Chapter

8 A Journey through
States of Water

If it does not rain well, even the mighty ocean

will be drained.
(Thirukkural)

On a bright summer afternoon, Aavi and Thirav enjoy their

shikanji (lemonade). After looking at the ice in the lemonade,
Thirav wonders about the nature of ice and water.

No,
Ice feels hard to these are the
touch and we can same substances.
hold it in our hands,
whereas, water
cannot be held in the
same way. So, they
must be different
substances.

Aavi has a counterview to Thirav. What do you think? Why?

We can put Yes, I know when

water in the freezer water is left in
of a refrigerator the freezer, it gets
and check if it gets converted into ice but
converted probably something
into ice. gets added to the ice in
the freezer.

Do you think Thirav is right? How can you find out?

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 Activity 8.1: Let us observe
‹‹ Put an ice cube in a cup, leave it on the table and
observe.
Ice gets converted into water.
What can you conclude from the observations?
Does this mean that ice and water are the same substance?
Yes, ice and water are the two forms of the same substance.
These forms are also called states. These different states
of water show many differences in their behaviour. Water
flows but ice does not. Water splashes but ice does not.
8.1 Investigating Water’s Disappearing Act
It is a rainy morning. While going to school, Aavi and
Thirav observe that there are a lot of water puddles in the
playground. That evening, when they go to play, they are
surprised to observe that some of the water in the puddles
had disappeared.
Have you ever noticed water
I think the water has in the puddles disappearing?
been absorbed by the soil on Where does it go? Discuss with
the playground. What do you your friends.
think about it? Where else have you seen
water disappearing? Can you
think of a possible reason why this
happens?
You might have observed that after washing the
utensils, water left on the surface of the utensils, dries
up after some time. Does the reason you thought earlier
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

to explain water disappearance apply in this case also?

Aavi wonders if water has seeped through the surface of
the utensils.
Thirav thinks that water does not seep through the
surface of the utensils. Design an activity to investigate
whose idea is correct.

Activity 8.2: Let us investigate

‹‹ Take a tablespoon of water on a steel plate as shown in
Fig. 8.1.
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 ‹‹ Observe whether water seeps through to
the other side of the plate or not.
‹‹ Keep observing this at regular intervals
until the water completely disappears.
What do you infer? Is this activity enough
to come to the conclusion that water does
not seep through a steel plate?
If water does not seep through the steel
plate. Then, where has the water gone?
This water gets converted into gaseous
state called water vapour. The water vapour is
Fig. 8.1: Steel plate with
another state of water. Let us think of another a tablespoon of water
observation where you notice the water
disappearing.
While making dosa, we sprinkle some water
on the hot pan and it disappears. Where does
it go? Water vapour is
actually invisible
Let us draw but the
Draw a detailed sketch (with labels and presence of
caption) about what happens to the water. tiny droplets
of water in the
The water which is sprinkled on the hot steam makes it
pan gets converted into steam. Steam is visible.
actually water vapour, some part of which Do you
converts into water droplets. know?
The process of conversion of water into
its vapour state is called evaporation.
The process of evaporation takes place continuously,
even at room temperature. Can you think of other examples
of evaporation?
A Journey through States of Water

Drying of wet clothes, mopped floor, and sweat on our

body are some examples of it.
Now what do you think is the reason for the disappearance
of water from the puddles? Is it due to: (i) seeping of water
into the ground or (ii) evaporation of water or (iii) both of
these?
Hand sanitiser disappears as you rub it on your hands.
What happens to it?
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 8.2 Another Mystery
Next day, Aavi, Thirav and their friends decide to make
lemonade. During the preparation, they take cold water in a
glass tumbler and add ice cubes into it. After a few minutes,
they notice something exciting about the outer surface of
the glass tumbler.
Let us find out by conducting a similar activity ourselves.

