Mapúa University
AR154P/A55
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
THERMAL COMFORT, HEAT LOSS, HEAT GAIN, CLIMATE, FORMULAS
PRESENTED BY BAYOCA, GO, NUESTRO, & TAMBIS
THERMAL COMFORT 1
THERMAL + COMFORT
presence of heat state of being relaxed
THERMAL COMFORT:
Contentment with the thermal environment
Person’s perception of how they feel (temp. in a space)
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THERMAL COMFORT
6 MAIN FACTORS TO
CONSIDER:
1 Clothing Insulation 4 Radiant Heat
2 Metabolic Heat 5 Humidity
3 Air Temperature 6 Air Velocity
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
CLOTHING
INSULATION
something to stop heat
Thermal insulation provided by clothing.
Protection from the cold and heat.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
METABOLIC
HEAT
Amount of heat our bodies
generate from chemical
reactions inside our body.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
AIR
TEMPERATURE
Measure of how hot or cold the air is.
Measured in degrees Celsius.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
RADIANT HEAT
Also known as thermal radiation.
Heat exchange of energy.
Heat energy that is transferred
from one body to another.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
HUMIDITY
Amount of water vapour in the air.
Risks from humidity levels.
Gives overall discomfort.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
AIR VELOCITY
Speed of air moving past a person.
Can help to keep us cool.
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HEAT LOSS 2
Reflects the total transfer of heat
through the fabric of the building
from the inside out.
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HEAT LOSS
Q = (U × A) ×Δt
Q = TOTAL HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE BUILDING IN BTU/HR
U = OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE BUILDING
A = THE AREA IN SQ.
ΔT = THE TEMPERATURE CHANGE.
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HEAT GAIN 3
Refers to the transmission of
heat into your home through
a variety of sources.
The sun is the main source of
heat, and as solar radiation
peaks throughout the
summer, your structure will
absorb more heat than usual.
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HEAT GAIN
Q = mcΔT
M = THE MASS OF THE SAMPLE
C = IS THE SPECIFIC HEAT
ΔT = THE TEMPERATURE CHANGE.
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TYPES OF HEAT LOSS/HEAT GAIN
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CONDUCTION
Q = LOCAL HEAT FLUX DENSITY
-K = MATERIAL'S CONDUCTIVITY
= TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
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RADIATION
E = σT4
E = THE MAXIMUM RATE OF
RADIATION
σ = (SIGMA) REPRESENTS THE
STEFAN-BOLTZMAN CONSTANT
(5.67 X 10-8W/M2K4)
T = THE OBJECT'S SURFACE
TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN
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CONVECTION
Q = HEAT TRANSFER RATE
H = CONVECTION HEAT-TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
A = EXPOSED SURFACE AREA
= TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
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ceilings
Activities & people 6%
14%
COMMON SOURCES
Walls & doors
OF HEAT TRANSFER 19%
IN A STRUCTURE Windows
48%
infiltration
13%
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WAYS TO PREVENT HEAT
GAIN:
1 shading systems 3 ventilation
2 openings
4 insulated building
envelope
5
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WAYS TO PREVENT HEAT GAIN:
SHADING
SYSTEMS
prevents walls and other surfaces
from heating up and transferring
that heat to interior spaces.
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WAYS TO PREVENT HEAT GAIN:
OPENINGS
limited number of openings
orientation of openings away
from sun path
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WAYS TO PREVENT HEAT GAIN:
VENTILATION
allows cool air to pass from one
side of a room to the other
through openings
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WAYS TO PREVENT HEAT GAIN:
INSULATED
BUILDING ENVELOPE
separates the internal building from the
external environment.
Insulation in the walls, high-efficiency
windows, and sufficiently sealed gaps
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THERMAL BALANCE
HEAT LOSS = HEAT GAIN
Occurs when the sum of all the different types
of heat flow into and out of a building is zero.
Heat loss > Heat gain = cooler temperature
Heat gain < Heat loss = warmer temperature
OFF
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CLIMATE 4
It is a long-term pattern of
weather in a particular area.
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THERMAL COMFORT
5 TYPES OF CLIMATE:
1 Tropical
2 Dry
3 Temperate
4 Continental
5 Polar
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5 TYPES OF CLIMATE
TROPICAL
Shelter against rain, heat, and sun
Good airing and cooling
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SUB FACTORS OF TROPICAL
CLIMATE
WET MONSOON WET AND DRY
(RAINFOREST) (SAVANNA)
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SUB FACTORS OF TROPICAL
CLIMATE
Have the most predictable weather
Warm temperatures and regular rainfall
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
WET
(RAINFOREST)
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SUB FACTORS OF TROPICAL
CLIMATE
Flow from sea to land in the summer, and
from land to sea in the winter.
Bring large amounts of rainfall to tropical
monsoon regions.
MONSOON
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SUB FACTORS OF TROPICAL
CLIMATE
3 SEASONS
Suffer through drought Cool and Dry
Experience flooding Hot and Dry
Hot and Wet
WET AND DRY
(SAVANNA)
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5 TYPES OF CLIMATE
DRY
Needs shelter against sand, dust and
drought
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SUB FACTORS OF DRY CLIMATE
Receive enough
Receive rain to support
less rain extensive
grasslands
ARID SEMIARID
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5 TYPES OF CLIMATE
TEMPERATE
Have warm summers and short, mild,
rainy winters.
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SUB FACTORS OF TEMPERATE
CLIMATE
MEDITERRANEAN HUMID MARINE
SUBTROPICAL WEST
COAST
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SUB FACTORS OF TEMPERATE
CLIMATE
Have warm summers and short, mild,
rainy winters.
MEDITERRANEAN
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SUB FACTORS OF TEMPERATE
CLIMATE
Summers are hot and humid
Winter can be severely cold
HUMID
SUBTROPICAL
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SUB FACTORS OF TEMPERATE
CLIMATE
Weather on both sides of a continent
generally becomes cooler as latitude
increases.
HUMID
SUBTROPICAL
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5 TYPES OF CLIMATE
CONTINENTAL
Have colder winters, longer-lasting
snow, and shorter growing seasons.
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SUB FACTORS OF CONTINENTAL
CLIMATE
WARM SUMMER COOL SUMMER SUBARCTIC
(HUMID (BOREAL OR
CONTINENTAL) TAIGA)
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5 TYPES OF CLIMATE
POLAR
Shelter against cold and wind, and
seriously in need of heat and sun.
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SUB FACTORS OF POLAR CLIMATE
The most
Short extreme climate
Summers on Earth
TUNDRA ICE CAP
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THANK YOU!
