
prepared to board their one of them.[107]
aircraft:
12.1.1 American airborne
Their faces were landings
darkened with cocoa;
sheathed knives were Main article: American
strapped to their airborne landings in
ankles; tommy guns Normandy The American
strapped to their airborne landings began
waists; ban- doliers with the arrival of
and hand grenades,
coils of rope, pick
handles, spades,
rubber dinghies hung
around them, and a
few personal
oddments, like the lad
 paratrooper drop zones was
accurately marked with
radar signals and Aldis
lamps.[108] Paratroopers of
the US 82nd and 101st
Airborne Divisions,
numbering over 13,000
men, were delivered by
Douglas C-47 Skytrains of
the IX Troop Carrier
Command.[109] To avoid
flying over the invasion
fleet, the planes arrived
Gliders are delivered to the from the west over the
Cotentin Peninsula by Cotentin Peninsula and
Douglas C-47 Skytrains. 6 exited over Utah Beach.
June 1944. [110][108]
Paratroops from 101st
pathfinders at 00:15.
Airborne were dropped
Navigation was difficult
beginning around 01:30,
because of a bank of thick
tasked with controlling the
cloud, and as a result only
causeways be- hind Utah
one of the five
Beach and destroying road
and rail bridges over the
Douve River.[111] The C-
47s could not fly in a tight
formation because of thick
cloud cover, and many
para- troopers were
dropped far from their
intended landing zones.
Many planes came in so
low that they were un- der
fire from both flak and
machine gun fire. Some
 para-
14 troopers were killed working to pro-12 tect the
THE LANDINGS

on impact when their western flank.[117]

parachutes did not have Because of the failure of
time to open, and others the pathfinders to
drowned in the flooded accurately mark their drop
fields.[112] Gathering zone, the two regiments
together into fighting units dropped on the west side
was made difficult by a of the Merderet were
shortage of radios and by extremely scattered, with
the bocage terrain, with its only four per cent land- ing
hedgerows, stone walls, in the target area.[117]
and marshes.[113][114] Many landed in nearby
Some units did not arrive at swamps, with much loss of
their targets until afternoon, life.[118] Paratroopers
by which time several of consolidated into small
the causeways had already groups, usually a
been cleared by members combination of men of
of the 4th Infantry Division various ranks from different
moving up from the beach. units, and attempted to
[115] concentrate on nearby
Troops of the 82nd Airborne objectives.[119] They
began arriving around captured but failed to hold
02:30, with the primary the Merderet River bridge at
objective of capturing two La Fière, and fighting for
bridges over the River the crossing continued for
Merderet and destroying several days.[120]
two bridges over the Reinforcements arrived by
Douve.[111] On the east glider around 04:00
side of the river, 75 per (Mission Chicago and
cent of the paratroopers Mission Detroit), and 21:00
landed in or near their drop (Mission Keokuk and
zone, and within two hours Mission Elmira), bringing
they captured the im- additional troops and heavy
portant crossroads at equipment. Like the
Sainte-Mère-Église (the paratroopers, many landed
first town liberated in the far from their drop zones.
invasion[116]) and began [121] Even those that
 landed on target
experienced difficulty, with
heavy cargo such as Jeeps
shifting during landing,
crashing through the
wooden fuselage, and in
some cases crushing
person- nel on board.[122]
After 24 hours, only 2,500
men of the 101st and 2,000
of the 82nd Airborne were
under the control of their
di- visions, approximately a
third of the force dropped.
This wide dispersal had the
effect of confusing the
Germans
10 12 THE LANDINGS

and fragmenting their German troops.