Activity 8.3: Let us experiment

‹‹ Take cold water in a glass tumbler.
‹‹ Add a few ice cubes into it as shown in Fig. 8.2.
‹‹  eave it undisturbed for five
L
minutes and observe it.
‹‹ Record your observations and the
questions that arise in your mind
in Table 8.1. You can also touch the
outer surface of the glass tumbler to
Fig. 8.2: A glass tumbler containing
cold water and ice cubes
feel if there is any change.

You may have many observations and questions here.

Table 8.1: Record the observations and questions

I observe I wonder
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

One observation that arises in Aavi’s mind is, “There are

some water droplets (tiny drops) appearing on the outer
surface of the glass tumbler.” Initially, water droplets are
deposited and these droplets combine together to form
bigger drops. You can also try the above process with a
metal container. You may be curious about where the water
droplets come from.
Suggest possible reasons explaining the appearance of
water droplets on the outer surface of the glass tumbler.
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 Discuss with your friends. Write down the possible
reasons in Fig. 8.3.

May be ice has come

out of the glass
tumbler and melted.

Fig. 8.3: Provide your possible reasons explaining the appearance

of water droplets on the outer surface of the glass tumbler
You may have various possible reasons. You may agree
or disagree with the reasons of others. Aavi and Thirav
argued with a chain of reasons. What do you think about
the possible reasons mentioned in Fig. 8.4?

I think that some of

the water may have
seeped out of the glass
No, it cannot seep
tumbler.
out. The level of water in
the glass tumbler has not
decreased.

It might have
decreased, but may With a tall and narrow
not be significant bottle, even a slight change
enough to be seen.
A Journey through States of Water

in the level of water is

noticeable.

We can take water at room

temperature in another tumbler
and find out whether any
water seeps out.
Fig. 8.4: Chain of reasoning
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 Continue the discussion on the given reasons or conduct
activities to find evidence for the reasons given to help in
this discussion. Where else have you seen water droplets
like this?
You might have seen dew drops on
plants. Why do we see dew drops more
in the morning? When we boil the
water in a half-filled utensil and cover
it with a steel plate, some water drops
accumulate on the inner side of the steel
plate. Where do these water drops come
from? What do you think?
When the water vapour present in the
Dew drops on plants
air comes in contact with a cold surface,
it forms water droplets. The process of conversion of water
vapour into its liquid state is called condensation.
After understanding the concept of condensation of water,
let us go back to Activity 8.3. Could the water appearing on
the outer surface of the glass tumbler in Activity 8.3 also be
due to condensation of water vapour present in the air? Let
us investigate it.

Activity 8.4: Let us measure

Aavi and Thirav conduct an activity to find evidence for
their reasons. You can also conduct the activity by following
the steps given below. Record your data in Table 8.2.
‹‹ Take a glass tumbler half-filled with water containing a
few ice cubes. Cover it with a small steel plate. Weigh it
on a digital weighing balance.
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

‹‹ Observe the reading on the balance and record the

weight after every five minutes.
‹‹ Continue observing for 30 minutes. Record your
observations in Table 8.2.
Predict what will happen to the mass of cold water kept on
the digital weighing balance. Will it increase or decrease or
remain the same?

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 Table 8.2: Measurement of mass in condensation
experiment using a digital weighing balance

Time Mass of water

0 min

5 min

10 min

15 min

20 min

25 min

30 min

Do your findings match with

your predictions? Explain your
observations. The amount of water vapour in
You may observe some water the air is also known as humidity.
droplets on the glass tumbler. The daily humidity data for
your area is reported in the
Water vapour from the air
newspapers and other sources.
comes in contact with the cold Compile the data for the year and
More to
surface of the glass tumbler study any patterns, if present.
and gets converted into water do!
droplets on the glass tumbler
through condensation. There is an increase in the reading
on the digital weighing balance. Can we conclude that water
is not seeping through the wall of the tumbler? Can we also
conclude that the water collected outside the tumbler is only
due to condensation? No, we cannot say that conclusively
from Activity 8.4. What more can you do to show that water
A Journey through States of Water

