REVIEWER IN TEACHING PROFESSION

UNIT 1: NATURE OF TEACHING AND TEACHER ROLES

.

LESSON 1. WHAT IS TEACHING?

Teaching is a purposeful, dynamic, and complex process that lies at the heart of education. It is both an art and
a science, requiring creativity, empathy, and an understanding of human development, alongside evidence-based
strategies and techniques..

Definition of Teaching

Teaching can be defined as a deliberate effort to impart knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to learners.

Characteristics of Teaching

1. Goal-Oriented: Teaching always aims to achieve specific learning objectives,

whether cognitive, affective, or psychomotor.
2. Interactive Process: Teaching is a two-way interaction between the teacher and
learners, involving dialogue, feedback, and mutual growth.
3. Adaptability: Effective teaching requires flexibility to address the varied abilities,
interests, and cultural backgrounds of students.
4. Influence and Inspiration: Teachers play a vital role in shaping students' character,
attitudes, and aspirations.
5. Lifelong Process: Teaching evolves with the continuous development of
pedagogical methods, technology, and societal changes.

1 | Page
The Teaching-Learning Process

1. Teacher: The facilitator who designs and delivers instruction to inspire and guide
learners.
2. Learner: The active participant who engages with the material and applies it to real-
world contexts.
3. Content: The subject matter or curriculum being taught, tailored to meet the learners'
developmental levels.
4. Environment: The physical, social, and psychological setting in which teaching and
learning occur.
5. Assessment: Tools and strategies used to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching
and the progress of learners.

Goals of Teaching

1. Cognitive Development: Enhancing knowledge, critical thinking, and problem-

solving abilities.
2. Skill Acquisition: Developing practical and vocational skills for personal and
professional growth.
3. Character Building: Instilling moral values, empathy, and a sense of social
 responsibility.
4. Fostering Creativity: Encouraging innovation, imagination, and the ability to think
outside the box.
5. Promoting Lifelong Learning: Equipping learners with the skills and mindset to
continuously adapt and grow.

Qualities of an Effective Teacher

1. In-depth knowledge of the subject matter being taught.

2. Ability to convey ideas clearly and effectively.
3. Understanding learners' needs and adapting to their pace.
4. Using innovative methods to make learning engaging and meaningful.
5. Regularly assessing and improving one's teaching practices.
6. Staying updated with new trends in education and professional development.
LESSON 2. THE ROLES OF A TEACHER

A. The Role of a Teacher as a Person

Teachers are human beings with emotions, values, and unique personalities. As individuals, they have a profound
influence on their students' attitudes and behaviors.
1. Teachers develop meaningful relationships with students, creating a foundation of trust
and respect.
2. Understanding students' personal and academic challenges helps teachers support
their growth holistically.
3. Teachers act as role models through their honesty, reliability, and ethical behavior.
4. As lifelong learners, teachers model curiosity and adaptability, inspiring students to
embrace personal growth.

B. The Role of a Teacher as a Professional

1. Teachers possess deep knowledge of their subject areas and continually update their
expertise.

2. Effective teachers design engaging lessons, use diverse teaching strategies, and
assess learning outcomes.
3. Teachers maintain professionalism in their interactions with students, parents, and
colleagues, adhering to ethical codes.
4. Teachers work with peers, administrators, and other stakeholders to enhance the
quality of education.
5. Participation in professional development opportunities ensures that teachers stay
current with best practices.

C. The Role of a Teacher as a Community Leader and Social Advocate

Teachers are not limited to the classroom; they extend their influence into the community to drive positive change.

1. Teachers collaborate with parents, local organizations, and other stakeholders to

support students' overall well-being.
2. Teachers advocate for equitable access to education and resources, ensuring that all
students have opportunities to succeed.
3. By teaching students about their roles in society, teachers inspire active citizenship
and community participation.
4. Teachers champion diversity and inclusion, addressing biases and promoting mutual
respect within the community.
5. During community challenges, such as natural disasters or social unrest, teachers
often provide leadership and stability.

D. The Role of a Teacher as a Model of Character

Teachers serve as moral exemplars, influencing students' values and ethical development.
1. Teachers demonstrate honesty, kindness, responsibility, and perseverance, setting a
standard for students to emulate.
2. Beyond words, teachers show students how to navigate life's challenges with integrity
and resilience.
3. By promoting fairness and encouraging dialogue, teachers model positive ways to
address and resolve conflicts.
4. Teachers foster an environment where mutual respect and consideration are
paramount.
5. Through actions and lessons, teachers help students develop a moral compass and
sense of accountability.

E. The Role of a Teacher as an Expert

Teachers are experts in their fields, leveraging their knowledge and skills to provide high- quality
education.