response.[123] The 7th
Army re- ceived notification stick, a glider assault at
of the parachute drops at 00:16 at Pegasus Bridge
01:20, but Rundstedt did over the Caen Canal and
not initially believe that a the bridge (since renamed
major invasion was Horsa Bridge) over the
underway. The destruction Orne, half a mile (800
of radar stations along the metres) to the east. Both
Normandy coast in the bridges were quickly
week before the invasion captured intact, with light
meant that the Germans casualties, by members of
did not detect the the 5th Parachute Brigade
approaching fleet un- til and the 7th (Light Infantry)
02:00.[124] Parachute Battalion.[125]
[126] The five bridges over
12.1.2 British and Canadian
the Dives were destroyed
airborne landings with minimal difficulty by
the 3rd Parachute Brigade.
Main article: Operation [127][128] Mean- while, the
Tonga pathfinders tasked with
The first Allied action of D- setting up radar bea- cons
Day was Operation Dead- and lights for further
paratroopers (scheduled to
begin arriving at 00:50 to
clear the landing zone
north of Ranville) were
blown off course, and had
to set up the navigation
aids too far east. Many
paratroopers, also blown
too far east, landed far from
An abandoned Waco CG-4 their intended drop zones;
glider is examined by some took hours or even
days to be re- united with
12.4 Omaha Beach 11
their units.[129][130] Major Only 160 men out of the
General Richard Gale 600 members of the 9th
arrived in the third wave of Battal- ion tasked with
gliders at 03:30, along with eliminating the enemy
equipment, such as battery at Merville arrived at
antitank guns and jeeps, the rendezvous point.
and more troops to help Lieutenant Colonel
secure the area from Terence Otway, in charge
counter-attacks, which of the operation, decided to
were initially staged only by proceed regardless, as the
troops in the imme- diate emplacement had to be de-
vicinity of the landings. stroyed by 06:00 to prevent
[131] At 02:00, the com- it firing on the invasion fleet
mander of the German and the troops arriving on
716th Infantry Division Sword Beach. In the Battle
ordered Feuchtinger to of Merville Gun Battery,
move his 21st Panzer Allied forces disabled the
Division into po- sition to guns with plastic explosives
counter-attack. However, at a cost of 75 casualties.
as the division was part of The em- placement was
the armoured reserve, found to contain 75 mm
Feuchtinger was obliged to guns rather than the
seek clearance from OKW expected 150 mm heavy
before he could commit his coastal artillery. Otway’s
formation.[132] Feuchtinger remaining force withdrew
did not receive orders until with the assistance of a few
nearly 09:00, but in the members of the 1st
meantime on his own Canadian Parachute
initiative he put together a Battalion.[134]
battle group (including
With this action, the last of
tanks) to fight the British
the D-Day goals of the
forces east of the Orne.
British 6th Airborne Division
[133]
was achieved.[135] They
were rein- forced at 12:00
by commandos of the 1st
Special Ser- vice Brigade,
12 12 THE LANDINGS
who landed on Sword Command had bombed the
Beach, and by the 6th defences from lower than
Airlanding Brigade, who their prescribed altitude, in-
arrived in gliders at 21:00
flicting considerable
in Operation Mallard.[136]
damage. In addition, the
strong cur- rents had
12.2 Utah Beach washed ashore many of
the underwater obsta- cles.
Main article: Utah Beach The assistant commander
Utah Beach was in the of the 4th Infantry Divi-
area defended by two sion, Brigadier General
battalions Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.,

Carrying equipment, U.S.

assault troops move onto
Utah Beach. Landing craft
can be seen in the
background.

of the 919th Grenadier

Regiment.[137] Members the first senior officer
of the 8th Infantry ashore, made the decision
Regiment of the 4th to “start the war
Infantry Division were the
first to land, arriving at
06:30. Their landing craft
were pushed to the south
by strong currents, and
they found themselves
about 2,000 yards (1.8 km)
from their intended landing
zone. This site turned out
to be bet- ter, as there was
only one strongpoint
nearby rather than two, and
bombers of IX Bomber
12.4 Omaha Beach 11

from right here”, and day with elements of the

ordered further landings to 919th Grenadier Regiment,
be re- routed.[138][139] who were armed with anti-
The initial assault battalions tank guns and rifles. The
were quickly followed by 28 main strongpoint in the area
DD Pointe
tanks
du Hoc and several and another 1,300 yards
waves of engineer and (1.2 km) to the south were
demolition teams to disabled by noon.[140] The
remove beach obstacles 4th Infantry Division did not
and clear the area di- rectly meet all of their D-Day
objectives at Utah Beach,
partly because they had
arrived too far to the south,
but they landed 21,000
troops at the cost of only
197 casualties.[141][142]