is not seeping from the glass tumbler? How would you

modify Activity 8.4 to find the answer?
Repeat Activity 8.4 with the following modifications—
‹‹ Mark the water level on the glass tumbler with a
permanent marker or a visible tape.
What do you observe? Water level in the glass tumbler
does not go down but the extra water gets collected on the
outer surface of the glass tumbler. What can you conclude
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 from this? This activity shows that water is not seeping from
the glass tumbler and the extra water is getting collected
because of condensation.
8.3 What are the different States of Water?
Water is a substance that can be observed in three different
states in our daily life. In the solid state, it exists as ice. On
heating, the ice melts and gets converted into its liquid state.
On further heating, water gets converted into its gaseous
state. Let us perform Activity 8.5 to identify the properties
of different states of water.

Activity 8.5: Let us identify

‹‹ Put an ice cube in one container and transfer it to
another container of different shape. What changes do
you notice in the shape of the ice cube? Record your
observations in Table 8.3.
‹‹ Pour water from one container to another container of a
different shape. Observe how water behaves compared
to the ice cube and make a record. Did you notice how
water flows from one container to the other? What
happens to its shape?
‹‹ Pour water on a clean surface and observe how it
spreads.
‹‹ When water gets converted into water vapour, how
does this water vapour spread? Compare this with the
spreading behaviour of water.
Table 8.3: Compare different states of water
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

Water
Water vapour
Ice (Liquid (Gaseous
Property (Solid state) state) state)

Shape

Ability to flow

Ability to spread

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 What are the differences in the properties of water in
solid, liquid and gaseous states?
Ice (solid state) retains its shape irrespective of the
container in which it is placed while water takes the shape
of the container. Ice does not flow or spread.
Water (liquid state) flows and changes its shape. Water
does not have a fixed shape. It takes up the shape of the
container in which it is kept, but the volume of water remains
constant. Does water also possess the property to spread?
Yes, water also has the property to spread while keeping the
volume constant.
Water vapour (gaseous state) exhibits a property of
spreading out in the entire available space. Gases do not
possess a fixed shape. Water vapour exists even at room
temperature; though it is invisible to us. It is present in the
air around us. The water that evaporates during processes
like drying of clothes or mopping of floors contribute to the
water vapour in the air around us.
You are now familiar with the three states of water. Some
other substances also exhibit these states. For example, wax,
oil and ghee. Let us look at some more examples of solids,
liquids and gases.
Look around and find some examples of solid substances.
Some examples could be stones, wood and glass.
What are the other examples of liquids you can think of?
Here are two examples— milk and oil. Think of five more
examples.
Have you ever noticed that you can smell the food being
cooked even without entering the kitchen? How does this
smell reach us?
A Journey through States of Water

It is because the smell of yummy food from cooking

spreads through the air and reaches our nostrils, even if we
are not in the kitchen.
What are the other examples of gases you can think of?
What about oxygen and carbon dioxide?

8.4 How can we change the States of Water?

So far we have learnt that water can exist in solid, liquid
and gaseous states. How can you change the state of water?
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 Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) How can you quickly change ice
machines collect water from humid air to its liquid state, water?
to produce drinkable water. This is done If we have to change ice into
through condensation of water vapour water, and water into water
by cooling the air. This process vapour, we have to supply
is similar to the formation of heat to it. If we want to change
drops of water outside the water into ice, what should be
glass tumbler filled with ice
done?
More to cold water. It can be done by placing
know! water in a cold environment,
such as a freezer. Water freezes and is
converted into ice. If we take the ice out of the freezer,
it melts and is converted into water.
Can you think of any other example, besides water, that
can change from solid to liquid?
A candle, which is made of wax, is one such example.
How can we turn candle wax into liquid state? How can
we change the liquid wax back into solid state? We should
cool the liquid wax to change it into a solid. What are the
other liquids you have seen which get converted into a
solid? Have you ever seen coconut oil getting converted into
its solid state during the winter season?
Hence, we can see that water and other substances change
their states on heating or cooling. The process of conversion
of a solid into liquid state is called melting. The process of
conversion of liquid into solid state is called freezing.
Let us check the connection between different states of
water through Activity 8.6.
Activity 8.6: Let us complete the diagram
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

