1 The National Heritage Fellowship was created to publicly------

exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States. In

1995, the fellowship was given to the Navajo (Diné) basket
weaver Mary Holiday Black to celebrate her lifetime
contributions to the arts.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A startle
B recognize
C familiarize
D convey

2 The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The
Wind in the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly meeting a stranger while
traveling with a friend.
[The] Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one wakened suddenly
from a beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it, and can re-capture nothing
but a dim sense of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its
turn.

As used in the text, what does the word "recall" most nearly mean?
A Begin
B Remember
C Overlook
D Reject

3. Text corpora such as the Bank of English are

enormous collections of electronically stored texts that
can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses
regarding how a word is in spoken and written
English. For instance, one might have a guess about
the incidence of the word "get," but only an analysis of
a corpus can prove that "get" is the fifth most
commonly used verb.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A pervasive
B. profound
C credible
D assertive

)
 4
British painter Peter Edwards is known for his Which choic,ce s completes me text with the most logical
portraits of notable figures in different fields, from and precise word or phrase?
poet Wendy Cope to mathematician Christopher
Zeeman. Widespread admiration of these works has
helped Edward: gain substantial as an artist. [A sympathy
B prestige

C assistance
[ D tolerance
)

The Apalachicola River delta system is located in 5

Florida, where the river drains into the Gulf of Mexico, Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and is shaped by factors: for example, the and precise word or phrase?
geography of the coastline influences sedimentary
deposition, which over time alters coastal geography. A tenuous )
[B interdependent

C unyielding

D comprehensive
)

In the late 1800s, Spanish-language newspapers

flourished in cities across Texas. San Antonio alone 6
produced eleven newspapers in Spanish between 1890 Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
and 1900. But El Paso surpassed all other cities in the @ To compare Spanish-language newspapers
state. This city produced twenty-two newspapers in published in Texas today with ones published
Spanish during that period. El Paso there during the late 1800s
is located on the border with Mexico and has always
had a large population of Spanish speakers.Thus, it is
unsurprising that this city became such a rich site for @ To explain that Spanish-language newspapers
Spanish-language journalism. thrived in Texas and especially in El Paso during
the late 1800s

© o argue that Spanish-Language newspapers

published in El Paso influenced the ones
published in San Antonio during the late 1800s

@ To explain why Spanish-language newspapers

published in Texas were so popular in Mexico
during the late 1800s
In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the Midwest
region of what is now the United States, paras means
7
Which choice best describes the function of the
"flat," whereas paraparat means "square." This underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
phenomenon, in which an element of a root word
is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another ® It emphasizes how frequently reduplication
word that is related to the root word, is called occurs in Hoocak.
reduplication. In this case, the element "para" in paras
gets repeated in paraparac. There are many examples of @ It acknowledges that Hoocak has some
this type of reduplication in Hoocak. important exceptions to the general pattern
described earlier.

© It elaborates on the discussion of reduplication by

explaining how it works in the specific
Hoocak words introduced earlier.

@ It provides English translations of the Hoocak

words mentioned earlier:

In a study by Mika R Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez,

and colleagues, residents of Mexico City, Mexico, and
8
Buenos Aires, Argentina, were surveyed about parks Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
in their cities. Of the 562 respondents from Mexico
City, 77.6% indicated that they use the city's parks, ® It marks a shift from a discussion of the
and of the 683 respondents from Buenos Aires, 69.9% researchers' conclusion to a discussion of their
indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage methods.
of Mexico City respondents who reported living within
a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that
@ It identifies the nature of a relationship that is
reported by Buenos Aires respondents,greater
significant to the text's conclusion.
proximity alone can't explain the difference in park
use.
© It provides context to help readers understand the
scope of the researchers' survey.

@ It introduces a counterexample to the scenario

described earlier in the text.