12.3
Main article: Pointe du Hoc
Pointe du Hoc, a prominent
headland situated between
behind the beach of
obstacles and mines. Gaps U.S. Rangers scaling the Why
heaviest
were blown in the sea wall wall at Pointe du Hoc. causalities
at Omaha
to allow quicker access for
troops and tanks. Combat Utah and Omaha, was
teams began to exit the assigned to two hundred
beach at around 09:00, men of 2nd Ranger
with some infantry wading Battalion, commanded by
through the flooded fields Lieutenant Colonel James
rather than travelling on the Rudder. Their task was to
single road. They scale the 30m (100ft) cliffs
skirmished throughout the with grappling hooks,
14 12 THE LANDINGS
ropes, and ladders to had already been
destroy the coastal gun withdrawn. They located
battery located at the top. the weapons, unguarded
The cliffs were defended by but ready to use, in an
the German 352nd Infantry orchard some 550 me- tres
Division and French (600 yd) south of the point,
collaborators firing from and disabled them with
above.[143] Allied de- explosives.[143]
stroyers Satterlee and
The now-isolated Rangers
Talybont provided fire
fended off numerous
support. Af- ter scaling the
counter- attacks from the
cliffs, the Rangers
German 914th Grenadier
discovered that the guns
Regiment. The men at the
point became isolated and
some were cap- tured. By
dawn on D+1, Rudder had
only 90 men able to fight.
Relief did not arrive until
D+2, when members of the
743rd Tank Battalion and
others arrived.[144][145]
By then, Rudder’s men had
run out of ammunition and
were using captured
German weapons. Several
men were killed as a result,
because the German
weapons made a
distinctive noise, and the
men were mistaken for the
enemy.[146] By the end of
the battle, the Rangers
casual- ties were 135 dead
and wounded, while
German casual- ties were
50 killed and 40 captured.
12.4 Omaha Beach 11
An unknown number of on sandbars and the men
French collaborators were had to wade 50-100m in
executed.[147][148] water up to their necks
while under fire to get to
12.4 the Omaha
beach.[100]
Beach In spite of
the rough seas, DD tanks
Main article: Omaha Beach of two companies of the
Omaha, the most heavily 741st Tank Battalion were
defended beach, was dropped 5,000 yards (4,600
assigned m) from shore, and 27 of

U.S. assault troops in an

LCVP landing craft
approach Omaha Beach, 6
June 1944.

to the 1st Infantry Division

and 29th Infantry Divi- sion. the 32 flooded and sank,
[149] They faced the 352nd with the loss of 33 crew.
Infantry Division rather [153] Some tanks, disabled
than the expected single on the beach, contin- ued
regiment.[150] Strong to provide covering fire until
currents forced many their ammunition ran out or
landing craft east of their they were swamped by the
intended position or rising tide.[154]
caused them to be
delayed.[151] For fear of
hitting the landing craft,
American bombers delayed
releasing their loads and,
as a result, most of the
beach obstacles at Om-
aha remained undamaged
when the men came
ashore.[152] Many of the
landing craft ran aground
 16 12 THE LANDINGS

Casualties were around enemy defences so that

How was relief 2,000, as the men were vehicles could move off the
provided to
omaha beach? subjected to fire from the beach.[157] The ten- uous
cliffs above.[155] Problems beachhead was expanded
clearing the beach of over the following days,
obstructions led to the and the D-Day objectives
beachmaster calling a halt for Omaha were
accomplished by D+3.[158]