1. Teachers ensure they have a deep and thorough understanding of the curriculum they
teach.

2. Skilled teachers apply evidence-based teaching methods tailored to diverse learning

needs.
3. Teachers integrate technology, creativity, and critical thinking into their teaching to
enhance learning experiences.
4. As experts, teachers address academic and behavioral challenges with effective
strategies and solutions.
5. Teachers guide students in their academic pursuits, career aspirations, and personal
growth.

LESSON 3. CHALLENGES IN TEACHING

A. Multicultural Classroom

Multicultural classrooms reflect the diversity of the global community, with students from different cultural,
linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds.
 1. Challenges:
Language barriers can hinder communication and understanding. Cultural differences
in learning styles and behavior may create misunderstandings.
Bias and stereotypes can lead to inequality in classroom interactions. 2. Strategies:
O Foster an inclusive environment by celebrating cultural diversity through activities.

B. Learner-Centered Teaching

Learner-centered teaching shifts the focus from the teacher to the student, emphasizing active participation and
personalized learning.

1. Challenges:
O

Requires significant planning to cater to individual learning needs. Students may struggle to adapt to increased
responsibility for their learning. Assessing individual progress can be complex and time-
consuming.
2. Strategies:
O Use differentiated instruction to accommodate diverse learning styles and
Regularly provide constructive feedback to guide students in self-assessment.

C. Multi-Grade Classes

In multi-grade classes, a single teacher instructs students from different grade levels in one
classroom, often in rural or resource-limited settings.

1. Challenges:
Balancing the needs of students at different academic levels. Limited resources
and instructional time for each grade.
Maintaining classroom management and ensuring active engagement for all.
2. Strategies:
O

Employ group work and peer tutoring to foster collaborative learning. Use thematic instruction that
addresses common topics across grades. Create independent learning stations tailored to
various grade levels.

D. ICT Integration

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed education, offering innovative tools for teaching
and learning.

1. Challenges:

O
Limited access to technology in underprivileged areas.
Teachers may lack adequate training in using ICT tools effectively. Students can
become distracted by non-educational content online.
2. Strategies:
O

Provide teacher training programs to enhance ICT proficiency.

 O

Ensure equitable access to digital resources and infrastructure.

Integrate ICT purposefully into lessons, using it as a tool to enhance learning rather than replace
traditional methods.

E. Brain-Based Education

Brain-based education focuses on applying insights from neuroscience to optimize teaching and learning.

1. Challenges:

Limited awareness and understanding of neuroscience among educators. Misapplication or

oversimplification of brain research findings. Adapting classroom practices to align with brain-
based principles.
2. Strategies:
O

Incorporate activities that stimulate multiple senses and engage different brain regions.
Design lessons that allow for movement, reflection, and emotional connections.
Foster a positive and supportive classroom environment to enhance cognitive and emotional development.

F. Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences highlights the diverse ways people learn and express their
abilities.
1. Challenges:
• Identifying and addressing the unique intelligence profiles of each student.
• Balancing instruction to cater to all intelligences in a single lesson.
• Ensuring equal recognition and opportunities for non-academic intelligences,
such as artistic or interpersonal skills.
2. Strategies:
。 Use a variety of teaching methods, including visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and
interpersonal activities.
Provide opportunities for students to explore and showcase their strengths. Integrate project-based
learning to appeal to multiple intelligences simultaneously.

G. Children with Special Needs

Students with special needs require tailored support to overcome learning, physical, emotional, or
developmental challenges.

1. Challenges:
Identifying specific needs and developing appropriate interventions. Lack of resources, such as
specialized tools or trained personnel. Addressing stigma and fostering an inclusive culture
within the classroom.
2. Strategies:
Collaborate with special education experts to design Individualized Education Plans (IEPs).
Use assistive technologies and adaptive teaching methods to meet diverse needs.
 Promote peer support and educate all students about empathy and inclusion.

LESSON 4. UNESCO'S 4 PILLARS OF EDUCATION

UNESCO's 4 Pillars of Education provide a comprehensive framework for lifelong learning, emphasizing holistic
development that goes beyond academic achievement. These pillars-Learning to Know, Learning to Do, Learning to
Live Together, and Learning to Be-serve as guiding principles for education systems to prepare individuals to
navigate an increasingly interconnected and complex world.

1. Learning to Know

This pillar focuses on acquiring foundational knowledge and developing the skills necessary for critical
thinking and independent learning.

1. Key Objectives:
Build a strong knowledge base in various disciplines.
Foster curiosity and the ability to learn autonomously throughout life. Develop cognitive skills such as analysis, synthesis, and
evaluation.
2. Practical Applications in Education:
Encourage active inquiry through problem-solving and research-based projects.
о Integrate interdisciplinary teaching to show the interconnectedness of
knowledge.
о Promote lifelong learning habits by teaching students how to access and
evaluate information independently.
3. Significance:
Leaming to know equips individuals with the intellectual tools needed to adapt to rapidly
changing environments and to continuously update
their knowledge and skills.

