Weekly Test 2 | UPSC CSE

Team Shashank Sajwan

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. With respect to Movement of April d. Neither of them
2006 in Nepal, consider the following
statements: 4. Consider the following statements:
1. This struggle came to be known as 1. Both Interest groups and
Nepal's second movement for movement groups attempt to
democracy influence politics rather than
2. It was against King Birendra of directly take part in electoral
Nepal who was not prepared to competition.
accept democratic rule. 2. Both Interest groups and
Which of the statements given above movement groups have strong
is/are correct? organisations.
a. 1 only Which of the statements given above
b. 2 only is/are correct?
c. Both of them a. 1 only
d. Neither of them b. 2 only
c. Both of them
2. Consider the following statements: d. Neither of them
1. Democracy evolves through
popular struggles. 5. Consider the following statements:
2. Democratic conflict can be 1. Maoists are those communists
resolved through mass who believe in the ideology of
mobilization Mao, the leader of the Chinese
Which of the statements given above revolution.
is/are correct? 2. Maoists seek to overthrow the
a. 1 only government through an armed
b. 2 only revolution.
c. Both of them Which of the statements given above
d. Neither of them is/are correct?
a. 1 only
3. Consider the following statements: b. 2 only
1. Pressure groups are organisations c. Both of them
that attempt to influence d. Neither of them
government policies.
2. Pressure groups aim to directly
control or share political power. 6. Consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above 1. A political party is a group of
is/are correct? people who come together to
a. 1 only contest elections and hold power
b. 2 only in the government
c. Both of them

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 2. Political parties reflect 2. In a one-party system only one
fundamental political divisions in a party is allowed to control and run
society. the government.
Which of the statements given above 3. Any democratic system must allow
is/are correct? at least two parties to compete in
a. 1 only elections.
b. 2 only Which of the statements given above
c. Both of them is/are correct?
d. Neither of them a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
7. Consider the following statements: c. 1 and 3 only
1. Partisanship is marked by a d. All of the above
tendency to take a side and
inability to take a balanced view on 10. Consider the following statements
an issue. 1. Every party in the country has to
2. Parties are about a part of the register with the Election
society and thus involve Commission
Partisanship. 2. The Election Commission treats all
Which of the statements given above parties equally and does not offer
is/are NOT correct? any special facilities to large and
a. 1 only established parties.
b. Both of them Which of the statements given above
c. Neither of them is/are correct?
d. Only 2 a. 1 only
b. 2 only
8. Which of the following are the c. Both of them
functions of Political Party? d. Neither of them
1. Shape public opinion
2. Play the role of opposition
3. Parties put forward different 11. Which of the following criteria are
policies and programmes required for a political party to be
4. Provide people access to registered as a National party?
government machinery and 1. Party should have won 2 percent
welfare schemes of seats in Lok Sabha from at least
Select the correct answer using the four different states in the latest
code given below general election.
a. 1 and 4 only 2. Party should have been recognised
b. 2 and 3 only as a state party in at least four
c. 1, 2, 3 and 4 states.
d. 1, 2 and 3 only 3. In a Lok Sabha or Assembly
election party has polled 6 percent
9. Consider the following statements: of the total valid votes in at least
1. In a democracy any group of four states, in addition to winning
citizens is free to form a political four Lok Sabha seats.
party. Select the correct answer using the
code given below:
a. 1 and 2 only

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 b. 2 and 3 only d. All of the above
c. 1 and 3 only
d. All of the above 15. What is a coalition government?
a. power shared among different
12. Consider the following statements:' social group
1. Majoritarianism is a belief that the b. power shared among different
minority community should be levels of government
able to rule a country in whichever c. power shared among different
way it wants political parties
2. Ethnic is a social division based on d. power shared among different
shared culture organs of government
Which of the statements given above
is/are correct? 16. Why is there a need for a third level of
a. 1 only government in India?
b. 2 only a. A large number of problems and
c. Both of them issues which are best settled at the
d. Neither of them local level.
b. Indian states are large and
13. Which of the following can be a reason internally very diverse
for power sharing in a polity c. a&b
1. Power sharing is good because it d. None of the above
helps to reduce the possibility of
conflict between social groups
2. Power sharing is the very spirit of 17. How many subjects are enlisted in the
democracy. Concurrent List?
Select the correct answer using the a. 66
code given below: b. 52
a. 1 only c. 47
b. 2 only d. 66
c. Both of them
d. Neither of them
18. With reference to Federalism, consider
14. In modern democracies, power the following statements:
sharing arrangements can take 1. Federalism is a system of
following form government in which the power is
1. Power is shared among different divided between a central
organs of government. authority and various constituent
2. Power can be shared among units of the country.
governments at different levels 2. All different levels of governments
3. Power can be shared among in federalism enjoy their power
different social groups, such as the independent of the other.
religious and linguistic groups Which of the statements given above
Select the correct answer using the is/are correct?
code given below: a. 1 only
a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only c. Both of them
c. 1 and 3 only d. Neither of them

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19. With reference to features of Indian b. 2 and 3 only
Federalism, consider the following c. 1 and 3 only
statements: d. All of the above
1. Each tier of governments in
federalism has its own Jurisdiction 22. Consider the following statements:
in specific matters of legislation, 1. Period from the 1990s saw the
taxation and administration. beginning of the era of coalition
2. The fundamental provisions of the governments at the Centre.
constitution pertaining to 2. Federal power sharing is more
federalism can be unilaterally effective today than it was in the
changed by one level of early years after the Constitution
government. came into force.
3. Sources of revenue for each level Which of the statements given above
of government are clearly specified is/are correct?
in the constitution to ensure its a. 1 only
financial autonomy. b. 2 only
Which of the statements given above c. Both of them
are correct? d. Neither of them
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only 23. With reference to 8th Schedule of the
c. 1 and 3 only constitution, consider the following
d. All of the above statements:
1. Scheduled Languages are included
20. Consider the following statements: in the 8th schedule of the
1. All States in the Indian Union do constitution.
not have identical powers. 2. There are 24 languages in the 8th
2. Jammu and Kashmir and Goa are schedule of the constitution.
the only two states which have Which of the statements given above
their own Constitution is/are correct?
Which of the statements given above a. 1 only
is/are correct? b. 2 only
a. 1 only c. Both of them
b. 2 only d. Neither of them
c. Both of them
d. Neither of them 24. The idea of our Preamble is borrowed
from the
21. Which of the following Indian states a. Canada constitution
were formed to recognise differences b. U.K constitution
based on culture, ethnicity or c. U.S constitution
geography rather than on linguistic d. French constitution
basis?
1. Nagaland 25. The freedom of speech and expression
2. Uttarakhand falls under
3. Jharkhand a. Article 17
Select the correct answer using the b. Article 16
code given below: c. Article 18
a. 1 and 2 only d. Article 19

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26. India borrowed the provision of First 32. The part of the Indian Constitution
Past the Post system from the: that proclaims India to be a Welfare
a. French Constitution State is
b. Canadian Constitution a. Part III
c. British Constitution b. Part IV
d. South African Constitution c. Part VI
d. Part IX
27. The word that does not appear in the
Preamble of Indian Constitution is 33. Which of the following countries are
a. Sovereign examples of'holding together'
b. Federal federations?
c. Fraternity 1. Spain
d. Republic 2. India
3. USA
28. Which of these is not a function of the 4. Australia
constitution? Select the correct answer using the
a. It gives a guarantee of the rights of code given below:
the citizen a. 1 and 2 only
b. It marks out different spheres of b. 3 and 4 only
power for different branches of c. 2 and 3 only
government d. 1 and 4 only
c. It ensures that good people come
to power 34. Which of the following is/are the
d. It gives expression to some shared aspects of an ideal federal system?
values 1. Mutual Trust
2. Agreement to live together
29. How many members of the assembly Select the correct answer using the
were from scheduled castes? code given below:
a. 22 a. 1 only
b. 20 b. 2 only
c. 28 c. Both of them
d. 30 d. Neither of them