12.5 Gold Beach

Main article: Gold Beach
The first landings on Gold
beach were set for 07:25
due to
to further landings of
vehicles at 08:30. A group
of destroyers arrived British troops come ashore
around this time to provide at Jig Green sector, Gold
fire sup- port so landings Beach.
could resume.[156] Exit
differences in the tide between there and the Amer-
from the beach was the
possible only via five ican beaches.[159] High
heavily defended gullies, winds made conditions
and by late morning barely difficult for the landing craft,
600 men had reached the and the amphibious DD
higher ground.[157] By tanks were released close
noon, as the artillery fire to shore or directly on the
took its toll and the beach instead of further out
Germans started to run out as planned.[160] Three of
of ammunition, the the four guns in a large
Americans were able to emplacement at the
clear some lanes on the Longues-sur-Mer battery
beaches. They also started were disabled by direct hits
clearing the gullies of from the cruisers Ajax and
12.4 Omaha Beach 11
Argonaut at 06:20. The fied houses along the
fourth gun resumed firing shore and advanced on
inter- mittently in the targets further inland.[166]
afternoon, and its garrison The No. 47 (Royal Marine)
surrendered on 7 June. Com- mando moved
[161] Aerial attacks had toward the small port at
failed to hit the Le Hamel Port-en-Bessin and
strongpoint, which had its captured it the following
embrasure facing east to day in the Battle of Port-en-
pro- vide enfilade fire along Bessin.[167] Company
the beach and had a thick Sergeant Major Stanley
concrete wall on the Hollis re- ceived the only
seaward side.[162] Its 75 Victoria Cross awarded on
mm gun continued to do D-Day for his actions while
damage until 16:00, when attacking two pillboxes at
a modified Armoured Ve- the Mont Fleury high point.
hicle Royal Engineers [168] On the western flank,
(AVRE) tank fired a large the 1st Battalion,
petard charge into its rear Hampshire Regiment
entrance.[163][164] A captured Arromanches
second casemated (future site of Mulberry “B”),
emplacement at La Rivière and contact was made on
containing an 88 mm gun the east- ern flank with the
was neutralised by a tank Canadian forces at Juno.
at 07:30.[165] [169] Bayeux was not
Meanwhile, infantry began captured the first day due
clearing the heavily forti- to stiff resistance from the
352nd Infantry Division.
[166] Allied casualties at
Gold Beach are estimated
at 1,000.[12]

12.6 Juno Beach

Main article: Juno Beach
The landing at Juno was
18 12 THE LANDINGS
delayed because of choppy Major German strongpoints
seas, with 75 mm guns, machine-

Personnel of Royal
Canadian Navy Beach
Commando “W” land on
Mike Beach sector of Juno
Beach, 6 June 1944.

and the men arrived ahead

of their supporting armour, gun nests, concrete
suffering many casualties fortifications, barbed wire,
while disembarking. Most and mines were located at
of the offshore Courseulles-sur-Mer, St
bombardment had missed Aubin-sur-Mer, and
the German defences.[170] Bernières-sur-Mer.[172]
Several exits from the The towns themselves also
beach were created, but had to be cleared in house-
not without difficulty. At to-house fighting.[173]
Mike Beach on the western Soldiers on their way to
flank, a large crater was Bény-sur-Mer, 3 miles (5
filled using an abandoned km) inland, discovered that
AVRE tank and several the road was well covered
rolls of fascine, which were by machine gun
then covered by a emplacements that had to
temporary bridge. The tank be outflanked before the
remained in place un- til
1972, when it was removed
and restored by members
of the Royal Engineers.
[171] The beach and
nearby streets were
clogged with traffic for most
of the day, making it
difficult to move inland.[93]
 13

advance could proceed.

[174] Elements of the 9th
British troops take cover
Cana- dian Infantry Brigade
after landing on Sword
advanced to within sight of
Beach.
the Carpiquet airfield late in
the afternoon, but by this
it safely ashore to provide
time their supporting
cover for the infantry, who
armour was low on
began disembarking at
ammunition so the
07:30.[178] The beach was
Canadians dug in for the
heav- ily mined and
night. The airfield was not
peppered with obstacles,
cap- tured until a month
making the work of the
later as the area became
beach clearing teams
the scene of fierce fighting.
difficult and dangerous.
[175] By nightfall, the
[179] In the windy
contiguous Juno and Gold
conditions, the tide came in
beachheads covered an
more quickly than
area 12 miles (19 km) wide
expected, so manoeuvring
and 7 miles (10 km) deep.
the armour was diffi- cult.
[176] Casualties at Juno
The beach quickly became
were 961 men.[177]
congested.[180] Brigadier
Simon Fraser, 15th Lord
12.7 Sword Beach Lovat and his 1st Special US 1st
day