Fill up the blank boxes in Fig. 8.5 marked as A, B, C and 1, 2,

3, 4 for conversion of different states of water using the
words given in the box. Two words have been filled for you.
Liquid, Freezes, Evaporates, Gas, Condenses

1. Melts 2.

A. Solid B. C.

3. 4.
Fig. 8.5: Conversion of different states of water
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 8.5 How can Water be Evaporated Faster or
Slower?
In section 8.1, we have learnt about evaporation. Let us
explore it more!
Observe your surroundings. What are the conditions that
affect how fast water evaporates? What differences do you
see in evaporation on a cold day versus a hot day? Discuss
with your friends. The following words may help in your
discussion—fan, drying cloth, sweating, windy day, hot day,
rainy day.
Let us perform Activity 8.7 to investigate conditions that
will affect how fast water will evaporate.

Activity 8.7: Let us investigate

‹‹ Take water in a small cap of a bottle (you may use
sanitiser in place of water).
‹‹ Take the same amount of water in a plate. The exposed
area of water in the bottle cap and the plate are different.
‹‹ Keep both of them near each other.
‹‹ Record the time taken for the water to completely
evaporate in each case in Table 8.4.

What What
conditions did did we change in
What did we
we keep the same? this investigation?
measure?
A Journey through States of Water

Let us investigate
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 Table 8.4: Findings of the investigation

?
Reflect on
what you Time taken for
Exposed area of water
did really complete evaporation
well in this
activity. Less (bottle cap)

More (plate)

What can you conclude from this investigation?

If you spread out water on a plate, its area exposed to air
is larger. Therefore, evaporation is faster.
What would happen if milk is taken instead of water in
the above activity?
Other conditions which affect how fast water evaporates
Design an activity similar to Activity 8.7 to find out what are
the other conditions which can affect how fast water will
evaporate. What would you change? What would you keep
the same? Perform this activity, use Table 8.5 to record the
data and discuss your observations.

Table 8.5: Record the data of an investigation where one

condition is changed and other condition remains the same
Condition that is kept the same:

Condition that is changed Time taken for

complete evaporation
...........................................
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

Other than the conditions you have explored to find how

water can be made to evaporate faster or slower, you can
also conduct Activity 8.8 to explore it further.

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 Activity 8.8: Let us explore
‹‹ Take identical caps of two bottles.
‹‹ Pour equal amount of water in each of the cap.
‹‹ Place one of the cap in sunlight and keep the other in
shade as shown in Fig. 8.6.
‹‹ Observe the two caps of bottles after every 15 minutes.
‹‹ Record the time taken for the water to completely
evaporate in each case.
‹‹ You can also repeat this activity on a windy or a rainy
day, and record your observations.

Fig. 8.6: Evaporation of water in sunlight and in shade

What conclusions can you draw from Activity 8.8 and other
similar experiences?
A Journey through States of Water

‹‹ Water evaporates faster from the cap kept in sunlight

compared to the cap kept in shade.
‹‹ It is a common observation that clothes dry faster on
a hot sunny day. Do clothes dry faster or slower on a
windy day? It is once again a common observation that
clothes dry faster on a windy day. With the increase in
the movement of air, water evaporates faster.

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 ‹‹ It is also a common observation
that clothes dry slowly on a
The amount of water
rainy day. On a rainy day, water
vapour in the air is
evaporates slowly. If the amount
more on rainy days
of water in the air is already
and hence rainy days
high (more humidity), water
are more humid.
evaporates slowly.
Do you
If you want to dry your clothes on a
know?
rainy day, how can you make it faster?