30. How many committees did the 35. Consider the following statements:
constituent assembly have? 1. The Constitution of India declares
a. 8 India as a Union of states.
b. 9 2. The Constitution has not used the
c. 6 term federation though Indian
d. 7 Union is based on the principles of
federalism.
31. How many members were present on Which of the statements given above
24 January 1950 in Constituent is/are NOT correct?
Assembly? a. 1 only
a. 280 b. 2 only
b. 288 c. Both of them
c. 284 d. Neither of them
d. 292

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36. Consider the following statements: 41. The constitution of a country provides
1. Only the Union Government can the basis for
make laws relating to the subjects a. punishment of criminals
mentioned in the Union List. b. diplomatic relations with other
2. Both the Union as well as the State countries
Governments can make laws on c. relationship between citizens
the subjects mentioned in d. governance of the country
concurrent list.
3. Both the State and Union 42. The Directive Principles were
Government has the power to incorporated in the Indian
legislate on 'residuary' subjects. Constitution, with a view to:
Which of the statements given above a. Ensure a democratic government
is/are correct? in the country
a. 1 and 2 only b. Provide a strong central
b. 2 and 3 only government
c. 1 and 3 only c. Establish a welfare state
d. All of the above d. Raise the living standard of the
backward class
37. Article 18 of the constitution deals
with 43. When did the Motilal Nehru
a. Right against exploitation committee demand a bill of rights?
b. Right to practice own religion a. 1924
c. Equality before law b. 1931
d. Abolition of titles c. 1928
d. 1925
38. The government can put restrictions
on fundamental rights but they should 44. What does the preamble to our
be constitution mention two things about
a. Reasonable equality?
b. Illegal a. equality of status and equality of
c. Arbitrary opportunity.
d. Compulsory b. equality of life and equality of
language
39. The Indian constitution grants to its c. equality of nature and equality of
citizens ________ fundamental rights: law
a. 4 d. None
b. 5
c. 6 45. Who considered the subject of the
d. 7 right to constitutional remedies as the
heart and soul of the constitution?
40. The Fundamental Rights article that is a. Rajendra Prasad
enforceable during the period of b. Dr. Ambedkar
emergency is: c. Gandhi
a. Article 14 d. None
b. Article 20
c. Article 23
d. Article 29

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46. What writ is issued when the court d. 1975
finds that a particular officeholder is
not doing legal duty and thereby is 52. The country that follows FPTP
infringing? electoral system is
a. Habeas Corpus a. Israel
b. Mandamus b. UK
c. Prohibition c. Netherlands
d. None d. Argentina

47. What is a writ that allows a lower 53. The electoral system, first past the
court to transfer a matter pending post is also known as
before it to the higher authority or a. proportional representation
court? b. direct election
a. Prohibition c. separate electorate
b. Mandamus d. plurality system
c. Habeas
d. Certiorari 54. The present composition of the
Election Commission is a
48. When was the national human rights a. as decided by President
commission established? b. one-member body
a. 1993 c. two-member body
b. 1996 d. three-member body
c. 1989
d. 1990 55. After the polling has finished, the
votes are counted under the
49. How many duties were enumerated in supervision of
the 42nd amendment? a. Election Commission
a. 15 b. Polling Officer
b. 10 c. Returning Officers and Observers
c. 20 d. Delimitation officer
d. 5
56. What power does the president have
50. Since what year did the government to withhold or refuse to give consent
make laws that limited the right to to bills passed by the parliament?
property? a. Repeal
a. 1946 b. Veto
b. 1947 c. Referendum
c. 1950 d. Legislature
d. 1953
57. The members of parliament are free to
51. When did the 44th amendment to the raise any matter, which according to
constitution remove the right to them is important, during
property from the list of fundamental a. Adjournment motion
rights? b. Question hour
a. 1981 c. No confidence motion
b. 1974 d. Zero hour
c. 1978

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58. The constitutional article that 64. Under how many days Rajya Sabha has
mentions the conduct of business of to take action on a money bill.
the Houses of Parliament is: Otherwise, the bill is deemed to have
a. Article 77 been passed.
b. Article 80 a. 18
c. Article 86 b. 16
d. Article 118 c. 14
d. 12
59. Confidence or no-confidence can be
moved only in 65. What is the maximum number of
a. Rajya Sabha judges of the Supreme Court of India
b. Lok Sabha including the Chief Justice?
c. Planning Commission a. 20
d. Estimate Committee b. 21
c. 26
60. The circumstances for the extension of d. 34
the term of Lok Sabha are mentioned
in the 66. Name the method in which a
a. Article 76 candidate who is ahead of others or
b. Article 80 crosses the winning post first is the
c. Article 81 winner?
d. Article 83(2) a. Plurality System
b. Binomial system
61. "Hung House" means c. Proportional System
a. No party gets majority of seats in d. None
the elections
b. House elected without the 67. How many of the 543 elected seats in
approval of its citizens the LOK Sabha are reserved for
c. A house is hung between the two scheduled castes?
buildings a. 88
d. No party gets more than 50% votes b. 82
c. 86
62. Who decides the substance and timing d. 84
of the bill?
a. Governor 68. What country has a semi-presidential
b. President system?
c. Cabinet a. England
d. None b. North Korea
c. China
63. When a non-minister proposes a bill, d. Russia
what is it called?
a. Individual's Bill 69. Under which Article High Courts also
b. Official's Bill have the power to issue writs?
c. Private Member's bill a. Article 32
d. None b. Article 13
c. Article 226
d. Article 356

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70. Article 356 of the Indian Constitution a. Rousseau
deals with: b. J.S. Mill
a. National emergency. c. T. H. Green
b. State emergency. d. Abraham Lincoln
c. Financial emergency.
d. Armed conflict. 76. The preamble was for the first time
amended by the
71. What article of the Indian constitution a. 42nd Amendment
provides for an independent election b. 44th Amendment
commission? c. 52nd Amendment
a. 320 d. 61st Amendment
b. 324
c. 328 77. The Preamble of our Constitution
d. 332 reads: India is a
a. Socialist, Sovereign, Secular,
72. The amendment act that is regarded Democratic Republic.
as a milestone in the journey of b. Secular, Socialist, Sovereign,
panchayati raj institution was Democratic Republic.
a. 75th Amendment Act. c. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
b. 76th Amendment Act Democratic Republic.
c. 73rd Amendment Act d. Secular, Sovereign, Democratic,
d. 74th Amendment Act Socialist. Republic.