2. Learning to Do

This pillar emphasizes acquiring practical skills and competencies to effectively

participate in the workforce and contribute to society.

1. Key Objectives:
O Develop vocational and technical skills for employment.
Cultivate creativity, innovation, and adaptability.
Encourage teamwork, communication, and problem-solving in practical
contexts.

2. Practical Applications in Education:

Incorporate hands-on activities such as internships, apprenticeships, and service-learning
projects.
Teach students how to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world challenges. 。 Encourage entrepreneurial
thinking by fostering innovation and leadership
skills.
3. Significance:
Learning to do prepares individuals for the practical demands of life and work, enabling them to contribute
meaningfully to economic and social development.

3. Learning to Live Together

This pillar underscores the importance of social and emotional intelligence, promoting understanding, tolerance, and
cooperation among individuals from diverse backgrounds.
1. Key Objectives:
Foster respect for cultural diversity and global interdependence. Teach conflict resolution, empathy, and effective
communication. Encourage collaboration and teamwork to address shared challenges.
2. Practical Applications in Education:

Design activities that promote cultural exchange and global citizenship. Incorporate lessons on ethics, human
rights, and sustainability into the curriculum.
Use collaborative projects to teach students the value of working together toward common goals.
3. Significance:
Learning to live together helps create peaceful, inclusive communities and equips individuals with the skills to resolve conflicts
and build strong, cooperative relationships.

4. Learning to Be

This pillar focuses on personal growth and self-actualization, encouraging individuals to explore their identities,
talents, and values.

1. Key Objectives:
O

Promote self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and personal well-being. Encourage

creativity, imagination, and self-expression.
Instill a sense of purpose and ethical responsibility.
2. Practical Applications in Education:

Include arts, music, and physical education to support emotional and physical
development.
Provide opportunities for self-reflection through journaling, mindfulness, and
discussion.

UNIT 2; HISTORICAL LEGAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

LESSON 1; HISTORICAL FOUNDATION

ANCIENT PERIOD
● MESOPOTAMIA- focused on cuneiform writing.
 ● EGYPT- hieroglypic writing, medicine and engineering.
● CHINA- confucian ideas emphasized moral development, civil service and respect for
hierarchy.
● INDIA- gurukula system, oral transmission of knowledge.
● Greece- aim to cultivate the mind and body.
ATHENS- focused on philosophy and arts.
SPARTA- focused on military training.
● ROME- education is practical, preparing citizens for law, governance and rhetoric.

PHILOSOPHICAL CONTRIBUTORS
● PLATO- advocated for education as a means to achieved justice harmony in society.
● SOCRATES- emphasized critical thinking and socratic method.
● ARISTOTLE- focused on empirical observations.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD- church was the primary custodian of education.

MONASTIC SCHOOLS- focused on religious training and manuscript writing.

CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS- focused on preparation for clergy.

SCHOLASTICISM- emphasized the reconciliation of faith and reason.

THOMAS AQUINAS
PETER ABELARD

RENAISSANCE PERIOD
● HUMANISM- emphasized the study of classical text, individualism, education shifted
from religious to secular aims.

KEY FIGURES;
● ERASMUS- advocated for liberal education.
● COMENIUS- pioneered modern educational methods.

MODERN/CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
● ENLIGHTENMENT- emphasized reason, scientific inquiry and individual rights like
Rousseau and Locke, advocated for child-centered education.

PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION MOVEMENTS

● JOHN DEWEY- advocated for experiential learning.
● MARIA MONTESSORI- developed child-centered, hands on learning methods.

LOCAL HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD- education was informal, focusing on oral traditions, practical skills
and community roless
 - ELDERS served as teachers.

SPANISH PERIOD- introduction of formal education

- established schools to spread christianity

DOMINICANS AND JESUITS- focus on catechism and basic literacy

UNIVERSITY OF STO. THOMAS (1611)- first university in asia.

AMERICAN PERIOD-established a free, secular public education system.

- ENGLISH was introduced to unify the diverse linguistic groups.
- Normal schools was established
- Education became more accessible.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
- Focused on decolonizing education and promoting nationalism.

LESSON 2; LEGAL FOUNDATION

LAW- system of rules, regulations and principles established by a governing authority to

regulate behavior, maintain order and administer justice.

TYPOLOGIES
● CIVIL LAW- governs private relationship between individuals.
● CRIMINAL LAW- addresses offenses against state or society.
● ADMINISTRATIVE LAW- regulates the operations of government agencies.
● CONSTITUTIONAL LAW- pertains to the interpretation and implementation of a
countries constitution.
● INTERNATIONAL LAW- governs relations between nations.