Main article: Sword Beach Ser- vice Brigade arrived in objective

On Sword, 21 of 25 DD the second wave, piped
tanks of the first wave ashore by Private Bill Millin,
made Lovat’s personal piper.[181]
Members of No. 4
Commando moved through
Ouistreham to at- tack from
the rear a German gun
Factors for
battery on the shore. A allies victory
concrete observation and Partial atlantic
control tower at this em- wall
14 17 REFERENCES
placement had to be Battalion, King’s
bypassed and was not Shropshire Light Infantry
captured un- til several began ad- vancing to Caen
days later.[182] French on foot, coming within a few
forces under Comman- der kilometres of the town, but
Philippe Kieffer (the first had to withdraw due to lack
French soldiers to arrive in of armour support.[184] At
Normandy) attacked and 16:00, the 21st Panzer
cleared the heavily fortified Division mounted a
strongpoint at the casino at counter-attack between
Riva Bella, with the aid of Sword and Juno and nearly
one of the DD tanks.[182] suc- ceeded in reaching the
The 'Morris’ strongpoint Channel. It met stiff
near Colleville-sur-Mer was resistance from the British
captured after about an 3rd Division and was soon
hour of fighting.[180] The recalled to assist in the
nearby 'Hillman' area between Caen and
strongpoint, headquarters Bayeux.[185][186] Es-
of the 736th Infantry timates of Allied casualties
Regiment, was a large on Sword Beach are as
complex defensive work high as 1,000.[12]
that had come through the
morning’s bombardment
essentially un- damaged. It 13 Aftermath
was not captured until
20:15.[183] The 2nd
 13
Situation map for 24:00, 6 tres (15 mi) deep.[191]
June 1944 Caen, a major objective,
was still in German hands
The Normandy landings at the end of D-Day and
were the largest seaborne would not be completely
in- vasion in history, with captured until 21 July.[192]
nearly 5,000 landing and The Germans had ordered
as- sault craft, 289 escort French civilians, other than
vessels, and 277 those deemed essen- tial to
minesweepers the war effort, to leave
participating.[187] Nearly potential combat zones in
160,000 troops crossed the Normandy.[193] Civilian
En- glish Channel on D- casualties on D-Day and
Day,[30] with 875,000 men D+1 are estimated at 3,000
disem- barking by the end people.[194]
of June.[188] Allied Victory in Normandy
casualties on the first day stemmed from several
were at least 10,000, with factors. Ger- man
4,414 confirmed dead.[189] preparations along the
The Germans lost 1,000 Atlantic Wall were only par-
men.[190] The Allied
invasion plans had called
for the capture of Carentan,
St. Lô, Caen, and Bayeux
on the first day, with all the
beaches (other than Utah)
linked with a front line 10 to
16 kilo- metres (6 to 10 mi)
from the beaches; none of
these ob- jectives were
achieved.[33] The five
bridgeheads were not
connected until 12 June, by
which time the Allies held a
front around 97 kilometres
(60 mi) long and 24 kilome-
 16 17 REFERENCES

sistance, making ittodifficult

for the Germans bring
tially finished; shortly up reinforcements and
before D-Day Rommel supplies.[198] Some of the
Deceptio open-
n tactics
reported ing bombardment was off-
target or not concentrated
enough to have any
Air impact,[152] but the
Supremac
y
that construction was only 18 per cent complete in
some
specialised ar-
areas as resources were mour worked well except on
French
resistanc diverted elsewhere.[195] Omaha, providing close ar-
e
success The de- ceptions tillery support for the troops
undertaken in Operation as they disembarked onto
Fortitude were suc- cessful, the beaches.[199]
German
internal
leaving the Germans Indecisiveness and an
complicatio
ns obligated to defend a huge overly complicated
stretch of coastline.[196] command structure on the
The Allies achieved and part of the German high
com- mand were also
factors in the Allied
success.[200]
main- tained air supremacy,
which meant that the
Germans were unable to 14 War memorials and
make observations of the tourism