The following text is from Guy de Maupassant's 1884

short story "A Recollection," from the collection Guy de
9
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M. C.
McMaster et al. in 1903).The narrator is on a walk in @ Having decided to leave his current employment,
the countryside outside of Paris, France. the narrator is returning to his childhood home in
I walked slowly beneath the young leaves, drinking in the country.
the air, fragrant with the odor of young buds
and sap. I sauntered along, forgetful of musty @ The narrator's natural surroundings help him
papers, of the offices, of my chief, my colleagues, escape his work concerns by prompting hopes
my documents, and thinking of the good things that about the future and memories of youth.
were sure to come to me, of all the veiled unknown
contained in the future. A thousand recollections © The narrator is using the quiet of the countryside
of childhood came over me, awakened by these co help him think about how projects at work
country odors, and I walked along. permeated with the could be advantageous for his career.
fragrant, living enchantment, the emotional
enchantment of the woods warmed by the sun of June.
@ The narrator forgets to address pressing work
issues because the smells of the countryside
distract him with thoughts of his youth.
Marrakech has high pedestrian traffic, but simply
replicating a feature of Marrakech associated with
10
Based on the text, Alfonzo would most likely agree
walkability-e.g., its highly varied streetscape- may
with which statement about studies of decision­making
be insufficient to induce increased walking in
about walking?
other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our
understanding of individuals' decision-making about @ They would be improved by efforts to identify the
whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies features that cities with high pedestrian traffic
emphasize the role of demographic characteristics, have in common.
others the role of public transit availability, and so on,
but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in @ They are unlikely to find convincing evidence that
which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals' any single factor consistently predicts walking
choices. decisions.

© They have overstated the extent to which

people differ in their decision-making processes
regarding walking.

@ They tend to be misleading because they ignore the

most important factor influencing walking
decisions.

Total Areas of F ive Tribal Nations

around the United States
11
Which choice most effecti.vely uses data from the table
to complete the comparison?
Area
)
Tribal nation Location
(square miles) (@ 1,311 square miles.
Tohono O'odham @
( )
Arizona 4,453
Nation 2,188 square miles.
Crow Tribe Montana 3,606
Leech Lake Band
of Ojibwe
Minnesota 1,311 ( © 4,453 square miles. )
Yakama Nation Washington 2,188 (@ 3,606 square miles. )
Muscogee N ation Oklahoma 4,867

In terms of total area, the Muscogee Nation is one of the

largest tribal nations in the United States. It covers 4,867
square miles in what is now eastern Oklahoma. In
comparison, the total area of the Leech Lake Band of
Ojibwe in Minnesota is only

"Lines Written in Early Spring" is a 1798 poem by

William Wordswonh. ln the poem, the speaker describes 12
Which quotation from "Lines Written in Early Spring"
having contradictory feelings while experiencing the
sights and sounds of a spring day: most effectively illustrates the daim?
® "Through primrose-tufts, in that sweet bower,
/ The periwinkle trail'd its wreathes· /And 'tis
my faith that every flower/Enjoys the air it
breathes.

@ "The budding twigs spread out their fan, /To catch

the breezy air; /And I must think, do all l can,/
That there was pleasure there."

© "The birds around me hopp'd and play'd: / Their

thoughts I cannot measure,/ But the least motion
which they made,/ It seem'd a thrill of pleasure.”

@ "I heard a thousand blended notes,/ While in a

grove I {sat] reclined./ In that sweet mood
when pleasant thoughts/ Bring sad thoughts to
the mind.
 Dated Ages of Lunar Samples from Select Missions

Approximate age of lunar samples

Mission name Year Landing site
(billions of years)
Apollo 11 1969 Mare Tranquillitatis 3.6
Apollo 15 1971 Mare Imbrium 3.3
Apollo 17 1972 Mare Serenitatis 3.8
Chang'e 5 2020 Oceanus Procellarum 2.0

The Apollo program missions were spaceflights to the

moon led by the United States during the 1960s and
13
1970s during which astronauts collected some samples Which choice most effectively uses data from the table
to complete the claim?
of the moon's surface. More recently. China launched
the Chang'e 5 mission, which returned additional @ they are much younger than the samples
lunar surface samples. Researchers have analyzed and brought back from any of the Apollo missions.
dated each of the samples, concluding that the lunar
samples collected during the Chang'e 5 mission are
@ they were collected from the same landing site
significant because
as the Apollo 11 mission.

© they are closest in age to the samples brought

back by the Apollo 17 mission.

@ they helped confirm the predicted ages of the

lunar samples from the Apollo missions.

Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn

how multicellular organisms developed from single-
14
celled ones if we understand why the single­celled Which finding, if true, would most directly support
Alegado and colleagues' conclusion?
organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living
relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells. ® S. rosetta tended to form colonies when
Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many exposed mA. marincolabuc not when exposed
studies of how S. rosecta responds when exposed to to D. fermentans.
another type of single-celled organism, bacteria,
including Eric W. Triplett's work with Dyadobacter @ Although several studies involving other
fermentans bacteria and Jung-Hoon Yoon's work with bacteria species found that S. rosetta tended to
Algoriphagti Smarincola bacteria. Alegado and form colonies after bacteria exposure, only the
colleagues concluded that both D.fermentans and A. studies using D. fermentans and A. marincola
marincola might have played a role in the tested whether the amount of bacteria exposure
development of multicellular organisms. affected the rate of colony formation.

© S. rosecca tended to form colonies when

exposed to D.Jermentans but not when exposed
to A marincola.

@ S. rosetta tended to form colonies when

exposed to D. fermentans and when expo ed to
A. marincoln..

The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) examines trends

in childhood development among 19,000 people in the
15
Which choice most logically completes the text?
United Kingdom unfolding over many years. As is true
of most longitudinal studies, this need for years of data @ 19,000 people is more than enough for MCS to find
collection results in high costs. By contrast, a relatively trends in childhood development.
straightforward fitness study, such as one that is merely
trying to identify the percentage of regular exercisers in @ longitudinal methods are probably suitable for the
a city who do weight training, may not need a large fitness study.
budget because
© the fitness study can be done well without
years of data collection.

@ it would be easy for MCS researchers to add

questions to their childhood development study.
MODULE 2

Though not closely related, the hedgehog tenrecs of

Madagascar share basic true hedgehogs,
including protective spines, pointed snouts, and

1
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase
small body size-traits the two groups of mammals
independently developed in response to equivalent roles
in their respective habitats. (@ examples of ,)
(@ concerns about ,)
[© indications of )
(@ similarities with )

Sarah Marquis, who walked 16,000 kilometers across

Asia, Siberia, and Australia, undoubtedly
2
accomplished much, but her place in our historical
memory is perhaps more than that of a

- -
(@enduring
noteworthy "first" such as Anesia Pinheiro Machado,
who was the first female pilot in Brazil to carry
passengers and the first to make stunt flights, a deed
for which she will always be remembered. (@ uncertain

(© conspicuous

[@ deserving
 3 When considering which plays and musicals
to produce, theaters in Miami often favor
keeping audiences happy over taking risks. So
while they
might be eager to produce an established classic like
Crazy for You, for example, most would be to (@ surprised
stage a work from a relatively unknown playwright.
(@ determined

(© fortunate
(@ hesitant ]

Some robots such as Surena (developed in 2008) and

COMA (developed in 2012) are designed to resemble
4
humans so that people will find it easier to interact Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase?
with them.To that end, certain features such as the
ability to respond to voice commands can help to
people's feelings of comfort, but a robot that
[@ constrict )
looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley.·
(@ repudiate

(©
meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles
those who encounter it.

(@ mitigate ]
Some robots such as Surena (developed in 2008) and COMAN (developed in 2012) are designed to resemble humans so
that people will find it easier to interact with them. To that end, certain features such as the ability to respond to voice
commands can help to people's feelings of comfort, but a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley,"
meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A constrict
Ⓑ repudiate
C buttress
D mitigate

While recent scholarship has undermined claims that

the works of twelfth-century Islamic philosopher lbn
5
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Rushd were other Muslim philosophers of his
and precise word or phrase?
time, it is indisputable that his location in the Muslim­
ruled area of what is now Spain meant that his works ( @ controversial among )
were primarily available thousands of miles west of
the era's center of Islamic thought.
( @ antagonistic toward )

(© imitated by )

( @ inconsequential to ]
Community science, which involves professional
scientists collaborating with amateur science
6
Which choice best describes the overall structure of
enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and
the text?
engaging way to conduct research. It can allow
people to assist with conservation efforts, spark youth @ It introduces the topic of a scientific study,
interest in science, and increase the amount of data describes the study's importance, and then
researchers can collect. This approach was essential to presents the study's results.
the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill
and colleagues of how butterfly color relates to flower @ It identifies a particular approach to research,
choice, which included findings from hundreds of
lists some benefits of that approach, and then
students and community members in northwestern
mentions a study in which that approach was
Arkansas.
used.

