APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 1 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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Importance of rebellion
• The failure of the rebellion made Indians realize that success in
rebellion cannot be achieved by mere military force, but
cooperation, support and national spirit of all sections is required.
• The rebellion created the seeds of unity and national devotion
among Indians against foreign power.
Results of the rebellion
• Even though the rebellion was unsuccessful, its long-term results
proved quite useful.
• The Mughal Empire collapsed.
• By ending the authority of the Company, the rule of India was placed
directly under the British Crown.
• (The Queen's proclamation letter read by Lord Canning in the
Allahabad Durbar in November 1858)
• The rule came under the Crown but the exploitation of Indians
continued as before.
• By the Act of 1858, provision was made for the post of Secretary of
State for India and a 15-member India Council was established to
assist him.
• In which 8 members were to be appointed by the British
Government and 7 by the Court of Directors.
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 2 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• After the Revolution of 1857, military reforms were made, for
which the Peel Commission was formed.
• The British adopted the strategy of division and counterweight in
the army.
• The ratio of Europeans to Indians was kept at (1:2) in Bengal
Presidency and (1:3) in Madras Presidency.
• The number of European, Sikh and Gorkha soldiers in the army was
increased, and Europeans started being appointed at places of
strategic importance.
• For example, artillery was completely kept under the control
of European soldiers.
• The British abandoned the policy of imperial expansion and focused
their entire attention on trade, due to which the economic
exploitation of Indians increased further.
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 3 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• Theories like 'white caste burden' came out which led to increase
in racial discrimination.
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 4 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• The revolutions were led by kings and emperors but the revolution
was unsuccessful.
• The public lost faith in the king and the middle classes emerged who
later led the Indian national movement demanding democracy.
• Violence was resorted to in the revolution but after learning from it,
the middle class always carried out the national movement on the
path of non-violence.
• The revolution united the people and filled the spirit of nationalism.
• It served as a source of inspiration for the upcoming national
movement.
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 5 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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Nature of revolution and opinion of historians
• John Lawrence- 'It was nothing more than the Sepoy movement.'
• This opinion is not correct because civilians were also
involved in the revolution, and later many common people
were also punished while most of the soldiers were fighting on
behalf of the British.
• T.R. Holmes- 'It was a conflict between civilization and barbarism.'
• Opposition: The British used more brutality in suppressing the
rebellion than the Indians showed during the rebellion.
• R C Majumdar- The rebellion of 1857 was neither the first,
nor national, nor was it a freedom struggle.
• Opposition– S N Sen, in reply, said that the rebels had
considered Zafar as their leader.
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 6 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• Civilian elements also joined, their sole aim was to end the British
rule.
• L.E.R. Reese- This was a crusade of fanatics against Christians.
• Benjamin Disrauli- This was a national movement and not a sepoy
mutiny.
• Seeley- This was a completely unpatriotic and selfish Sepoy
Mutiny.
• V.D. Savarkar- This rebellion was a planned war fought for
national independence.
• James Outham and W Taylor- This was a conspiracy of Hindus
and Muslims against the British.
• In conclusion, we can say that the Revolution of 1857 was more
than a military rebellion and less than a freedom struggle.
Books and authors related to the rebellion of 1857
• The Indian war of Independence-1857= V.D. Savarkar
• The Sepoy Mutiny and revolt of 1857= R. C. Majumdar
• The First Indian war of Independence 1857-59= Karl Marx,
Friedrich Engels
• The cause of Indian revolt-1858= Sir Syed Ahmed
• 1857- The Great revolt= Ashok Mehta
• 1857- Sarkari Etihas= Surendra Nath Sen
• Communities in Rajputanas= Captain Prichat
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 7 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• Role of Rajasthan in struggle of 1857= Nathuram Khadgawat
Important facts
• Centers and leaders of the rebellion
• Center = Leader
• Delhi = General Bakht Khan
• Kanpur = Nana Saheb
• Lucknow = Begum Hazrat Mahal
• Bareilly = Khan Bahadur
• Bihar = Kunwar Singh
• Faizabad = Maulvi Ahmadullah
• Jhansi = Rani Laxmibai
• Allahabad = Liaqat Ali
• Gwalior = Tatya Tope
• Gorakhpur = Gajadhar Singh
• Sultanpur = Shaheed Hasan
• Sambhalpur = Surendra Sai
• Haryana = Rao Tularam
• Mathura = Devi Singh
• Meerut = Kadam Singh
• Raipur = Narayan Singh
• Mandsaur = Prince Humayu (Firozshah)
APNI PATHSHALA by Ankit Avasthi Sir 8 “एक कदम उ'जवल भिव-य की ओर”
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• Farrukhabad = Nawab Tafazzal Hussain
British General
• Delhi = Lieutenant Willoughby, John Nicholson, Lieutenant
Hudson
• Kanpur = Sir Hugh Wheeler, Colin Campbell
• Lucknow = Henry Lawrence, Brigadier English, Henry Havelock,
James Outham, Campbell
• Jhansi = Sir Hughes
• Banaras = Colonel James Neill
• Note-
• Azamgarh Declaration- On 25 August 1857, Bahadur Shah
Zafar asked all people to join the revolution.