The Bény-sur-Mer
Canadian War Cemetery
preparations under- way in
Britain and were unable to
interfere via bomber The La Cambe German war
attacks.[197] cemetery, near Bayeux
Transportation
infrastructure in France At Omaha Beach, parts of
was severely disrupted by the Mulberry harbour are
Allied bombers and the still visible, and a few of the
French Re- beach obstacles remain. A
memorial to the American
 13
National Guard sits at the one similar in appearance,
lo- cation of a former and the original is now
German strongpoint. housed on the grounds of a
Pointe du Hoc is little nearby museum complex.
changed from 1944, with [203] Sec- tions of Mulberry
the terrain covered with Harbour B still sit in the sea
bomb craters and most of at Arro- manches, and the
the concrete bunkers still in well-preserved Longues-
place. The Normandy sur-Mer bat- tery is nearby.
American Cemetery and [204] The Juno Beach
Memo- rial is nearby, in Centre, opened in 2003,
Colleville-sur-Mer.[201] A was funded by the
museum about the Utah Canadian federal and
landings is located at provincial governments,
Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, and France, and Canadian
there is one dedicated to veterans.[205]
the activities of the Ameri-
can airmen at Sainte-Mère-
Église. Two German 15 Depiction in media
military cemeteries are
located nearby.[202] • Band of Brothers (2001
miniseries)
Pegasus Bridge, a target of
the British 6th Airborne, • Saving Private Ryan
was the site of some of the (1998 film)
earliest action of the Nor- • The Longest Day (1962
mandy landings. The film)
bridge was replaced in
1994 by
16 See also
• Commonwealth War
Graves Commission
• D-Day Daily Telegraph
crossword security alarm
• Martha Gellhorn, the
18 17 REFERENCES
only woman to land at
Nor- mandy on D-Day 17.2 Citations
• List of Allied warships in [1] Ford & Zaloga 2009, p.
the Normandy landings 342.
[2] Ford & Zaloga 2009, p.
25.
17 References
[3] Beevor 2009, p. 76.
17.1 Notes
[4] Williams 1988, p. x.
[1] The official British
[5] Beevor 2009, p. 492.
history gives an
estimated figure of [6] Wenande 2014.
156,115 men landed on [7] Beevor 2009, p. 82.
D-Day. This comprised
57,500 Americans and
75,215 British and
Canadians from the sea
and 15,500 Americans
and 7,900 British from
the air. Ellis, Allen &
Warhurst 2004, pp. 521–
533.
[2] The original estimate for
Allied casualties was
10,000, of which 2,500
were killed. Research
under way by the
National D-Day Memorial
has confirmed 4,414
deaths, of which 2,499
were American and
1,915 were from other
nations. Whitmarsh
2009, p. 87.
NOTES
17.2 Citations 15

[8] US Navy website. [23] Ambrose 1994, pp. 73–

[9] Ford & Zaloga 74.
2009, p. 7. [24] Ford & Zaloga 2009, p.
[10] Ford & Zaloga 14.
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[11] Zaloga & Johnson [27] Whitmarsh 2009, pp. 12–
2005, p. 29. 13.
[12] Portsmouth [28] Whitmarsh 2009, p. 13.
Museum Services.
[29] Weinberg 1995, p. 684.
[13] Churchill 1949, p.
115. [30] Ellis, Allen & Warhurst
2004, pp. 521–533.
[14] Ford & Zaloga
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[15] Folliard 1942. [32] Churchill 1951, pp. 592–
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[16] Ford & Zaloga
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[17] Ford & Zaloga
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[18] Wilmot 1997, pp. [35] Weinberg 1995, p. 680.
177–178, chart p. [36] Brown 2007, p. 465.
180.
[37] Zuehlke 2004, pp. 71–
[19] Churchill 1951, p. 72.
404.
[38] Whitmarsh 2009, p. 27.
[20] Ford & Zaloga
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[21] Beevor 2009, pp. [40] Whitmarsh 2009, p. 34.

33–34. [41] Bickers 1994, pp. 19–21.
[22] Wilmot 1997, p. [42] Whitmarsh 2009, p. 31.
170. [43] Whitmarsh 2009, p. 33.
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[45] Wilmot 1997, p. [60] Ford & Zaloga 2009, p.
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[49] Wilmot 1997, p. [65] Murray 1983, p. 263.
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[72] Ford & Zaloga 2009, p.
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Warhurst, A.E. (2004) 757064836.
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• Weigley, Russell F. • Wilmot, Chester (1997)
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84603-394-0.
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•Badsey, Stephen (1990).
Normandy 1944: Allied
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Osprey Campaign
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1. Botley, Oxford:
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85045-
921-0.
• Buckley, John (2006).
The Normandy
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978-1-134-20303-1.
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• D'Este, Carlo (1983). • Neillands, Robin (2002).