SOURCES OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE

● CONSTITUTION- The 1987 Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of land and
provides foundational principles of education.
● STATUTES- are laws enacted by the Philippine Congress
- Republic Act 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act)
- Republic Act 7722(Higher Education Act of 1994)

● CASE LAW OR JURISPRUDENCE- judicial decisions and clarify laws.

● REGULATORY LAWS- DepEd and CHED issues guidelines and standards for
educations institutions.
● ORDINANCE- Local government units enact ordinances to address specific educational
needs.
 ● LEGAL OPINIONS- issued by government agencies such as Department of Justice.
● RESOLUTIONS- educational bodies such as the Professional Regulation
Commission(PRC).

LEGAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE PHILIPPINE

EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE
● BASIC EDUCATION- includes kindergarten elementary( Grades 1-6) Junior high, senior
high.
● HIGHER EDUCATION- comprises undergraduate and graduate programs offered by
universities.
● TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING(TVET)- provides skill-based
training for employment.

UNIT III PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AND PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING

LESSON 1;
Philosophy of education branch of philosophy that examines the goals, forms, methods and
meaning of education.
PHILOSOPHY provides the theoretical framework for understanding the aims and processes of
education.
EDUCATION serves as the practical application of philosophical ideas.
● Epistemology (the study of knowledge)
● Axiology (the study of values)
● Metaphysics (the study of reality)

LESSON 2 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS

WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES
● IDEALISM- emphasizes the importance of ideas, values, and the mind in understanding
reality.
- Rooted in the works of Plato
● REALISM- reality exists independently of the mind and can be understood through
observation and reason.
- focus on teaching knowledge, scientific principles and practical skills.
● PRAGMATISM/EXPEREMENTALISM- emphasized experience, experimentation and
problem solving.
- John Dewey
EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
● HINDUISM- means of self-realization and spiritual enlightenment
● BUDDHISM- education focuses on the development of wisdom, compassion and
mindfulness.
● CONFUCIANISM- stresses the importance of moral education, social harmony , respect
for authority.
● TAOISM- education emphasizes harmony with nature, simplicity and spontaneity.
 - encourages self-discovery
● ZEN BUDDHISM- focuses on direct experience and intuition.
● CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY- rooted in the teaching of Jesus Christ emphasizing faith.
● SARACEN PHILOSOPHY- emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge as a religious duty.

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHIES

1. PERENNIALISM- advocates for the study of timeless ideas and universal truths found in
great works of literature.
2. ESSENTIALISM- focuses on teaching essential knowledge and skills, such as literacy,
numeracy and cultural heritage.
3. EXISTENTIALISM- emphasizes individuals freedom, choice and self-expression.
4. PROGRESSIVISM- emphasizes experiential learning, critical thinking and problem-
solving.
5. SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM- views education as a tool for addressing social
injustices and creating a more equitable society.

LESSON 3; PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY

ARTICLE II. Section 17 (1987 Constitution)

“The state shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and
sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress and promote total
human liberation and development”.

ARTICLE XIV, Section 1-2

● Section 1 “ The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all”
● Section 2 “ The state shall establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate,
and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and
society.

PHILOSOPHY OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

● PROMOTE DEMOCRATIC IDEALS- education should cultivate critical thinking,active

citizenship and respect for human rights.
● FOSTER NATIONAL IDENTITY- education should preserve and promote Filipino
culture, history and values.
● ENSURE LIFELONG LEARNING

LESSON 4; PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING

PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING- is a reflective statement that articulates an
educators beliefs, values and goals regarding teaching and learning.

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING

1. GUIDES INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
2. ENHANCES PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY
3. PROMOTES REFLECTIVE PRACTICE
4. BUILDS RELATIONSHIPS WITH STUDENTS
5. SUPPORTS CAREER DEVELOPMENT

HOW TO WRITE PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY OF TEACHING

1. REFLECT ON YOUR BELIEFS ABOUT TEACHING AND LEARNING
- What is the purpose of education
2. DESCRIBE YOUR TEACHING METHODS
- What instructional strategies do you use
3. EXPLAIN YOUR APPROACH TO CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
- How do you create a positive and inclusive learning environment

4. DISCUSS YOUR ASSESSMENT PRACTICES

- What type of assessment do you use
5. HIGHLIGHT YOUR GOALS FOR STUDENTS GROWTH
- What knowledge, skills and values do you want your students to gain?
6. INCORPORATE EXAMPLES FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE
- Share stories of how philosophy influences your teaching practices
7. CONCLUDE WITH A VISION FOR THE FUTURE
- How do you plan to grow and evolve as an educator?