SAE 4140, EN19, and 42CrMo4 steel grades:

Element SAE 4140 (AISI 4140) EN19 (BS 970: 817M40) 42CrMo4 (EN 10083-3)
Carbon (C) 0.38 - 0.43% 0.35 - 0.45% 0.38 - 0.45%
Silicon (Si) 0.15 - 0.30% 0.10 - 0.35% 0.10 - 0.40%
Manganese (Mn) 0.75 - 1.00% 0.50 - 0.80% 0.60 - 0.90%
Phosphorus (P) ≤ 0.035% ≤ 0.035% ≤ 0.025%
Sulfur (S) ≤ 0.040% ≤ 0.040% ≤ 0.035%
Chromium (Cr) 0.80 - 1.10% 0.90 - 1.20% 0.90 - 1.20%
Molybdenum (Mo) 0.15 - 0.25% 0.20 - 0.35% 0.15 - 0.30%

Notes:

SAE 4140 is the American standard (AISI/ASTM).

EN19 (817M40) is the British standard (BS 970).
42CrMo4 is the European standard (EN 10083-3).
These steels are medium carbon, chromium-molybdenum alloy steels known for high strength, toughness, and good wear
Used in automotive, aerospace, and engineering applications such as gears, shafts, and high-strength fasteners.
ghness, and good wear resistance.
h fasteners.
Element S45C (JIS G4051) SAE 1045 (AISI 1045)
Carbon (C) 0.42 - 0.48% 0.43 - 0.50%
Silicon (Si) 0.15 - 0.35% 0.10 - 0.40%
Manganese (Mn) 0.60 - 0.90% 0.60 - 0.90%
Phosphorus (P) ≤ 0.030% ≤ 0.040%
Sulfur (S) ≤ 0.035% ≤ 0.050%

Notes:

S45C & S48C are Japanese JIS standards (G4051).

SAE 1045 is the American standard (AISI/ASTM).
C45 is the European standard (EN 10083-2).
CK45 is the German standard (DIN 17200).
These are medium carbon steels known for good strength, hardness, and machinability.
Commonly used in machine parts, shafts, gears, axles, and bolts.

mechanical properties of S45C, SAE 1045, S48C, C45, and CK45 steel grades in normalized or hot-rolled condition:

Property S45C (JIS G4051) SAE 1045 (AISI 1045)

Tensile Strength (MPa) 570 - 700 570 - 700
Yield Strength (MPa) 305 - 450 310 - 450
Elongation (%) ≥ 14 ≥ 14
Hardness (HBW, Brinell) 160 - 210 170 - 210
Impact Strength (J, Charpy V-notch) ~50 ~50
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 200 - 215 200 - 215

Notes:

S48C has slightly higher strength and hardness than S45C due to higher carbon content.
Mechanical properties may vary depending on heat treatment (annealed, normalized, or quenched & tempered).
C45 and CK45 have similar properties but may have slight variations in impact toughness based on manufacturing standards
These steels are commonly used for gears, shafts, axles, bolts, and machine parts due to their good balance of strength and
 S48C (JIS G4051) C45 (EN 10083-2) CK45 (DIN 17200)
0.45 - 0.50% 0.42 - 0.50% 0.42 - 0.50%
0.15 - 0.35% 0.10 - 0.40% 0.10 - 0.40%
0.60 - 0.90% 0.50 - 0.80% 0.50 - 0.80%
≤ 0.030% ≤ 0.040% ≤ 0.040%
≤ 0.035% ≤ 0.040% ≤ 0.040%

zed or hot-rolled condition:

S48C (JIS G4051) C45 (EN 10083-2) CK45 (DIN 17200)

620 - 850 600 - 800 600 - 800
350 - 500 320 - 500 320 - 500
≥ 12 ≥ 14 ≥ 14
180 - 230 170 - 210 170 - 210
~40 ~55 ~55
200 - 215 200 - 215 200 - 215

, or quenched & tempered).

ess based on manufacturing standards.
e to their good balance of strength and machinability.
1. Chemical Composition

Element EN1A (BS 970: 230M07) EN1A(L) (BS 970: 230M07Pb)

Carbon (C) 0.07 max 0.07 max
Silicon (Si) 0.05 max 0.05 max
Manganese (Mn) 0.70 - 1.00 0.70 - 1.00
Phosphorus (P) 0.07 - 0.12 0.07 - 0.12
Sulfur (S) 0.25 - 0.35 0.25 - 0.35
Lead (Pb) - 0.15 - 0.35

🔹 EN1A(L), SAE 1215, and SUM12L14 contain lead (Pb), improving machinability.
🔹 High sulfur and phosphorus content enhances free-cutting properties.