73. Article 368 of Indian constitution 78. By convention who is appointed as the
provides that chief justice of India?
a. an amendment bill can be a. Senior-most judge of the High
introduced in either house of Court
parliament. b. Junior-most judge of the Supreme
b. provision for free and compulsory Court
education for children. c. Senior-most judge of the Supreme
c. seats shall be reserved for the Court
Scheduled Castes and the d. Senior Member of Law
Scheduled Tribes in every Commission
Municipality.
d. uniform civil code for the citizens. 79. With reference to the Light Combat
Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk2, consider the
74. According to the Indian Constitution, following statements:
money bills can be introduced in: 1. It is capable of integrating Beyond
a. The Lok Sabha only Visual Range Missiles.
b. The Rajya Sabha only 2. It has a carrying capacity of 6500kg
c. The joint sessions of Rajya Sabha weapons payload.
and Lok Sabha only Which of the statements given above
d. The Council of Ministers is/are correct?
a. 1 only
75. Democracy is a government of the b. 2 only
people, by the people and for the c. Both of them
people'. Whose statement is it? d. Neither of them

Shashank Sajwan | 9
80. Consider the following statement 83. Consider the following statements
regarding the Mineral Security regarding One District One Product
Partnership: initiative:
1. It is an ambitious new initiative to 1. It was first launched by the Uttar
bolster critical mineral supply Pradesh government in 2018 to
chains announced by China. promote traditional industries and
2. The focus of the grouping would crafts in each district of the state.
be on the supply chains of minerals 2. The Directorate General of Foreign
such as Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium and Trade (DGFT) also aligned its
also the 17 "rare earth" minerals. Districts as an Export Hub initiative
Which of the statements given above with ODOP to boost exports.
is/are correct? Which of the statements given above
a. 1 only is/are correct?
b. 2 only a. 1 only
c. Both 1 and 2 b. 2 only
d. Neither 1 nor 2 c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
81. Consider the following statements
regarding Lab-Grown Diamonds: 84. With reference to the PM-KISAN,
1. They are produced using specific consider the following statements:
technology which mimics the 1. The Centre transfers an amount
geological processes that grow depending upon the size of the
natural diamonds. land holdings of farmers every
2. The Diamond simulants such as year.
Moissanite and White Sapphire are 2. It is a central sector scheme.
used to make them look like 3. PM-KISAN is also integrating with
natural diamonds. Bhashini to provide information to
Which of the statements given above farmers in their native language.
is/are correct? Which of the statements given above
a. 1 only is/are correct?
b. 2 only a. Only one
c. Both 1 and 2 b. Only two
d. Neither 1 nor 2 c. All three
d. None
82. With reference to the auroras,
consider the following statements: 85. Consider the following statements
1. It is formed when charged particles regarding Sickle Cell Anaemia:
from the sun's corona interact with 1. It is a contagious viral disease.
the earth's ionosphere. 2. It affects hemoglobin, the
2. It is formed only in the Northern molecule in red blood cells that
Hemisphere of the earth delivers oxygen to cells.
Which of the statements given above Which of the statements given above
is/are correct? is/are correct?
a. 1 Only a. 1 only
b. 2 Only b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2 c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2 d. Neither 1 nor 2

Shashank Sajwan | 10
86. Consider the following statements a. FAO
with reference to the Jal Jeevan b. IFPRI
Mission: c. FSSAI
1. It aims to ensure piped water d. FCI
supply to all rural households by
2024. 90. Consider the following statements
2. It is completely funded by the regarding Apatsahayeswarar temple.
Central Government in North- 1. Apatsahayeswarar temple is
Eastern States. located in Tamil Nadu.
Which of the statements given above 2. The temple is of greater
is/are correct? significance in the evolution of
a. 1 only Chola art and architecture.
b. 2 only 3. The temple has been standing
c. Both 1 and 2 derelict for over a century.
d. Neither 1 nor 2 Which of the above statements is/are
correct?
87. With reference to the Zero First a. 1, 2
Information Reports (FIR), consider the b. 1, 3
following statements: c. 2, 3
1. It refers to an FIR that is registered d. 1, 2, 3
irrespective of the area where the
offence is committed. 91. Which institution released the
2. It was recommended by the Justice ‘Gender Gap Report 2023’?
Verma Committee. a. World Bank
Which of the statements given above b. NITI Aayog
is/are correct? c. World Economic Forum
a. 1 Only d. ADB
b. 2 Only
c. Both 1 and 2 92. ‘Victor 6000’, which was involved in
d. Neither 1 nor 2 rescue operation of the Titan
submersible, was developed in which
88. With reference to the Order of the country?
Nile Award, consider the following a. USA
statements: b. France
1. It is Egypt's highest state honour. c. Israel
2. It is conferred upon Heads of state d. UAE
who offer Egypt or humanity
invaluable services. 93. World Competitiveness Index’ is
Which of the statements given above published by
is/are correct? a. World Trade Organization
a. 1 Only b. International Institute for
b. 2 Only Management Development (IMD)
c. Both 1 and 2 c. World Economic Forum
d. Neither 1 nor 2 d. International Monetary Fund

89. Which institution released the ‘Global 94. Consider the following statements
Food Policy Report (GFPR) 2023’? about the PM-PRANAM Scheme:

Shashank Sajwan | 11
 1. This scheme aims to promote d. None
sustainable agriculture and reduce
the dependency on chemical 98. Which was the first Indian product to
fertilizers. get the GI (Geographical
2. The funding for the scheme will Identification) tag?
come from the savings generated a. Kangra Tea
by existing fertilizer subsidies. b. Mysore Silk
Which of the statements given above c. Pochampalli Ikat
is/are correct? d. Darjeeling Tea
a. 1 Only
b. 2 Only 99. The application of Somatic Cell
c. Both 1 and 2 Nuclear Transfer Technology is
d. Neither 1 nor 2 a. Manufacture of biodegradable
plastics
95. The ‘Energy Transition Index’ is b. Reproductive cloning of animals
released by: c. Production of biolarvicides
a. World Economic Forum d. Production of organisms free of
b. World Bank diseases
c. International Monetary Fund
d. New Development Bank 100. Consider the followings statements
regarding Quad (Quadrilateral Security
96. Carbon Border Adjustment Dialogue).
Mechanism (CBAM) is the initiative of 1. Quad has a Humanitarian
a. OECD Assistance and Disaster Relief
b. United States (HADR) partnership to coordinate
c. European Union their disaster response operations
d. BRICS in the Indo-pacific region.
2. The Secretariat of QUAD is based
97. Consider the following statements. in United States.
1. Under old pension scheme (OPS), 3. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure
the contribution of the current (RATS) is a permanent body under
generation of workers was QUAD.
explicitly used to pay the pensions How many of the above statements
of existing pensioners. are correct?
2. National Pension Scheme (NPS) is a a. Only one
contributory pension scheme b. Only two
under which employees contribute c. All three
14 per cent of their salary. d. None
3. NPS is mandatory for central
government employees joining
services on or after January 1,
2004.
How many of the above statements
are correct?
a. Only one
b. Only two
c. All three

Shashank Sajwan | 12
 ANSWERS
1. Answer: A
Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement
was aimed at restoring democracy. Nepal, was one of the 'third wave' countries that
had won democracy in 1990.
King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to
constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001.
King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared to accept democratic rule.
He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected
government.

2. Answer: C
Democracy evolves through popular struggles. It is possible that some significant
decisions may take place through consensus and may not involve any conflict at all. But
that would be an exception.
Defining moments of democracy usually involve conflict between those groups who have
exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power.
Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilization.
Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions
like the parliament or the judiciary.
But when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions themselves get involved
in the dispute.
The resolution has to come from outside, from the people.
Thus, both the statements are correct

3. Answer: A
Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies.
But unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share
political power. These organisations are formed when people with common
occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a
common objective.
Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

4. Answer: A
Like an interest group, a movement attempts to influence politics rather than directly
take part in electoral competition.
But unlike the interest groups, movements have a loose organisation.
Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much more on
spontaneous mass participation than an interest group. The groups involved with
movements also include a very wide variety.
Thus, only statement 1 is correct.

5. Answer: C
Maoists are those communists who believe in the ideology of Mao, the leader of the
Chinese revolution. They seek to overthrow the government through an armed
revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants and workers.

Shashank Sajwan | 13
6. Answer: C
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold
power in the government.
They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the
collective good.
Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people
why their policies are better than others.
They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
Thus, parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society.

7. Answer: C
Partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction.
Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view
on an issue. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involve PARTISANSHIP.
Thus, a party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose
interests it upholds. A political party has three components:
1. The leaders 2. The active members
3. Followers.