Decision in Normandy: The Battle of Normandy,
The Unwritten Story of 1944. London: Cassell.
Montgomery and the ISBN 0-304-35837-1.
Allied Cam- paign. • Ryan, Cornelius (1959).
London: William Collins The Longest Day. New
Sons. ISBN 0-00- York: Simon & Schuster.
217056-6. ISBN 0-671-20814-4.
• Dolski, Michael; • Stacey, C.P. (1946).
Edwards, Sam; Buckley, Canada’s Battle in
John, eds. (2014). D- Normandy: The Canadian
Day in History and Army’s Share in the
Memory: The Normandy Operations, 6 June – 1
Landings in International September 1944.
Remembrance and Ottawa: King’s Printer.
Commemoration. OCLC 39263107.
Denton: University of
North Texas Press. • Stacey, C.P. (1960).
ISBN 978-1-57441-548- Volume III. The Victory
3. Cam- paign, The
Operations in North-West
• Holderfield, Randal J.; Europe 1944– 1945
Varhola, Michael J. (PDF). Official History of
(2001). The Invasion of the Canadian Army in
Normandy, June 6, the Second World War.
1944. Mason City, Iowa: Ottawa: Department of
Savas. ISBN 1-882810- National Defence.
45-7.
• Tute, Warren; Costello,
• Keegan, John (1994). John; Hughes, Terry
Six Armies in Normandy: (1975). D-Day. London:
From D-Day to the Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-
Liberation of Paris. New 24418-3.
York: Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-14-023542-6. • Whitlock, Flint (2004).
The Fighting First: The
20 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND
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Un- told Story of The Big • Documents on D-Day:

Red One on D-Day. The Invasion of
Boulder: Westview Normandy at the
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4218-X. Center
• Zetterling, Niklas (2000). • Allied veterans
Normandy 1944: Ger- remember D-Day
man Military
Organisation, Combat • Naval History and
Power and Or- Heritage Command
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J. J. Fe- dorowicz. ISBN to Nor- mandy is
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19 External links
• Complete Broadcast
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“Lest We Forget: A 1944) from CBS Radio
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• Naval details for Overlord
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 19

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• File:21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/
21st_Panzer_Division_logo.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Marco Kaiser
• File:29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/
29th_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: English Wikipedia
w:en:File:29th ID SSI.svg Original artist: Steven
Williamson (HiB2Bornot2B)
• File:352nd_Infanterie-Division_logo.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/
352nd_Infanterie-Division_ logo.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: No machine-readable source
provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright
claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author
provided. Mit31 assumed (based on copyright claims).
• File:3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch_(Mod

ern_Correct_Pantone).png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/46/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_Patch
_%28Modern_Correct_Pantone%29.png License:
CC0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to
Commons. Original artist: Michael Dorosh
• File:4_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg Source:
20.2 Images 23

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/4
_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg Li- cense: Public domain
Contributors: [1] Original artist: ?
• File:50_inf_div_-vector.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/
50_inf_div_-vector.svg License: Public do- main
Contributors: .jpg: Imperial War Museum, INS 5429
Original artist: Mliu92
• File:709th_Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/
709th_ Infanterie-Division_Logo_1.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Joeyeti
• File:716th_Infanterie-Division_Logo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/
716th_Infanterie-Division_ Logo.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Joeyeti
• File:79th_armoured_division_badge.jpg Source:
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79th_armoured_division_ badge.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:82_Airborne_Patch.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/
82_Airborne_Patch.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia
Original artist: Dragases (talk). Original uploader was
Dragases at en.wikipedia
• File:90th_Infantry_Division.patch.svg Source:
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90th_Infantry_Division.patch. svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/
Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg License: Public domain
24 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND
LICENSES