© It argues for a new approach to scientific research,

comments on the public's opinion about the
approach, and then describes how
that approach was applied in a certain study.

@ It describes the development of a type of

scientific collaboration, shows how that type of
collaboration has been used in a particular field
of study, and then suggests future collaborative
projects.

Text1
In separate studies, Lingbo Meng and colleagues and
7
Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author
Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants
of Text 2 would most likely give the same answer to which
transfer nutrients to one another using a common
mycorrhizal network (CM )-a lattice of fungal question?
strands in the soil Meng and colleagues excluded all @ Did He and colleagues' study effectively
pathways other than the CM by using barriers to keep exclude any nutrient pathway other than a
the plants' root systems separate while allowing CM?
mycorrhizal strands through-a crucial step He and
colleagues' study did not take.
@ Are the barriers used in Meng and colleagues'
study sufficient to ensure that nutrient transfer
Text2
could only occur via a CMN?
Meng and colleagues rook the necessary precaution of
separating the plants root systems (thereby excluding
root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier © Is there an available barrier material that can block
used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CM to pass roots and liquids while allowing fungal strands
through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through?
through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design
cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be @ Do plants that transfer nutrients through a
attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway. root-to-root pathway also transmit nutrients
via a CMN?
Researchers Cesar A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castaner; and
Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict
8
the mix of businesses and places of interest found According to the text, what is one potential drawback
in a given neighborhood. The team used data from of Hidalgo and colleagues' method?
the Google Places API service to help identify movie ® It may lead to conclusions that are not
theaters, gyms. and other businesses and map their reflective of all the amenities in a given
locations. This approach has some limits-data neighborhood
from Places API tend to be restricted to places that
are customer facing -but the data set nonetheless
@ It is likely to contribute to inaccurate
provides an extremely reliable source to study
identifications of the boundaries of specific
colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.
neighborhoods.

© It is based on recent advancements from other

fields that have yet to be applied outside of
those contexts.

@ It depends upon data that are Likely to be outdated.

Vadamalai Elangovan and Ganapathi Marimuthu

showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits
9
the activity of the greater short-nosed fruit bat According to the text, what did Elangovan and
Marimuthu find and why does that occur?
(cynopcems sphinx), a finding explicable in terms of
benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not ® Greater short-nosed fruit bats tend to be more
enable the bats to increase foraging success enough active during periods of high lunar intensity
to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory than at other times because such conditions
owls or hawks. Though many other nocturnal allow them to increase their foraging success
mammals respond to lunar intensity variations without making them easier to detect.
similarly to eater short-nosed fruit hats, mongoose
lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) display the opposite pattern, @ Greater short-nosed fruit bats reduce their
as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a activity during periods of high lunar intensity
different balance of reward and risk. because predators can more easily spot
the bats in brighter conditions. and such
conditions do not benefit the hats enough to
justify that risk.

© During periods of high lunar intensity, greater

short-nosed fruit bats reduce their activity
because it is easier for predator.; co detect the
bats in relatively bright conditions than it is for
predators to detect mongoose lemurs in such
conditions.

@ During periods of high lunar intensity,

mongoose lemurs show a different behavioral
response than greater short-nosed fruit bats
and many other nocturnal mammals do
because the risks to mongoose lemurs under
such conditions are greater.
A number of artists associated with hyperpop, a
movement in electronic music that emerged in the
10
Based on the text, the author would be most likely
2010s aggressively manipulate their recorded voice.
to disagree with which statement about vocal
The duo 100 gees, for example shifts the pitch of lead
singer Laura Les's vocals to be much higher than that manipulation in hyperpop?
of her natural range. And even the hyperpop artists 1
@ It is an aesthetic feature that has little or no
who don't rely on pitch-shifting, such as Shygirl, social import.
often distort their vocals using digital tools. Rather
than being an arbitrary stylistic choice, hyperpop's @ It confirms hyperpop's ability to offset certain
persistent modification of the voice functions as a negative effects of digital technology.
commentary on how digital technology mediates
human experience today.
© It is a symbol of the influence that hyperpop
exerts on listeners' sense of self.

