GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

WASHIM

SEMESTER 5

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

A MICROPROJECT REPORT ON :
“INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM”

GUIDED BY : HEAD OF DEPARTMENT :

Mr. U.G.Khillare Sir Mr. R.N. Jarudkar
(Lecture In Automobile) (H.O.D In Automobile Department)

PRINCIPAL
Dr. B.G. Gawalwad
(PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM)
 Maharashtra State Board Of Techanical
Education

CERTIfICATE
This is to certify that Mr./ Ms………………………………….Roll NO……………Of
Fifth Semester of diploma in Automobile Engineering of
Institute,”Government Polytechnic Washim (code:0031)” “Intelligent
braking system” hascompleted the for the academic year
2024-2025 has prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Washim Enrollment No:-

Date:- Exam Seat No:-

Subject Teacher :- Head Of Department :-

Mr. R.N Jarudkar Mr. R. N. Jarudkar

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 SUBMMITE
D BY
THE NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS

Roll No. Name Of Student Enroll No.

2200310261
03 Aakash Game

11 Pratik Goley 2200310288

Oto-2 Om Sonone 2200310264

Oto-7 Yash Tiwari 2200310298

Oto-13 Yash Giri 2341024015

0

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 INDEX :-

Sr.No Title

1 Introduction

2 Project scope

3 Hardware Requirement

4 Can channel

5 DC Motor

6 Ultrasonic sensor

7 ConclusionReference

8 Reference

Abstarct

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Abstract Road accidents are a common place in todays scenario. Accident
prevention has been one of the leading areas of research. In Indian scenario
normally vehicles are equipped with ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System), traction
control, brake assist etc. for driver's safety. This paper focuses on a system known
as 'Intelligent braking system' (IBS) which employ several sensors to respond when
emergency conditions occur. The system includes an ultrasonic wave emitter
provided on the front portion of the car. An ultrasonic receiver is also fitted to
receive the signal. The reflected wave gives the distance between the obstacle and
the vehicle. Then a microcontroller is used to detect the pulses and apply brakes to
the vehicle. IBS car provides the glimpse into the future of automotive safety. By IBS
system we can prevent more accidents and save more lives.

Introduction:

Automobile vehicles have become integral part of our lives. With growing number of
vehicles on road, the numbers of traffic accidents are also increasing. It is important
to prevent the chances of accidents and to protect the passengers when accidents
occur. Air bags provide safety, but they are costly. Safety, being a matter of prime
importance, cannot be compromised for cost. Hence our attempt is to provide a
reliable and safe system at low cost. Though there are different causes for these
accidents but proper technology of braking system and technology to reduce the
damage (such as pneumatic bumper system) during accident can be effective on the
accident rates. So, in todays world, implementation of proper (automatic) braking
system to prevent the accidents is a must for vehicles. Therefore, pre-crashing
system is demanded. Such a system will prevent accidents on roads with poor
visibility by using proximity sensors to detect other vehicles, or any other obstacle
in the path.

Objective

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The future of any industry is more than just developing new technology. It is
integrating shifting the approach to achieve safety. Intelligent Braking System
approach represents considerable shift from the traditional approach to safety, by
considering safety in terms of firstly, avoiding the possibility of accidents, and
secondly, protecting occupants when a crash is unavoidable, we can prevent more
accidents, save more lives, decrease material damage to

Following are the main objectives of Automatic Braking System with Pneumatic
Bumpers

 To ensure the braking of vehicle in time.

 To increase the crashing distance during accident.
 To increase the safety during pre-crash.
 To increase external safety to vehicle body.
 To decrease the level of passenger injury by use of external vehicle safety
device.
 To reduce the requirement of internal safety devices like air bags.

Current trend
In conventional vehicles there are different mechanism operated for braking system
like use of hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical system. But all these braking
mechanisms receive the input signal directly from the driver by application of force
on brake pedal. Thus, braking of vehicles is totally manual operated. So, if the driver
fails to see the obstacle in front of his driving vehicle or fails to apply proper braking
force on the brake pedal, he may lose the control of his vehicle, leading to accident.
Also the driver may not able to pay complete attention when driving at night. So
there are many chances of accidents. Urgent application of brakes can result in
veering of the vehicles due to skidding of tyres. Moreover, due to sudden application
of brakes there are chances of other vehicles dashing from back. Hence, there is no
provision to minimize the damage of vehicles. Thus, the current designed system
only fairly reduces the damage of vehicle and/or passengers

Air bags provide safety in case of severe accidents

only, whereas, the pneumatic bumper can provide safety even in case of minor
accidents.