Contributors:
http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/Atlases/WorldWarT
woEurope/EuropeanTheaterGIF/WWIIEurope54.gif
Original artist: ?
• File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/
Approaching_Omaha.jpg License: Pub- lic domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: The original uploader
was Taak at English Wikipedia Later versions were
uploaded by Raul654, Nauticashades at en.wikipedia.
• File:Atlantic-Wall.jpg Source:
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Atlantic-Wall.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atlantic-
Wall.gif Original artist: en:User:Uberstroker
• File:Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/
Beny-sur-Mer_Cemetery.jpg Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to
Commons. Original artist: Burtonpe at English
Wikipedia
• File:British_3rd_Infantry_Division2.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/
British_3rd_Infantry_ Division2.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_3rd_I
nfantry_Division2.png' class='image' title='File:British
3rd Infantry Division2.png'><img alt='File:British 3rd
Infantry Division2.png' src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/
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• File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1858-
20.2 Images 25

33A,_Frankreich-Belgien,_Panzer_Somua_S35.jpg
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-
300-1858-33A%2C_Frankreich-Belgien
%2C_Panzer_Somua_S35.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to
Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive
(Deutsches Bunde- sarchiv) as part of a cooperation
project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an
authentic representation only using the originals
(negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of
the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive.
Original artist: Speck
26 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND
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• File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-
0176,_Normandie,_zerstörter_Lastensegler.jpg
Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-
0176%2C_Normandie%2C_zerst
%C3%B6rter_Lastensegler.jpg
License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was
provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German
Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of
a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive
guarantees an authentic representation only us- ing
the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the
digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital
Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-
logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
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• File:Canada_JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/
Canada_ JunoBeach_1_RCNCOMMANDO.jpg
20.2 Images 27

License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from

en.wikipedia to Commons.; Image on file at the
National Archives Original artist: Erikh at English
Wikipedia
• File:Canadian_Red_Ensign_1921-1957.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/
Canadian_Red_Ensign_ 1921-1957.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Cimetière_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-
_pano.jpg Source:
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Cimeti%C3% A8re_allemand_de_La_Cambe_-
_pano.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
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ns-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ?
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• File:D-Day5.jpg Source:
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D-Day5.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Li-
brary of Congress CALL NUMBER G5701.S7 svar
.A4[1] Original artist: U.S. Twelfth Army Group
• File:D-Day_map,_Southwick_House.jpg Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/
D-Day_map%2C_ Southwick_House.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: D-Day map, Southwick
House.png Original artist: D-Day map, Southwick
House.png: Hchc2009
• File:D-day_-
_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Norman
dy_6_June_1944_B5246.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.
28 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND
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org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/D-day_-
_British_Forces_during_the_Invasion_of_Normandy_
6_June_1944_B5246.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors:
http://media.iwm.org.uk/iwm/mediaLib//36/media-
36091/large.jpg Original artist: No 5 Army Film &
Photographic Unit, Midgley (Sgt)
• File:Ddayweather.jpg Source:
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Ddayweather.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: en:Image:Ddayweather.jpg by Fuelbottle
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• File:FTP-p012904.jpg Source:
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FTP-p012904.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: here; archived here Original artist: US Army
Signal Corps
• File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of
_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors:
? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Basse-Normandie.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/
Flag_of_Basse-Normandie.svg License: GFDL
Contributors: own work + <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haute-
Normandie_flag.svg' class='image'><img alt='Haute-
Normandie flag.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/b/bf/Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/ 30px-Haute-
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srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/b/bf/ Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/45px-
Haute-Normandie_flag.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
20.2 Images 29

b/b/bf/ Haute-Normandie_flag.svg/60px-Haute-
Normandie_flag.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='500' data-
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• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source:
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License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source:
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• File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg Source:

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• File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg

Source:
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domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
• File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source:
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%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370,
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• File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source:
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• File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source:
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30 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND
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_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: ?

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• File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/
Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. svg License: Public
domain Contributors:
• -xfi-'s file
• -xfi-'s code
• Zirland’s codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-.
20.2 Images 31

• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/
Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li- cense: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Zscout370
• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of
_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li- cense: PD
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source:
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Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0
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• File:Ghost_Army.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/
Ghost_Army.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Col. Raymond J. Bluhm Jr. (editor): U.S. Army,
A Complete History, The Army Historical Foundation,
Arlington VA, 2011, ISBN 978-0-88363-640-4.
Original artist: U.S. Army Institute of Heraldy
• File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain
.jpg Source:
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Heinkel_ He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: This is
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Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-05)
Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
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