Grade 9 Biology Module (REVIEW)
MODULE 1: CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Lesson 1: Introduction to Cells
Learning Objectives:
Key Concepts:
1. Cell Theory
○ All living things are made up of cells.
○ The cell is the basic unit of life.
○ All cells come from pre-existing cells.
2. Types of Cells
○ Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus, simple structure (e.g., bacteria).
○ Eukaryotic Cells: Has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals).
3. Organelles and Functions
○ Nucleus: Control center of the cell.
○ Mitochondria: Produces energy through cellular respiration.
○ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
○ Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
○ Lysosomes: Breaks down waste and cellular debris.
○ Chloroplasts: Conducts photosynthesis in plant cells.
MODULE 2: CELLULAR PROCESSES
Lesson 2: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Learning Objectives:
● Describe the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
● Explain the role of ATP in energy transfer.
● Relate these processes to the carbon cycle.
Key Concepts:
1. Photosynthesis
○ Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
○ Converts sunlight into chemical energy.
○ Formula:
2. 6CO2+6H2O+Light→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O + Light \rightarrow
C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2+6H2O+Light→C6H12O6+6O2
3. Cellular Respiration
○ Occurs in mitochondria of both plant and animal cells.
○ Converts glucose into ATP for cellular functions.
○ Formula:
4. C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATPC_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +
6H_2O + ATPC6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP
5. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
○ The energy currency of the cell.
○ Provides energy for cellular processes.
Activities:
● Design a flowchart to show the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
● Perform an experiment to observe photosynthesis using aquatic plants.
MODULE 3: GENETICS AND HEREDITY
Lesson 3: Mendelian Genetics
Key Concepts:
1. Mendel’s Laws
○ Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation.
○ Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits can segregate
independently.
2. Genetic Terms
○ Gene: Segment of DNA that codes for a trait.
○ Allele: Different forms of a gene.
○ Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
○ Phenotype: Physical expression of a trait.
3. Types of Inheritance
○ Dominant and Recessive Traits: Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles.
○ Codominance: Both alleles are expressed equally (e.g., blood type AB).
MODULE 4: EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY
Lesson 4: Theories of Evolution
Key Concepts:
1. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
○ Variation exists in populations.
○ Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce.
○ Over time, adaptations accumulate, leading to evolution.
2. Evidence of Evolution
○ Fossil Record: Shows transitional species.
○ Comparative Anatomy: Homologous structures indicate common ancestry.
○ Molecular Biology: Similar DNA sequences among species.
3. Speciation
○ Formation of new species due to reproductive isolation.
○ Geographic, behavioral, and temporal isolation contribute to speciation.
MODULE 5: ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOLOGY
Lesson 5: Ecosystem Dynamics
Key Concepts:
1. Ecosystem Structure
○ Biotic Components: Producers, consumers, decomposers.
○ Abiotic Components: Sunlight, water, soil, climate.
2. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
○ Trophic Levels: Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers.
○ Food Chains and Food Webs: Show the transfer of energy.
○ 10% Rule: Only 10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level.
3. Biogeochemical Cycles
○ Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle: Essential for sustaining life.
4. Human Impact on Ecosystems
○ Deforestation, pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction.
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MODULE 6: HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Lesson 6: Structure and Functions of Organ Systems
Learning Objectives:
● Identify the major human body systems and their functions.
● Explain the interactions between different organ systems.
● Analyze how the body maintains homeostasis.
Key Concepts:
1. Major Organ Systems
○ Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients.
○ Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
○ Respiratory System: Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
○ Nervous System: Controls and coordinates body responses.
○ Excretory System: Removes waste products.
2. Homeostasis
○ The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
○ Examples: Temperature regulation, blood sugar control.
Activities:
● Label a diagram of the human body systems.
● Research how organ systems interact during exercise.
ASSESSMENT
Part I: Multiple Choice (20 items, 1 point each)
Choose the best answer.
1. Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell”?
a. Nucleus
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondria
d. Golgi apparatus
2. What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Lipid synthesis
b. Protein synthesis
c. Energy production
d. Waste breakdown
3. Which process occurs in chloroplasts?
a. Cellular respiration
b. Photosynthesis
c. Fermentation
d. Glycolysis
4. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
c. G2 phase
d. M phase
5. What is the primary function of ribosomes?
a. Store genetic material
b. Produce proteins
c. Break down waste
d. Transport materials
6. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic organism?
a. Amoeba
b. Bacteria
c. Mushroom
d. Fern
7. What is the site of cellular respiration?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
8. Which part of the plant cell provides structural support?
a. Plasma membrane
b. Cell wall
c. Cytoplasm
d. Nucleus
9. What is the role of ATP in the cell?
a. Store genetic information
b. Provide energy
c. Regulate cell division
d. Synthesize lipids
10. What is the first step in cellular respiration?
a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs cycle
c. Electron transport chain
d. Fermentation
11. Which term refers to the physical expression of a trait?
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Allele
d. Chromosome
12. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous
individuals?
a. 1:1
b. 3:1
c. 9:3:3:1
d. 2:2
13. In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Chloroplast
d. Ribosome
14. Which evidence of evolution involves studying similar structures across different species?
a. Fossil record
b. Molecular biology
c. Comparative anatomy
d. Biogeography
15. What is the process by which new species are formed?
a. Adaptation
b. Mutation
c. Speciation
d. Evolution
16. Which trophic level contains the most energy?
a. Primary producers
b. Primary consumers
c. Secondary consumers
d. Tertiary consumers
17. Which human organ system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen?
a. Respiratory system
b. Digestive system
c. Nervous system
d. Circulatory system
18. Which part of the neuron receives signals?
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Synapse
d. Cell body
19. Which of the following is a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
a. Sunlight
b. Temperature
c. Soil
d. Plants
20. What maintains homeostasis by removing waste from the body?
a. Respiratory system
b. Circulatory system
c. Excretory system
d. Nervous system
Part II: True or False (10 items, 1 point each)
Write T if the statement is true and F if false.
21. ___ The cell wall is present in both plant and animal cells.
22. ___ Mitochondria are responsible for protein synthesis.
23. ___ The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA.
24. ___ Chloroplasts are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
25. ___ Cellular respiration takes place in the nucleus.
26. ___ Evolution occurs when favorable traits accumulate in a population over time.
27. ___ The nervous system controls and coordinates bodily functions.
28. ___ Decomposers break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.
29. ___ In a food chain, tertiary consumers are at the top.
30. ___ Codominance results in a blending of traits.
Part III: Matching Type (10 items, 1 point each)
Match the terms in Column A with their correct description in Column B.
Column A
31. Ribosome
32. Golgi apparatus
33. Mitochondria
34. Chloroplast
35. Lysosome
36. Law of Segregation
37. Law of Independent Assortment
38. Natural selection
39. Food chain
40. ATP
Column B
a. Powerhouse of the cell
b. Modifies and packages proteins
c. Site of photosynthesis
d. Breaks down waste materials
e. Produces proteins
f. Energy currency of the cell
g. Genes separate during gamete formation
h. Traits assort independently during meiosis
i. Process by which favorable traits survive
j. Sequence showing energy flow
Part IV: Short Answer (10 items, 2 points each)
Answer briefly.
41. Define the cell theory.
42. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
43. What happens during glycolysis?
44. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
45. Describe how speciation occurs.
46. Why is the carbon cycle important in ecosystems?
47. What is the function of the circulatory system?
48. Give two examples of homologous structures.
49. How does ATP provide energy for cellular activities?
50. Explain the significance of biodiversity.
✅ Answer Key
Part I: Multiple Choice
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. a
11. b
12. b
13. c
14. c
15. c
16. a
17. d
18. b
19. d
20. c
Part II: True or False
21. F
22. F
23. T
24. T
25. F
26. T
27. T
28. T
29. T
30. F
Part III: Matching Type
31. e
32. b
33. a
34. c
35. d
36. g
37. h
38. i
39. j
40. f
Part IV: Short Answer
41. The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of
life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
42. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
43. Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate,
producing ATP and NADH.
44. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the physical expression of the traits.
45. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated and evolve into different
species.
46. The carbon cycle regulates the flow of carbon, maintaining the balance necessary for life.
47. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
48. Examples include the forelimbs of whales and bats.
49. ATP releases energy when the phosphate bonds are broken, powering cellular proce