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Air bags can provide only internal safety, butpneumatic bumper system provides
safety to external body of cars as well as internal safety.

Air bags can be deployed only once, whereaspneumatic bumper can be used many
times. Even if the bumper is damaged, it can be replaced easily.

The typical household supply of 220 volts can drive the single phase A.C. Motor. This
power supply is limited to the motor; it does not power up any other part of the
circuit. The single phase A.C. motor drives the whel and pulley arrangement and
rotates at a speed of 1400 RPM. Since the motor is connected directly to the control
unit circuit, the motor will be turned off or stopped whenever electromagnetic
plunger hits the brake, which will prevent any internal damage to the motor

Review

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Garrest N. and Vanderplaats (1979), suggests the technique of automated design
using numerical optimization. Numerical optimization first involves the concept
description in physical terms to give a basic understanding of the iterative
procedure employed by these methods. Next, the typical engineering task is
presented and converted to a form amenable to solution by numerical optimization.
Basic algorithm for solving this problem is identified. The state of the art allows for
the routine solution of nonlinear design problems of approximately 20 independent
variables subject to 100 or more constraints. In many applications, much larger
design problems may be solved. The basic approach of this study is incorporated in
this design optimization work along with the following optimization procedures in
the ensuing literatures.

Dixit, Beohar and Bal (2000), suggests that, stochastic signomial geometric
programming is an effective tool for the optimum design of a brake disc considering
random nature of design variables. This program also takes into account the
probability of satisfying constraint equation, so that, the design approach is more
realistic. The calculation equations in this approach are as such introduced for the
design of a brake disc for a light duty passenger vehicle.

Das A.K. and Pratihar (2002) suggests that, optimization through genetic algorithm
yields better results in the machine element design under certain circumstances.
The same design through traditional methods has some drawbacks such as there is
a chance for the solutions get trapped into local minima. The algorithm developed
for one type of problem, may not be suitable to solve another type of problem. In
this context, the real coded genetic algorithm proved to be a versatile design
optimization algorithm for design of machine elements. The designoptimization
procedure adopted by these authors is as such incorporated in this work to
determine the exact dimensions of a brake disc.

Hand book of statistical quality control (SP : 28 – 1985) (Source Indian standards (IS
: 7300 – 1974), deals with methods of regression and correlation. This method deals
with the statistical methods of regression and correlation in the case of two
variables. Regression deals with situation where the variation of one variable is
dependent on the variation of second variable. This technique is as such
incorporated in this work to determine the inner and outer radius of the brake disc
by satisfying the constraint of maximum torque transmission by the brake
disc.SINGLE PHASE AC MOTOR

Material selection

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The cost of air bags is higher than pneumatic bumper system.

MATERIAL SELECTION

A)CONTROL UNIT

In automotive electronics Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is a generic term for all
embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical system or subsystems
in a motor vehicle.

Detail of calculation
Assumption: Maximum force acting on bumper is assumed to be 90N Considering
factor of safety as 1.25, we design bumper for 90×1.25 =112.5N force Also, pressure
used is 4bars=0.4N/mm2

For Applying Brakes

For out-stroke F o/s = P x A

112.5 = 0.4 x 0.7854 D2 D2 = 358.0978 mm2 So, D =18.92mm

Selecting standard value of 20mm bore diameter, we calculate inner diameter.

Assuming In-stroke force to be equal to outstroke force, we assume in stroke force

to be 90N.

For factor of safety of 1.25, in stroke force is 90×1.25=112.5N.