8. Answer: C
Functions of Political Parties:
Parties contest elections : In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the
candidates put up by political parties.
Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from
them.
Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
Parties form and run governments, and those parties that lose in the elections play the
role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising the
government for its failures or wrong policies.
Parties shape public opinion: They raise and highlight issues.
Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.

9. Answer: C
In a democracy any group of citizens is free to form a political party. In this formal sense
there are a large number of political parties in each country.
In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These
are called one-party systems.
Any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and
provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power. In some countries,
power usually changes between two main parties.

10. Answer: A
Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world tend to have two kinds of
political parties. Parties that are present in only one of the federal units and parties that
are present in several or all units of the federation.
Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.

Shashank Sajwan | 14
 While the Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to large
and established parties.
These parties are given a unique symbol - only the official candidates of that party can
use that election symbol. Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities
are 'recognised' by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties
are called, 'recognised political parties'.

11. Answer: B
The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and
seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
A party that secures at least 6 percent of the total votes in an election to the
Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State
party.
A political party becomes eligible to be recognised as a national party if it has won 2
percent of seats in Lok Sabha from at least three different states in the latest general
election; or in a Lok Sabha or Assembly election it has polled 6 percent of the total valid
votes in at least four states, in addition to winning four Lok Sabha seats; or it has been
recognised as a state party in at least four states.

12. Answer: B
Majoritarianism is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a
country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.
Ethnic is a social division based on shared culture.
People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of
similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same
religion or nationality.

13. Answer: C
Two different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing.
Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict
between social groups.
Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a
good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of the majority
community over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long
run it undermines the unity of the nation.
Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to
the majority as well.

14. Answer: D
In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take following form
1. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature,
executive and judiciary. this horizontal distribution of power because it allows
different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels - a general government
for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Such a
general government for the entire country is usually called the federal government.

Shashank Sajwan | 15
 3. Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and
linguistic groups. 'In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements
whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and
administration.

15. Answer: C
Coalition government, in a parliamentary government, body of advisors that is formed
when different political parties choose to cooperate in the administration and regulation
of a country or community.
Coalition governments usually are a temporary alliance, being formed when no single
political party gains a clear majority and competing parties instead negotiate to work
together.

16. Answer: C
The third tier of the local government was created in India due to many reasons.
1. One of them is To overcome various issues at the rural or the local level.
2. Indian states are large and internally very diverse, thus the problems of grassroot
level is better understood at the local and rural levels.
3. Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure,
cottage and small-scale industries, and the opening of cooperative societies.

17. Answer: B
The Concurrent List or List-Ill
(Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the
Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India.
The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List.
Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual
powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.

18. Answer: C
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent units of the country.
Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire
country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of
the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels of governments enjoy their
power independent of the other.

19. Answer: C
The key features of federalism: There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own
JURISDICTION in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
constitution of India.
The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one
level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

Shashank Sajwan | 16
 Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified in the constitution
to ensure its financial autonomy.

20. Answer: A
Most federations that are formed by 'holding together' do not give equal power to its
constituent units.
Thus, all States in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.
Some States enjoy a special status, erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir has its own
Constitution {now abolished).
Goa, does not have its own constitution.

21. Answer: D
The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic politics in
our country.
Many old States have vanished and many new States have been created since
independence, areas, boundaries and names of the States have been changed. In 1947,
the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new States.
This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same
State. Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise
differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.

22. Answer: C
For a long time, the same party ruled both at the Centre and in most of the States. This
meant that the State governments did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal
units.
As and when the ruling party at the State level was different, the parties that ruled at the
Centre tried to undermine the power of the States. In those days, the Central
Government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the State governments that
were controlled by rival parties.
This undermined the spirit of federalism. All this changed significantly after 1990. This
period saw the rise of regional political parties in many States of the country.

23. Answer: A
Census of India which held in 1991 recorded more than 1500 distinct languages which
people mentioned as their mother tongues. These languages were grouped together
under some major languages.
For example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani,
Bhili and many others were grouped together under 'Hindi'. Even after this grouping,
the Census found 114 major languages.
Of these 22 languages are now included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution and are therefore called 'Scheduled Languages’. Others are called 'non
Scheduled Languages'.

24. Answer: C
The idea of the Preamble has been borrowed from the U.S.A constitution.

Shashank Sajwan | 17
25. Answer: D
The heart of the Article 19 says: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression”, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to
seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media

26. Answer: C
India borrowed the provision of first past the post system, rule of law and lawmaking
procedure from the British constitution.

27. Answer: B
The Preamble of the Constitution of India provides for the liberty of thought, expression,
belief, faith and worship. It sets out its priorities of maintaining justice, freedom and
equality for all people and fostering fraternity in order to preserve the nation's unity and
dignity.
Federal is not mentioned in the preamble.

28. Answer: C
The Constitution is responsible for the framework of distribution of power and not for
the personal integrity and quality of the people who occupy the positions of power in
the government. It formulates the legal framework for the country and has no control on
the people who take up the responsibility.

29. Answer: C

30. Answer: A

31. Answer: C
Two hundred eighty-four members were present on 24 January 1950 and appended
their signature to the constitution as finally passed.

32. Answer: B
Part IV of the Indian Constitution provides for the Directive Principles of State Policy
(DPSP). The idea of a Welfare State is inherent in these Directive Principles.

33. Answer: A
There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed.
States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty
and retaining identity they can increase their security. This type of 'coming together'
federations include the USA, Switzerland and Australia. In this first category of
federations, all the constituent States usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis
the federal government.
The second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the
constituent States and the national government. India, Spain and Belgium are examples
of this kind of "holding together” federations.

Shashank Sajwan | 18
34. Answer: C
The federal system has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country,
while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.
Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism
Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. They
should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement.
An ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual trust and agreement to live together.

35. Answer: D
India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition.
Soon after Independence, several princely states became a part of the country. The
Constitution declared India as a Union of States. Although it did not use the word
federation, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism.
Thus neither of the two sentences are incorrect

36. Answer: A
Constitution contains three lists
Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country,
foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list
because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union
Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.
State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade,
commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Government alone can make laws
relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.
The Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union
Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions,
marriage, adoption and succession.
The parliament has the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.

37. Answer: D
Article 18 deals with 'the abolition of titles i.e. no title, not being a military or academic
distinction, shall be conferred by the State'.

38. Answer: A
In nature, the fundamental rights are not absolute or unlimited rights. Government can
put reasonable restrictions on the exercise of our fundamental rights.

39. Answer: C
Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for intellectual, moral and
spiritual development of citizens of India.
As these rights are fundamental or essential for existence and all-round development of
individuals, they are called 'Fundamental rights'. The Constitution guarantees six
fundamental rights to Indian citizens as follows: (i) right to equality, (ii) right to freedom,
(iii) right against exploitation, (iv) right to freedom of religion, (v) cultural and
educational rights, and (vi) right to constitutional remedies.

Shashank Sajwan | 19
40. Answer: B
The right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the right to
life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable even during emergency period.

41. Answer: D
A constitution is the basic fundamental law of a State. It lays down the objectives of the
State which it has to achieve. It provides for the constitutional framework that is, various
structures and organs of the governments at different levels.
All in all, the constitution is considered to be the basis of the governance of the country.

42. Answer: C
The Directive Principle of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions
under which the citizens can lead a good life.
They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state.

43. Answer: C

44. Answer: A
Preamble mentions two things about equality: equality of status and equality of
opportunity. Equality of opportunity means that all sections of society enjoy equal
opportunities.

45. Answer: B

46. Answer: B
Mandamus: this writ is issued when the court finds that a particular officeholder is not
doing legal duty and thereby is infringing on the right of an individual.

47. Answer: D
Under this writ, the court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter
pending before it to the higher authority or court.