8.6 Cooling Effect

Aavi’s mother purchased a new matka (earthen pot) to
replace the stainless steel pot for storing drinking water.
Upon returning from school, Aavi notices the earthen pot
and drinks water from it. Aavi expresses surprise and
asks, “Why is the water in the earthen pot so cold? I never
observed water getting cold in a stainless steel pot.” What
do you think is the reason?
Water seeps through the surface of the
Now,
I can understand earthen pot and evaporates, which imparts
why we feel cooler if we sit a cooling effect on the water. What are the
under a fan! The wind helps other examples of cooling effect? Sprinkling
the sweat to evaporate water on the floor or the roof during summer
and cools us.
to cool it, is another example.
How do you feel when you rub sanitiser on
your hands?
Let us perform Activity 8.9 to observe the cooling effect
by making a simple and electricity-free model of pot-in-pot
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

cooler.

Activity 8.9: Let us make a model

‹‹ Take two earthen pots of different sizes.
‹‹ Fill the bottom of the larger pot with a layer of sand.
‹‹ Place the smaller pot into the centre of the larger one
as shown in Fig. 8.7.
‹‹ Fill the gap between the pots with more sand.
‹‹ Pour water in the sand area.
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 Small pot

‹‹ Place a lid or wet jute Wet jute

sack to cover the top of sack
Layer of sand
the smaller pot.
Large pot
‹‹ You can also make
a drawing of the Lid

pot-in-pot cooler once it

is ready. Fig. 8.7: A pot-in-pot cooler
Allow 4–5 hours for the mini pot-in-pot cooler to cool
down. The time range can be influenced by many conditions.
Observe and discuss how it creates a cooling effect
inside the pots. Keep some vegetables and fruits in
it and observe for a week on a daily basis to check
for the freshness of the vegetables and fruits kept
inside the cooler. You will have to add water regularly
to keep the sand moist. For how many days can the
vegetables and fruits be kept fresh in it? What are
the conditions which can affect the number of these
days? What else can be used in place of sand for
better cooling?
You all may be familiar with this unique clay pot
which is called Surahi (Fig. 8.8). In summers, surahi is
used to keep the water cold. Fig. 8.8: A surahi

8.7 How do Clouds give us Rain?

Condensation plays a significant
role in the process of bringing Why does air containing
evaporated water back to the water vapour go up in the
Earth’s surface. How does atmosphere (thin layer of air
this happen? When air moves that surrounds the Earth)?
higher above the Earth’s As we know, gas balloons
surface, it becomes cooler and containing lighter gases go
A Journey through States of Water

cooler. At certain heights, the up in the air. Similarly, water Do you

air gets so cool that the water vapour is lighter than air, know?
vapour in it turns into droplets causing it to rise.
which are generally formed
around dust particles. These small droplets float in the
air and form clouds. Many droplets join together to form
bigger drops of water. Some drops get so heavy that they
start falling. These falling water drops are what we call rain.
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 Under special conditions, it might also fall as hail or snow.
Aavi enjoys the rain and creates a poem. You can complete
the poem and present it in your class.

I wonder, oh! I wonder so,

Which path does water choose to go?
I wonder, oh! I wonder so,
When does it snow?
I wonder, oh! I got a wonder call,
How does rain fall?

………………………………………………

………………………………………………
I wonder, ponder and dream each day,
As water's journey takes its way.

Activity 8.10 demonstrates the role of dust particles in the

formation of clouds.

Activity 8.10: Let us engage in a group activity

‹‹ Take an empty discarded one litre plastic bottle. Pour
Caution about one cup of water into it.
Handle burning
‹‹ Close the lid tightly. Now quickly squeeze and release
paper carefully.
the bottle continuously for about 2–3 minutes. Observe
the space above the water in the bottle.
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

‹‹ Repeat the same activity after adding a small burnt

piece of newspaper into the water.
‹‹ What will you observe?
‹‹ In this case, you will observe some haziness (clouds)
above the water in the bottle.
‹‹ The burnt newspaper provides very small invisible dust
particles, around which water vapour condenses and
forms clouds.
Let us perform Activity 8.11 to represent our understanding
of how water changes its state and its movement.
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 Activity 8.11: Let us understand the process
Label Fig. 8.9 using arrows shown and the words given in
the box to show where water is stored, how water changes
its state and where it moves.