For in-stroke,

Piston rod area = /4 x d2 Effective area = /4 x

(D2-d2) = 0.7854 (202-d2)

mm2 So,

F i/s = 0.4 x 0 .7854(202-d2) 112.5 = 0.31416(202-d2)

On solving, we get d= 6.47mm

Hence, selecting from standard values, inner diameter is 7mm. Keeping stroke of
50mm for applying brakes, we get the cylinder dimensions as
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Cylinder bore = 20 mm Cylinder stroke=50 mm

Similarly, we calculate for Bumper

F o/s = P x A

112.5 = 0 stroke,

Piston rod area = /4 x d2 Effective area = /4 x (D2-d2)

= 0.7854 (202-d2) mm2

So,

F i/s = 0.4 x 0 .7854(202-d2) 112.5 = 0.31416(202-d2)

On solving, we get d = 6.47mm

Hence, selecting from standard values, inner diameter is 7mm So, for both the
double acting pneumatic cylinders, bore diameter is 20mm.

To increase the crashing distance in case of accidents, we increase the stroke length
of cylinder used for extending the bumper.

So, for bumper, cylinder stroke of 100mm is suitable. 112.5=0.4 x 0.7854 D2

D2 = 358.0978 mm2

So, D =18.92mm

Selecting standard value of 20mm bore diameter, we calculate inner diameter.

Assuming In-stroke force to be equal to outstroke force, we assume in stroke force
to be 90N.

For factor of safety of 1.25, in stroke force is 90×1.25=112.5N.

For in-stroke,

Piston rod area = /4 x d2 Effective area = /4 x (D2-d2)

= 0.7854 (202-d2) mm2

F i/s = 0.4 x 0 .7854(202-d2) 112.5 = 0.31416(202-d2)

On solving, we get d = 6.47mm

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Hence, selecting from standard values, inner diameter is 7mm So, for both the
double acting pneumatic cylinders, bore diameter is 20mm.

To increase the crashing distance in case of accidents, we increase the stroke length
of cylinder used for extending the bumper.

So, for bumper, cylinder stroke of 100mm is suitable

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Conclusion
Behind the designing of this system, our main aim is to improve the technique of
prevention of accidents and also reducing the hazard from accidents like damage of
vehicle, injury of humans, etc. The application of pneumatics produces smooth
operation. By using more techniques, they can be modified and developed according
to theapplications. By implementing this project we can reduce cost of high end cars
by giving similar kind of safety. This project work has provided us an excellent
opportunity and experience, to use our limited knowledge. We have gained practical
knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing
this project work. Towards the end of completion of the project, we felt that the
project has helped us to bridge the gates between institution and industries. In
conclusion remarks of our project work, we have developed an

INTELLIGENT BRAKING SYSTEM WITH PNEUMATIC BUMPER FOR FOUR WHEELER

Whichhelps to achieve low cost automation. We are proud that we have completed
the work with the limited time successfully. We have done the project to our ability
and skill making maximum use of available facilities and we are able to understand
the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality. We also observed that
the prototype manufactured is working with satisfactory conditions and our work is
able to achieve all the objectives which are necessary

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 Reference
Srinivasa Chari.V, Dr.Venkatesh P.R, Dr.Prasanna Rao N.S, Adil Ahmed S Automatic
Pneumatic Bumper And Break Actuation Before Collision, 2015, International
Research Journal Of Engineering And Technology (Irjet) Volume: 02 Issue: 04,
Pp1015-1023

 Dr. P. Poongodi. Mr. P. Dineshkumar, Automatic Safety System For Automobiles

 Dr.Eung Soo Kim,Fabrication Of Auto Braking System Using Sensor, International
Journal Of Control And Automation, Vol-2, And No1.
 Takahiro Wada, A Deceleration Control Method Of Automobile For Collision
Avoidance Based On Driver Perceptual Risk IEEE International Conference On
Intelligent Robots And Systems, Oct 4881-4886.
 Lee, A Theory Of Visual Control Of Braking Based On Information About Time To
Collision, Perception, Vol 5, Pp 437-459
 J. T. Wang, An Extendable And Retractable Bumper
 Jadhav N. D., Gulmire S.M., Ghutukade R.S., Gaikwad A.S., Prof.Fegade S.G. Automatic
Braking With Pneumatic Bumper System 2015,Ijsart Volume 1 Issue 5, Pp

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