48. Answer: A

49. Answer: B

50. Answer: C

51. Answer: C
In 1978, the 44th amendment to the constitution removed the right to property from
the list of fundamental rights and converted it into a simple legal right under article
300a.

52. Answer: B
The most common electoral system, used in Canada, India, the UK and the United States,
is first past the post or winner-take-all.

Shashank Sajwan | 20
53. Answer: D
In the electoral race, the candidate who is ahead of others, who crosses the winning post
first of all, is the winner. This method is also called the plurality system. This is the
method of election prescribed by the Indian Constitution.

54. Answer: D
At present, the Election Commission of India is a three-member body, with one Chief
Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

55. Answer: C
After the polling has finished, the votes are counted under the supervision of Returning
Officers and Observers appointed by the Election Commission. After the counting of
votes is over, the Returning Officer declares the name of the candidate to whom the
largest number of votes have been given as the winner.

56. Answer: B
The president also has veto power by which he can withhold or refuse to give consent to
bills (other than money bills) passed by the parliament.

57. Answer: D
Zero Hour where members are free to raise any matter that they think is important
(though the ministers are not bound to reply), half-an -hour discussion on matters of
public importance, adjournment motion etc. are some instruments of exercising control.

58. Answer: D
Article 118(1) of the Constitution empowers each House of Parliament to make rules for
regulating its Procedure and the Conduct of its business.

59. Answer: B
The motion of no confidence (alternatively vote of no confidence, censure motion or
confidence motion) is a parliamentary motion put before a parliament by the opposition
in the hope of defeating or weakening a government, or rarely, by an erstwhile supporter
who has lost confidence in the government.
Lok Sabha alone can move this motion.

60. Answer: D
Article 83 (2) of the Constitution stipulates that Lok Sabha shall have a normal term of 5
years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer. However, the President
may dissolve the House earlier.

61. Answer: A
The ruling party should have a clear and stable majority in the legislature. In the event of
a "hung parliament" a coalition government can also be formed. For example in India
during the prime ministership of Mr. Deva Gowda (1996) Mr. I.K. Gujral(1998).

Shashank Sajwan | 21
62. Answer: C
The cabinet decides the substance and even the timing of the bill. No major bill is
introduced in the parliament without the cabinet's approval.

63. Answer: C

64. Answer: C

65. Answer: D
With a huge backlog of cases in the top court, the government had recently increased
the strength of its judges from 31 to 34, including the Chief Justice of India.

66. Answer: A
In the electoral race, the candidate who is ahead of others, which crosses the winning
post, is the winner. This method is called the Plurality System.

67. Answer: D
Of the 543 elected seats in the Lok Sabha, 84 are reserved for scheduled castes, and
47 are reserved for scheduled tribes.

68. Answer: D
Russia has a semi-presidential system where the president is the head of state and the
prime minister, who the president appoints, is the head of government.

69. Answer: C
Supreme court can restore fundamental rights by issuing writs of Habeas Corpus;
mandamus etc. (article 32). The High Courts also have the power to issue such writs
(article 226).

70. Answer: B
The President can proclaim President's rule in a state on the recommendation of a
Governor, if he/she is satisfied that the constitutional machinery of a state has broken
down.

71. Answer: B
Article 324 of the Indian constitution provides an independent election commission for
the superintendence, direction, and control of India's electoral roll and elections.

72. Answer: C
The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 accorded the Panchayati Rai
Institutions (PRIs) a constitutional status.

73. Answer: A

74. Answer: A
According to the Indian Constitution, money bills can be introduced in the Lok Sabha
only.

Shashank Sajwan | 22
75. Answer: D

76. Answer: A
Under the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, new words "SOCIALIST & SECULAR" and
“INTEGRITY” have been added in the Preamble.

77. Answer: C
India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic. The words
"SOCIALIST" and "SECULAR" were introduced in 42nd amendment.

78. Answer: C
Over the years, a convention had developed whereby the senior-most judge of the
Supreme Court was appointed as the Chief Justice of India.

79. Answer: C
Recently, the American multinational corporation General Electric (GE) announced it has
signed an agreement with India's state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) to make
GE's F414 engines for Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk2.
It is an advanced version of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk1A, which is being used by the
Indian Air Force (IAF).
It is capable of integrating all indigenous weapon systems and a number of foreign
armaments along with eight Beyond Visual Range Missiles (BVRMs).
It will have a mission endurance of 120
minutes and is capable of carrying 6.5 tonnes of weapons payload.
Thus both statement 1 and 2 are correct.

80. Answer: B
India was recently inducted into the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP).
It is an ambitious new initiative to bolster critical mineral supply chains, announced by
the United States (US) and key partner countries in June 2022.
The focus of the grouping would be on the supply chains of minerals such as Cobalt,
Nickel, Lithium and also the 17 "rare earth" minerals.
The major critical minerals are Graphite, Lithium and Cobalt.

81. Answer: C
Prime Minister recently gifted an eco-friendly lab-grown 7.5 carat diamond, to the US
First Lady Jill Biden.
Lab-grown diamonds are diamonds that are produced using specific technology which
mimics the geological processes that grow natural diamonds.
The diamond simulants such as Moissanite, Cubic Zirconia (CZ), White Sapphire, YAG,
and others are used to make them look like natural diamonds.
Used for industrial purposes, in machines and tools and their hardness and extra
strength make them ideal for use as cutters.
Pure synthetic diamonds are used in electronics as a heat spreader for high-power laser
diodes, laser arrays and high-power transistors.

Shashank Sajwan | 23
82. Answer: A
Recently, an international team of researchers revealed global observations of auroras
associated with carbon dioxide using satellites.
How is it formed? The sun is ejecting charged particles from its corona, creating solar
wind. When that wind slams into Earth's ionosphere, the aurora is born.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the phenomenon is called the northern lights (aurora
borealis), while in the Southern Hemisphere, it's called the southern lights (aurora
australis).
The hemispheric asymmetry of the aurora is due in part to the sun's magnetic field
interfering with Earth's magnetic field.

83. Answer: C
One District One Product Initiative: The concept of ODOP was first launched by the
Uttar Pradesh government in January 2018. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The scheme was successful in reviving the traditional industries and crafts of the state,
such as chikankari embroidery, brassware, pottery, carpets, leather goods, etc.
Inspired by it, the central government adopted the concept and launched it as a national
initiative.
The Ministry of Textile inaugurated the 'Lota Shop' at National Crafts Museum, New
Delhi under the Central Cottage Industries Corporation of India Limited (CCIC) to
showcase and sell the products of ODOP scheme.
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) also aligned its Districts as an Export
Hub initiative with ONOP to boost exports. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

84. Answer: B
Under the scheme, the Centre transfers an amount of Rs 6,000 per year, in three equal
instalments, directly into the bank accounts of all landholding farmers irrespective of the
size of their land holdings. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
It was launched in February 2019.
Funding and Implementation: o It is a Central Sector Scheme with
100% funding from the Government of India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
The PM-KISAN is also integrating with Bhashini to provide farmers information in their
native language. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
The PM-KISAN Mobile App developed and designed by the National Informatics Centre
in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has been
launched.

85. Answer: B
Prime Minister will launch the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission at a
public programme in Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh.
It is an inherited blood disorder.
It affects haemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells
throughout the body.
Thus, only statement 2 is correct.

Shashank Sajwan | 24
86. Answer: A
Mission Objective: To ensure HarGharJal (piped water supply) to all rural households by
2024 under the Jal Jeevan Mission.
Funding Pattern:
The fund sharing pattern is in the proportion of:
50:50 between Centre and States, 90:10 for Himalayan and North-eastern States.
In case of UTs, 100% funding is provided by the Central government.
Only statement 1 is correct.