Cloud, Lake, Ocean, River, Groundwater, Evaporation,

Condensation, Rain, Snow

What did I do well?

Fig. 8.9: Change of states and movement of water Was I able to label all
the parts of the water

?
The water from the ocean and the Earth’s
cycle? Which parts of
surface evaporates into the atmosphere as
the water cycle were
vapour and returns as rain, hail or snow,
unclear to me?
ultimately flowing back to the oceans.
This circulation of water is known as the
water cycle.
Only a small portion of water available on the Earth is
A Journey through States of Water

fit for use by plants, animals and humans. Most of the water
is in the oceans and it cannot be used directly. We use water
for drinking and also for many other activities. The number
of people using water is increasing with a rise in population.
The increasing demand for water causes its shortage in
many parts of the world. Hence, it is very important to use
water wisely and avoid wasting it. Let us keep our water
bodies free from pollution. You will learn more about water
and its conservation in the chapter ‘Nature’s Treasures’.
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 Keywords

Condensation Experiment

Evaporation Investigate

Freezing Observe

Gas Predict

Humidity Question

Liquid Reason

Melting Record

Solid

Water cycle

Water vapour

Summary
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

‹‹ The process of conversion of water into its vapour state is

called evaporation.
‹‹ The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid
state is called condensation.
‹‹ Water is found in different states—solid, liquid and gas.
‹‹ Water changes its state on heating or cooling.
‹‹ Conditions which make the evaporation faster or slower are
exposed area, humidity, air movement, etc.
‹‹ Evaporation causes cooling effect.

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 ‹‹ The water vapour in the air condenses to form tiny droplets
of water, which appear as clouds. Many tiny water droplets
come together and fall down as rain, hail or snow.
‹‹ The circulation of water between the Earth surface and
atmosphere is known as the water cycle.
‹‹ We have used the process of observation, questioning,
possible reason and experimenting to find out the concepts
of evaporation and condensation.

Let us enhance our learning

1. Which of the following best describes condensation?

(i) The conversion of water into its vapour state.
(ii) The process of water changing from a liquid into
gaseous state.
(iii) The formation of clouds from tiny water droplets.
(iv) The conversion of water vapour into its liquid state.
2. Identify in which of the given processes, evaporation is very
important—
(i) Colouring with
(a) crayons (b) water colours
(c) acrylic colours (d) pencil colours
(ii) Writing on paper with
(a) pencil (b) ink pen (c) ball point pen
3. We see green coloured plastic grass at many places these
days. Space around natural grass feels cooler than space
around the plastic grass. Can you find out why?
A Journey through States of Water

4. Give examples of liquids other than water that evaporate.

5. Fans move air around, creating a cooling sensation. It might
seem strange to use a fan to dry wet clothes since fans
usually make things cooler, not warmer. Normally, when
water evaporates, it requires heat, not cold air. What do
you think about this?
6. Usually, when sludge is removed from drains, it is left
in heaps next to the drain for 3–4 days. Afterward, it is
transported to a garden or a field where it can be used as
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 manure. This approach reduces transportation cost of the
sludge and enhances the safety of individuals handling it.
Reflect upon it and explain how.
7. Observe the activities in your house for a day. Identify the
activities that involve evaporation. How does understanding
the process of evaporation help us in our daily activities?
8. How is water present in the solid state in nature?
9. Reflect on the statement “Water is our responsibility before
it is our right.” Share your thoughts.
10. The seat of a two-wheeler parked on a sunny day has become
very hot. How can you cool it down?

Learning further

‹‹ Wet one hand with water and leave the other dry. Blow air
across both hands and feel the cooling effect. Find out the
reasons for it.
‹‹ Make a game to navigate through different states of water
and water related concepts to reach the finish line. Challenge
cards with questions related to water cycle, evaporation,
condensation, etc., can be some game elements.
‹‹ Discuss with your teacher and act out the stages of the water
cycle through a role-playing activity in your school assembly.
Curiosity | Textbook of Science | Grade 6

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Chapter 8.indd 162 10/4/2024 3:12:39 PM