UNIT 2 REVIEW

POPULATION & MIGRATION

BIG IDEAS:Population, Population Patterns, Demographic Transition,

Population Pyramids, Population Policies
Population Distribution

2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions: 1.East Asia (Easter China Japan

Korean peninsula and Taiwan) 2. South Asia (India Pakistan Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) 3.

Europe ( Western Europe Eastern Europe and European portion of Russia) 4. Southeast Asia

(Java Sumtra Borneo Sulwesi and Philippines)

List of World’s Most Populous Countries: 1. China in Asia 2. India in Asia 3. United States
in Northern America 4. Indonesia in Asia 5. Brazil in South America 6. Pakistan in Asia 7.
Nigeria in Africa 8. Bangladesh in Asia 9. Russia in Asia/Europe 10. Mexico in North
America 11. Japan in Asia 12. Philippines in Asia 13. Ethiopia in Africa 14. Egypt in Africa
15. Vietnam in Asia

1. China 1.4 billion

2. India 1.3 billion
3. USA 327 million
4. Indonesia 263 million
5. Brazil 210 million

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by

permanent human settlement is called the
______________________.

Sparsely populated regions:

▪

Population Densities

ARITHMETIC/POPULATION DENSITY:
Density=number of people

HIGH DENSITY = lot of people, little land LOW DENSITY = little people, lot of land
India Canada
Japan Australia
Bangladesh Russia

PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY
Number of people supported by a unit of arable land
HIGH DENSITY = lot of people, little LOW DENSITY = more arable land than
arable land people

Egypt US
Japan Canada

Great pressure to produce enough food

AGRICULTURAL DENSITY
ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

HIGH DENSITY = Lot of farmers for LOW DENSITY = lot of farmland, little
available farmland farmers

Egypt US
Bangladesh
MDCS: technology and finance allow a few people to
farm extensive land

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): total number of live births in a year or every 1,000 people alive in
the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR): total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the
society

Natural Increase Rate (NIR): percentage by which a population grows in a year (natural
=excludes migration)

Today = 1.2%

Doubling time: the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate
of natural increase.

Total fertility rate (TFR):

average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Infant mortality rate (IMR):
annual number of deaths infants of 1 years of age compared with total live births

Life Expectancy:
average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

Zero population growth:

a population in equilibrium meaning it’s growth rate is zero achieved when births plus
immigration equal deaths plus emigration
Events that influenced Explanation
population growth

Agricultural Revolution =more food Unpredictable harvest climatic conditions

Industrial Revolution =more wealth and more food medical revolution sanitary
conditions

Medical Revolution = New technologies low infant mortality leads to families having
less children more people live in cities kids are needed more on
farms
Population pyramids: a bar graph showing distribution of people by age and sex. Shape
tells a lot about communities’ distinctive character

▪ Dependency ratio:
=number of people who are too old or too young
to work compare to the number of people in their
productive years

▪ Sex ratio:
number of males per 100 females
 EXPANDING STABLE DECLINING
EXPANSIVE STATIONARY CONSTRICTIVE
What’s happening?
Slow growth
Birth rates are high Birth rate is constant low birth rate
many children and young unchanging pattern small numbers of young
people people
people are dying earlier will have graying
population growth population
stage 2 stage 4 maybe stage 5
developing country developed countries

Graying population means….

a demographic shift where the proportion of older people in a population increases,
often due to declining birth rates and increased life expectancy

What factors lead to a graying population?

a declining fertility rate and an increase in life expectancy

What problems might a country with a graying population face in the future?
shrinking workforce, increased healthcare costs, strain on pension systems, and
potential economic slowdown
Where is population growing the fastest?
Adults

What is causing rapid growth in this region?

not many want kids so there’s more adults around than children younger than 18

What problems might a country with a rapid population growth?

strain on resources, environmental degradation, and social issues, including poverty

and political instability, as well as difficulties in providing adequate healthcare,
education, and infrastructure

Malthus on overpopulation: population growth would press against available resources in

every country unless moral restraint produced lower CBRs or unless disease famine wars or
other disasters produces higher CDRs

Population growth would press against available resources in every country, unless “moral
restraint” produced lower __CBRs_________ or unless disease, famine, war or other disaster
produced higher ___CDRs_________

Neo-Malthusians Arguments Critics of Malthus Arguments

Believe population growth is worse than Population growth is not a problem
Malthus predicted

ARGUMENTS: ARGUMENTS:

Malthus failed to anticipate that poor Worlds supply of resources is not fixed
countries would have the most rapid Human action can expand the supply of
population growth because of transfer of food and resources
medical technologies (but not wealth) New technology can offset scarcity of
from MDCs minerals and arable lands by using
existing resources more efficiently and
Gap between population growth and substituting new resources for scarce
resources is even wider ones

population growth outpaced economic argument 2

development all economic growth
absorbed by accommodating growing Larger population doesn’t produce
population. problems

Argument 2 can stimulate economic growth

Worlds population growth is more people means more brains to

outstripping a wide variety of resources invent good ideas for improving life
not just food production
Poverty hunger and social and economic
Predict a world in which billions of institutions
people engaged in desperate search of
food and energy

Clean air farmland and fuel

 PRO-NATALIST ANTI-NATALIST
Meaning/definition

Practice of encouraging the bearing of policies aimed at reducing the number of

children children per family

government support of a higher birthrates effort to curb serious overpopulation

concerns and heavy strain on national
developed countries resources China India developing countries

Specific Examples
China promoting to just married couples to
not have more than one or two children
France offering money to mothers to
have more children and stay home to
care for them

Other Factors that influence Birth Rate

Factors the Influence CBR
Technology Technologies and birth control methods can lower CBR,
Technologies that decrease CDR puts less pressure to have a
lot of children

Social In MDCs more wealth and leisure time leads to activities not
suitable for children, traveling, bars, restaurants.
More people living in cities, women getting married later in
life, women more educated

Cultural Birth control methods

Women more accepted in the work force, women getting more
educated

Economic Cost of supporting a bigger family in MDCs leads to less

children
LDCs more children is better for tending to farms and
agriculture

Government Policies China (One-Child Policy), India

Encouraging less children, family planning, birth controls

_Epidemiology _: branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and

control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 & 4 Stage 5

What’s Pestilence and receding pandemics. degenerative and Because of
happenin famine, pandemics, A pandemic is human-created evolution, poverty,
infectious diseases. disease that occurs diseases, is and improved travel
g
Malthus called these over a wide characterized by a
causes of deaths geographic area and decrease in deaths
“natural checks” on affects a very high from infectious
the growth of human proportion of the diseases and an
population. population. increase in chronic
Improved sanitation, disorders associated
nutrition, and with aging.
medicine during the
Industrial Revolution
reduced the spread of
such diseases.

Specific Chlorea Malaria Tubercelosis Bird Flu

example major cause of
 death in LDCs

Describe the relationship between women’s opportunities and population growth.

Freedom and opportunity for Women =low CBR