87. Answer: C
ZERO FIR: It refers to an FIR that is registered irrespective of the area where the offence
is committed.
The police in such a case can no longer claim that they have no jurisdiction.
Such an FIR is then later transferred to the police station that has the actual jurisdiction
so that the investigation can begin.
It was introduced on the recommendation of the Justice Verma Committee formed at
the backdrop of the brutal Nirbhaya gang rape in Delhi in 2012.

88. Answer: C
Recently, the Egyptian President conferred the country's highest state honour "Order of
the Nile" award to the Prime Minister of India.
It is Egypt's highest state honour.
Instituted in 1915, the 'Order of the Nile' is conferred upon Heads of state, Crown
Princes, and Vice-Presidents who offer Egypt or humanity invaluable services.
Both statements are correct.

89. Answer: B
The Global Food Policy Report (GFPR) 2023 was released recently by the International
Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
According to this report, the combination of three significant challenges—the Covid-19
pandemic, the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, and frequent occurrences
of natural disasters—has heightened the vulnerability of the food security system in
South Asia.

90. Answer: D
The 12th century Apatsahayeswarar temple at Tukkachchi near Kumbakonam, which
has been standing derelict for over a century.
The temple was closely associated with Kulotunga I and Vikrama Chola. The temple is of
greater significance in the evolution of Chola art and architecture during the later Chola
period”. “Apart from that, its importance lies in the fact that it is perhaps the only big
temple built during the days of Vikrama Chola”.

91. Answer: C
The Gender Gap Report, 2023 was released recently by the World Economic Forum.
India stood at 127th position out of 146 countries in terms of gender parity.
The country had improved by 1.4 percentage points from 2022 figures, marking a partial
recovery towards its 2020 parity level.

Shashank Sajwan | 25
92. Answer: B
Victor 6000 is a French robot that was involved in rescue operation of the Titan
submersible. It is capable of diving up to 20,000 feet (6,000 metres) underwater.
The crew of the Titan submersible lost contact with its surface vessel – the Polar Prince –
an hour and 45 minutes after it began a dive to see the wreck. French research vessel
L’Atalante, was carrying the Victor 6000 remotely operated vehicle (ROV).

93. Answer: B
The International Institute for Management Development (IMD) published the World
Competitiveness Index recently.
World Competitiveness Index is a comprehensive annual report and worldwide reference
point on the competitiveness of countries.
It analyses and ranks countries according to how they manage their competencies to
achieve long-term value creation.
It is based on 336 competitiveness criteria and four factors, namely Economic
performance, Government efficiency, Business efficiency, and Infrastructure. Denmark,
Ireland, and Switzerland have been named the top three among 64 economies measured
for their global competitiveness. India fell three rungs to finish 40th but is still in a better
position than it was between 2019-2021 when it was placed 43rd three years in a row.

94. Answer: C
The PM-PRANAM scheme is designed to promote sustainable agriculture and reduce the
reliance on chemical fertilizers. It encourages the adoption of alternative fertilizers and
responsible fertilizer usage to protect the environment and ensure the long-term health
of the agricultural sector.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The funding for the PM-PRANAM scheme will be sourced from the savings obtained
through existing fertilizer subsidies. Half of the subsidy savings will be given to the states
as a grant, which can be utilized for creating assets related to the adoption and production
of alternate fertilizers at the village, block, and district levels. Hence, Statement 2 is
correct.

95. Answer: A
The World Economic Forum ranked India at the 67th place globally on its Energy
Transition Index and said it is the only major economy with energy transition momentum
accelerating across all dimensions
Sweden topped the list and was followed by Denmark, Norway, Finland and Switzerland
in the top five on the list of 120 countries

96. Answer: C
Recently, the European Union (EU) has put forward a proposal, called the Carbon Border
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The US, Canada and Japan are planning similar
measures. This involves imposing tariffs on imports from other countries that are seen to
be using carbon-intensive methods of production. It is argued that the stringent
environmental regulation in the EU makes the production of polluting industries move to
countries with relatively lax regulation.

Shashank Sajwan | 26
97. Answer: B
An old pension scheme (OPS), commonly known as the PAYG scheme, is defined as an
unfunded pension scheme where current revenues fund pension benefits. Under this
scheme, the contribution of the current generation of workers was explicitly used to pay
the pensions of existing pensioners. OPS involved a direct transfer of resources from the
current generation of taxpayers to fund the pensioners Statement 1 is correct

The current National Pension Scheme requires employees to contribute 10% of their
basic salary. The eventual payout depends on the market returns on that corpus, which is
mostly invested in federal debt. Statement 2 is incorrect.

NPS is mandatory for central government employees joining services on or after January
1, 2004, and almost all state governments have adopted it for their employees. NPS is
regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
Statement 3 is correct.

98. Answer: D
Darjeeling Tea, called the ‘Champagne of Teas’, was the first Indian product to get the GI
(Geographical Identification) tag in 2004 for its distinctive aroma and flavour.

99. Answer: B
In genetics and developmental biology, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) is a
laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. The
technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor
nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning.

100. Answer: A
Quad partners may provide joint or coordinated individual assistance in crisis preparation
or alert, crisis-response or post crisis review phases of disaster response. Statement 1 is
correct
Unlike the SCO, BRICS and even NATO, the Quad does not have a Secretariat. Statement
2 is incorrect
RATS is a permanent body of the Sanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Statement 3 is
incorrect

Shashank Sajwan | 27
 SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Power sharing is the true spirit of democracy. Justify this statement.
2. What is majoritarianism? How has it increased the feelings of alienation among
minorities?
3. Politics and social divisions must not be allowed to mix. Substantiate this statement,
with arguments
4. Indian electoral system aims at ensuring representation of socially disadvantaged
sections. However, we are yet to have even 10 percent women members in our
legislatures. What measures would you suggest to improve the situation?
5. How is judicial activism related to the protection of fundamental rights? Has it helped in
expanding the scope of fundamental rights?
6. “The Constitution of India is a living document”. Explain.
7. ‘The constitution of India maintains unity and integrity of the country. Justify the
statement.
8. What is the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act and what is its purpose?
9. In your opinion, what are the potential benefits and drawbacks of the QUAD for the
member countries involved?
10. What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact due to which Syama Prasad Mookherjee resigned
from the cabinet?

ANSWERS
1. The statement "Power sharing is the true spirit of democracy" can be justified through
various arguments.
Here are a few key points to support this claim:
a) Inclusivity and Representation: Power sharing ensures that diverse perspectives
and interests are represented in decision-making processes. In a democracy, where
the power ultimately rests with the people, it is crucial to have mechanisms in place
that allow for the inclusion of different groups and stakeholders. Power sharing
enables the participation of various social, cultural, and political groups, thereby
promoting a more representative and inclusive democracy.
b) Protection of Minority Rights: Democracy is not just about majority rule; it also
encompasses the protection of minority rights. Power sharing mechanisms, such as
proportional representation, coalition governments, and constitutional safeguards,
provide avenues for minority voices to be heard and their interests to be
considered. By sharing power, democracies can ensure that the rights and concerns
of minority groups are safeguarded, preventing the dominance of a single group or
ideology.
c) Checks and Balances: Power sharing helps establish checks and balances within a
democratic system. By distributing power across different branches of
government, such as the executive, legislative, and judiciary, or between different
levels of government, like national, regional, and local, it creates a system of
accountability and prevents the concentration of power in the hands of a few. This

Shashank Sajwan | 28
 balance of power ensures that decisions are subject to scrutiny, debate, and
review, promoting transparency and preventing abuses of authority.
d) Stability and Conflict Resolution: Power sharing can contribute to political stability
and the resolution of conflicts in diverse societies. By granting different groups a
share in power, it reduces the likelihood of marginalized groups feeling excluded or
resorting to violence. Power-sharing arrangements, such as consociationalism or
federalism, can help manage deep-rooted divisions by providing mechanisms for
negotiation, compromise, and peaceful coexistence.