@ It represents changes to human experience

brought about by technology.

"The Yellow Wallpaper" is an 1892 short story by

Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, the narrator
I1
Which quotation from "The Yellow Wallpaper" most
expresses mixed feelings about her surroundings:
effectively illustrates the claim?
@ "This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern in a
different shade, a particularly irritating one,
for you can only see it in certain lights, and not
clearly then.

@ • By moonlight-the moon shines in all night

when there is a moon-I wouldn't know it was
the same paper.

© "I'm really getting quite fond of the big room,

all but that horrid [wall]paper."

@ "The color is repellant, almost revolting; a

smouldering, unclean yellow, strangely faded
by the slow-turning sunlight."
 umber of Lizard Species by Average
Percent of Maximal Speed Used When
12
Which choice most effectively uses data from the
Pursuing Prey or scaping Predators
graph to complete the text?
9-,---------------
8+------------- -
® most lizard species use about the same
percentage of their maximal speed when escaping
7+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l
predation as they do when pursuing prey.
6+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

43------------------
5+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
@ multiple lizard species move at an average of
2-t-----r-T"--- less than 90% of their maximal speed while

- -------
----
.....- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

1 -t----.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t
escaping predation.

-o - © more lizard species use, on average, 90%-- 100%

of their maximal speed while escaping predation
than use any other percentage of

I
Percent of maximal speed their maximal speed.

□ escaping ■ pursuing
@ at least 4 lizard species use, on average, less
than 100% of their maximal speed while
It may seem that the optimal strategy for an animal pursuing prey.
pursuing prey or escaping predators is to move at
maximal speed, but the energy expense of exploiting full
speed capacity can disfavor such a strategy even in
escape contexts, as evidenced by the fact that

The small white heron and the little blue heron

are long legged birds that live in wetlands, like the
13
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Everglades in Florida. Laura D'Acunto and colleagues
wanted to know how these birds choose an area in I ® attract little blue herons to the area than they
which to live. They looked at features of these birds' I are to attract small white herons to the area.
habitats, such as how quickly water drains from the area
and the amount of tree-canopy cover there is in the area.
@ extend the average lifespan of small white
They found that small white herons prefer areas with
herons already in the area than they are to attract
extensive canopy cover, but this was not true for little
a greater number of those birds to the area.
blue herons. The researchers therefore concluded that
wetland-management strategies
that increase the amaunt of tree canopy in potential
wetland bird habitats are less likely to © decrease the area's appeal to both small white
herons and little blue herons than they are to
increase the appeal to other species.

@ attract birds that don t typically live in wetlands

to the area than they are to attract small white
herons or little blue herons co the area.
Biologists Rebecca M. Calisi-Rodriguez and George
E. Bentley examined research on white-throated
14
Which choice most logically completes the text?
sparrows and unstriped Nile rats, both of which have
been studied in the laboratory as well as in the wild, to @ hormone levels were higher in wild males than in
see how studies' settings might have affected their captive male unstriped Nile rats.
results. Lab studies are useful because they make @ baseline levels of the hormone corticosterone are
it easy to control important variables, but white­throated higher in captive sparrows than they are in wild
sparrows' surroundings can significantly affect their sparrows.
hormone levels. Therefore, it's not altogether surprising
that when Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley examined
studies of white-throated sparrows, they found that © captive sparrows and wild sparrows usually
exhibited very similar hormone levels.

@ significant differences in hormone levels

between individuals were found for both
captive sparrows and wild sparrows.

Woven from recycled yarn and hand tufted using a

carpet weaving technique passed down by the artist's
15
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
Turkish grandmother; so lush and tactilely
the conventions of Standard English?
inviting that you are tempted to reach out and touch
them. @ the topological tapestries of Argentine textile
artist Alexandra Kehayoglou are

@ the Argentine textile artist Alexandra Kehayoglou

creates topological tapestries that are

© when she creates her topological tapestries,

Argentine textile artist Alexandra Kehayoglou
makes them

@ Alexandra Kehayoglou is an Argentine textile

artist whose topological tapestries are