2. Majoritarianism refers to a political philosophy or practice where decisions are made by

a majority vote, and the preferences and interests of the majority take precedence
over those of the minority. It emphasizes the rule of the majority without necessarily
considering the concerns or rights of minority groups.

The practice of majoritarianism can lead to feelings of alienation among minorities for
several reasons:
a) Marginalization and Exclusion: When majoritarianism is dominant, minority groups
may feel marginalized and excluded from the political process. Their perspectives,
interests, and concerns may be overlooked or dismissed in favor of the majority's
preferences. This exclusion can lead to a sense of powerlessness and
disenfranchisement among minorities, as their voices are not adequately
represented or heard.
b) Discriminatory Legislation: Majoritarian rule can lead to the enactment of
discriminatory laws that target specific minority groups. For instance, the passage
of laws that restrict the rights of ethnic or religious minorities, such as citizenship
laws that selectively exclude certain communities, can create a sense of alienation
and discrimination.
c) Cultural Suppression: Majoritarianism can contribute to the suppression or
marginalization of minority cultures and languages. For example, policies that
prioritize the majority language in education or public institutions may disregard
the linguistic rights and cultural heritage of minority groups, further alienating
them from the dominant culture. This can erode the sense of belonging and
identity among minority communities, as their cultural heritage is devalued or
marginalized.
d) Unequal Distribution of Resources: Majoritarianism can result in the unequal
distribution of resources and opportunities. Policies and decisions that primarily
benefit the majority may inadvertently exacerbate existing socio-economic
disparities faced by minority groups. This further perpetuates feelings of alienation,
as minorities struggle to access basic services, economic opportunities, or social
mobility.
It is important to note that majoritarianism, when unchecked, can undermine the
principles of democracy, such as inclusivity, protection of minority rights, and
equal representation. Democracies thrive when they embrace power sharing,
accommodate diverse perspectives, and ensure the meaningful participation of all
citizens, regardless of their numerical strength.

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3. Democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competition
tends to divide any society. If they start competing in terms of some existing social
divisions, it can make social division into political division and lead to conflict, violence
or even disintegration of a country.
Here are a few key points to support this claim:
a. When politics becomes deeply intertwined with social divisions, it often exacerbates
polarization and fragmentation within society. Political discourse that reinforces
social divisions can create an "us versus them" mentality, leading to increased
hostility, animosity, and a breakdown of social cohesion. By keeping politics
separate from social divisions, there is a greater likelihood of fostering unity and
cooperation among diverse groups.
b. Politics should ideally be driven by a commitment to impartiality and the pursuit of
the common good. When social divisions heavily influence political processes,
decision-making can become biased and skewed, favoring certain groups or
interests over others. By maintaining a degree of separation between politics and
social divisions, there is a better chance of promoting fairness, equity, and a focus on
the overall welfare of society.
c. Social divisions often involve marginalized or minority groups, whose rights and
interests require protection. Allowing politics to be dominated by social divisions can
lead to the neglect or oppression of these minority groups, as the majority's
interests take precedence. By keeping politics independent from social divisions,
there is a greater potential for safeguarding the rights and ensuring the inclusion of
minority voices in the decision-making process.
d. Separating politics from social divisions can contribute to the stability of democratic
systems. When politics becomes heavily entangled with social divisions, it can
result in deep-seated societal tensions, conflicts, and even violence. By maintaining
a distinction between the two spheres, democratic institutions can focus on
upholding the rule of law, protecting individual freedoms, and ensuring a peaceful
and stable political environment.

While it may be difficult to completely isolate politics from social divisions, striving for
a balance and ensuring that political processes prioritize the greater good can help
mitigate the negative consequences of their overlap. By focusing on inclusive
governance, impartial decision-making, protection of minority rights, democratic
stability, common goals, and social integration, societies can work towards a more
cohesive and harmonious political environment.

4. Improving the representation of women in Indian legislatures is a crucial step toward

achieving gender equality and a more inclusive democracy. Here are some measures
that can be considered to address the underrepresentation of women:
a. Quota System:
Implementing a quota system, such as reserved seats or quotas for women in
legislatures, can be an effective measure to increase their representation. This can be
done through constitutional amendments or legislative measures that mandate a certain
percentage of seats to be reserved exclusively for women candidates. This approach has

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 been successful in other countries and has significantly increased female representation
in politics.
b. Political Party Reforms:
Political parties play a crucial role in candidate selection. Encouraging political parties to
adopt internal party reforms, such as gender quotas or voluntary party commitments
to field more women candidates, can lead to greater female representation. Providing
incentives or rewards to parties that demonstrate a commitment to gender equality in
candidate selection could also be explored.
c. Electoral Reforms:
Introducing electoral reforms that promote gender equality can be effective. Measures
like gender-balanced candidate lists, where parties are required to field an equal
number of male and female candidates, can help address the gender disparity.
Additionally, exploring alternative electoral systems like ranked-choice voting or open-
list proportional representation can provide greater opportunities for women to get
elected.
d. Education and Empowerment:
Addressing gender disparities in education and socio-economic opportunities is vital.
Promoting access to quality education for girls, empowering women economically, and
addressing social norms that hinder women's political participation can contribute to
creating a more conducive environment for women to engage in politics.
e. Supportive Policies and Infrastructure:
Implementing supportive policies, such as childcare facilities, flexible working hours,
and family-friendly support systems, can enable women to balance their political
responsibilities with their personal lives. Providing resources and infrastructure that
assist women in political campaigns, like training, mentorship, and financial support,
can also level the playing field.
It is important to note that a comprehensive approach involving multiple stakeholders,
including the government, political parties, civil society organizations, and the public,
is needed to achieve substantial progress in improving women's representation in
Indian legislatures.

5. Judicial activism refers to the tendency of courts to take an active role in shaping and
interpreting laws, often by going beyond the traditional bounds of judicial review. It
involves judges using their powers to not only interpret and apply the law but also to
address social and political issues and protect fundamental rights.
Judicial activism plays a significant role in protecting fundamental rights in the following
ways:
a. Expanding the Scope of Fundamental Rights:
Judicial activism has been instrumental in expanding the scope of fundamental rights.
Through progressive interpretations of constitutional provisions, courts have
recognized new rights or expanded the understanding of existing rights to better
protect individual liberties. For example, in India, judicial activism has led to the
recognition of the right to privacy and the right to live with dignity as fundamental
rights, even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
b. Correcting Legislative and Executive Actions:

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 Judicial activism serves as a check on the legislative and executive branches of
government, ensuring that their actions do not infringe upon fundamental rights.
Courts have played a crucial role in striking down laws and executive actions that violate
constitutional provisions or impede the exercise of fundamental rights. By actively
intervening in such cases, courts protect individuals from potential violations of their
rights by other branches of government.
c. Safeguarding Individual Liberties:
Judicial activism acts as a safeguard for individual liberties, protecting individuals from
arbitrary state actions and preserving their rights against encroachment. Courts have
used their powers to strike down laws or executive actions that infringe upon the
fundamental rights of citizens, including freedom of speech, expression, religion, and
privacy. This helps ensure that individuals' rights and freedoms are not compromised by
the actions of the government.

However, it is important to note that the concept of judicial activism is subject to

debate, as it can be seen as an overreach of judicial powers and an encroachment on
the functions of the legislature and executive. Critics argue that excessive judicial
activism may undermine the democratic process and disrupt the separation of powers.
Striking the right balance between judicial activism and deference to legislative choices
remains a challenge for judicial systems.
Overall, while judicial activism has its critics and limitations, it has undeniably played a
crucial role in protecting fundamental rights, expanding their scope, and ensuring a
more inclusive and just society.

6. The statement that the Constitution of India is a "living document" emphasizes its
dynamic nature and ability to adapt to changing times and circumstances.
It can be enumerated in the following terms:
a. Flexible and Adaptable: The Constitution of India is designed to accommodate
societal changes and evolving needs. It provides mechanisms for amendments to be
made in response to emerging challenges or to reflect the aspirations of the
people. Over the years, the Constitution has been amended multiple times to
address various issues and incorporate new provisions
b. Interpretation and Judicial Review: The Constitution is subject to interpretation by
the judiciary, which ensures its relevance and adaptability. The courts play a vital
role in interpreting constitutional provisions to reflect the changing social, political,
and legal landscape. Through their interpretations, the judiciary ensures that the
Constitution remains relevant and responsive to contemporary challenges.
c. Incorporation of New Rights: The Constitution has been expanded to include new
rights that were not explicitly mentioned initially. For instance, through judicial
interpretation, the right to privacy and the right to live with dignity have been
recognized as fundamental rights, even though they are not explicitly mentioned in
the Constitution. This recognition reflects the evolving understanding of human
rights and the need to protect individual liberties in contemporary society.
d. Social Transformations: The Constitution recognizes that society is not static and
that transformations occur over time. It provides a framework for addressing social
issues and promoting social progress. The Constitution enables the government to

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 enact laws and policies to address issues such as discrimination, gender inequality,
and socio-economic disparities. These efforts reflect the Constitution's
responsiveness to societal changes.

In summary, the Constitution of India is considered a living document because of its

flexibility, adaptability, and ability to address changing social, political, and legal
realities. Its interpretation, amendment process, incorporation of new rights, and
recognition of evolving societal needs all contribute to its status as a living document
that guides and governs the nation.

7. The Constitution of India plays a significant role in maintaining the unity and integrity of
the country.
a. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens,
irrespective of their religion, caste, gender, or background. These rights, including
the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, and protection from
discrimination, ensure that every individual is treated fairly and with dignity. By
safeguarding the rights of all citizens, the Constitution promotes unity and inclusivity.
b. Secularism: The Indian Constitution embraces the principle of secularism, which
ensures equal treatment and protection of all religions. It prevents the state from
favoring or discriminating against any particular religion, fostering a sense of unity
among diverse religious communities. This secular fabric of the Constitution
promotes religious harmony and contributes to the country's integrity.
c. Federal Structure: The Constitution establishes a federal system of government,
with a division of powers between the central government and the states. This
devolution of powers allows for regional autonomy and self-governance while
maintaining the unity of the country. The federal structure enables different regions
and diverse cultural identities to coexist and thrive within a unified nation.
d. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: India is known for its rich cultural and linguistic
diversity. The Constitution recognizes and protects this diversity by providing for
the preservation and promotion of various languages, cultures, and traditions. It
ensures that no particular culture or language is given preferential treatment,
thereby fostering unity among different cultural and linguistic communities.
e. Judiciary as a Guardian: The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary that
acts as the guardian of the Constitution and ensures the adherence to its principles.
The judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law, protecting the rights
of citizens, and resolving disputes between the central and state governments. The
impartial and fair functioning of the judiciary helps maintain the unity and integrity
of the country.
It is important to note that the Constitution alone cannot guarantee unity and integrity;
it requires collective efforts from all stakeholders, including the government, citizens,
and civil society. However, the Constitution of India provides a strong framework that
upholds the principles of equality, justice, and diversity, thereby promoting and
maintaining the unity and integrity of the country.

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8. The Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) is an Indian law enacted in 1967. Its
purpose is to prevent unlawful activities that pose a threat to the sovereignty and
integrity of India. The UAPA provides a legal framework to deal with activities considered
"unlawful" and "terrorist" in nature.
Unlawful activities refer to any action taken by an individual or association intended to
disrupt the territorial integrity and territorial sovereignty in India.
Its main objective is dealing with activities directed against the integrity and
sovereignty of India. It is also known as Anti-terror law.
It aims to provide law enforcement agencies with enhanced powers to prevent,
investigate, and prosecute individuals and organizations involved in such activities.
The UAPA empowers authorities to take preventive measures, such as arrests, searches,
and detentions, against individuals or groups suspected of engaging in unlawful
activities. It also allows for the designation of organizations as "terrorist organizations"
and the freezing of their assets. The law provides for the establishment of special courts
to handle cases related to unlawful activities.

UAPA provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things;
the central government may designate an individual/organization as a
terrorist/terrorist organization if it:
• Commits/participates in acts of terrorism,
• Prepares for terrorism,
• Promotes terrorism, or
• Is otherwise involved in terrorism.
Under the Act, an investigating officer is required to obtain the prior approval of
the Director General of Police to seize properties that may be connected with
terrorism.
While the UAPA serves the purpose of combating terrorism and safeguarding
national security, its provisions and implementation have been subject to criticism
and debate. Critics argue that the law can be misused to suppress dissent, curtail civil
liberties, and infringe upon fundamental rights. Balancing national security concerns
with the protection of individual rights is an ongoing challenge in the context of the
UAPA.

9. The QUAD, known as the ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue’ (QSD), is an informal

strategic forum comprising four nations, namely — United States of America (USA),
India, Australia and Japan.

Potential Benefits:
• Enhanced Security Cooperation: The QUAD facilitates closer cooperation and
coordination among member countries in addressing common security challenges
in the Indo-Pacific region. This can lead to improved intelligence sharing, joint
military exercises, and greater maritime security cooperation.
• Stability and Rules-based Order: The QUAD aims to uphold a free and open Indo-
Pacific region based on a rules-based international order. By promoting democratic

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 values, freedom of navigation, and respect for international law, the QUAD seeks
to ensure stability and prevent the dominance of any single country or ideology.
• Economic Opportunities: The QUAD has the potential to promote economic growth
and development among member countries. By facilitating trade, investment, and
infrastructure development, it can create new opportunities for economic
cooperation and strengthen regional connectivity.

Potential Drawbacks
• Perceived Containment: The QUAD has been viewed by some as an effort to
contain or counterbalance the rise of China. This perception may strain bilateral
relations and lead to heightened tensions between member countries and other
regional powers, potentially escalating conflicts.
• Limited Inclusivity: The exclusion of other important regional stakeholders,
particularly ASEAN countries and China, from the QUAD may create concerns about
its inclusivity and regional representation. This may undermine its credibility and
hinder the potential for broader regional cooperation.
• Diverse Strategic Interests: The member countries have diverse strategic interests
and priorities. Aligning these interests and maintaining consensus on various issues
may prove challenging, potentially hindering the effectiveness of the QUAD as a
unified platform.

It is important to note that opinions on the benefits and drawbacks of the QUAD
vary among experts, policymakers, and regional stakeholders. The impact and
effectiveness of the QUAD will depend on the ability of member countries to
address these challenges and work towards shared objectives while considering
the broader regional dynamics.

10. The Nehru-Liaquat Pact also known as the Delhi Pact was a bilateral agreement signed
between India and Pakistan in order to provide a framework for the treatment of
minorities in the two countries. It was signed by the two country’s Prime Ministers,
Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan. The need for such a pact was felt by minorities
in both countries following partition, which was accompanied by massive communal
rioting.
Under the pact, both countries agreed to:
a) Ensure complete and equal right of citizenship and security of life and properties to
their minorities,
b) Ensure full fundamental human rights which include the rights of freedom of
movement, freedom of thoughts and expression and the right of religion,
c) Set up a minorities commission to make sure that minorities would be represented.

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