2. Mechanical Properties (Hot-Rolled or Cold-Drawn Condition)

Property EN1A (230M07) EN1A(L) (230M07Pb)

Tensile Strength (MPa) 370 - 480 370 - 480
Yield Strength (MPa) 230 - 300 230 - 300
Elongation (%) ≥ 15 ≥ 15
Hardness (HBW, Brinell) 115 - 180 115 - 180
Impact Strength (J, Charpy V-notch) ~40 ~40
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 200 - 210 200 - 210

🔹 Soft steel with good machinability, but not suitable for heat treatment (except case hardening).
🔹 Used for: automobile components, fasteners, hydraulic fittings, and precision-machined parts.

Machinability of EN1A, EN1A(L), SAE 1215, and SUM12L14

Machinability Rating (%
Steel Grade Key Features
of AISI 1112)

EN1A (230M07) ~85% High sulfur for easy chip breaking

Lead addition enhances

EN1A(L) (230M07Pb) ~90%
machinability

Free-cutting steel with good

SAE 1215 ~90%
surface finish

Excellent machinability with low

SUM12L14 ~95%
tool wear
Key Machinability Factors

✅ High sulfur & phosphorus → Improves chip formation, reduces cutting force.
✅ Lead (Pb) in EN1A(L), SAE 1215, SUM12L14 → Enhances tool life & surface finish.
✅ Not heat-treatable → Best suited for cold-drawn or case-hardened applications.
✅ Works best with high-speed steel (HSS) & carbide tools.
 SAE 1215 (AISI 1215) SUM12L14 (JIS G4804)
0.09 max 0.13 max
0.10 max 0.10 max
0.75 - 1.05 0.85 - 1.15
0.04 - 0.09 0.04 - 0.09
0.26 - 0.35 0.26 - 0.35
0.15 - 0.35 0.15 - 0.35

SAE 1215 (AISI 1215) SUM12L14 (JIS G4804)

380 - 460 380 - 460
250 - 310 250 - 310
≥ 15 ≥ 15
120 - 190 120 - 190
~35 ~35
200 - 210 200 - 210

Best Applications

Precision components,
bolts, screws

CNC machining,
hydraulic fittings

High-speed production,
fasteners

Mass production,
automatic lathe work
1. Chemical Composition

Element SAE 1008 SAE 1010 SAE 1015 SAE 1018 SAE 1020 SAE 1035 SAE 1045
0.08 - 0.12 - 0.15 - 0.18 - 0.32 - 0.43 -
Carbon (C) 0.08 max
0.13 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.38 0.50
0.10 - 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.15 -
Silicon (Si) 0.10 max 0.10 max
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
0.30 - 0.30 - 0.30 - 0.60 - 0.30 - 0.60 - 0.60 -
Manganese (Mn)
0.50 0.60 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.90
Phosphorus (P) ≤ 0.030 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040
Sulfur (S) ≤ 0.035 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050

🔹 SAE 1008 & 1010: Low-carbon steels for deep drawing, cold forming.
🔹 SAE 1015 - 1020: Low to mild carbon steels for machining, structural applications.
🔹 SAE 1035 - 1060: Medium carbon steels for higher strength, wear resistance, heat treatment applications.

2. Mechanical Properties (Hot-Rolled Condition)

Property SAE 1008 SAE 1010 SAE 1015 SAE 1018 SAE 1020 SAE 1035 SAE 1045
Tensile Strength (MPa) 280 - 380 340 - 440 370 - 470 400 - 500 410 - 510 550 - 650 570 - 700
Yield Strength (MPa) 170 - 250 200 - 300 220 - 320 250 - 350 260 - 360 340 - 450 310 - 450
Elongation (%) ≥ 30 ≥ 28 ≥ 27 ≥ 25 ≥ 24 ≥ 20 ≥ 15
Hardness (HBW, Brinell) 90 - 110 100 - 130 120 - 140 130 - 150 140 - 160 150 - 180 160 - 210
Impact Strength (J, Charpy V-
~80 ~70 ~60 ~50 ~45 ~40 ~35
notch)
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210

🔹 SAE 1008 - 1010: High ductility, ideal for cold forming and deep drawing.
🔹 SAE 1015 - 1020: Good balance of strength and machinability.
🔹 SAE 1035 - 1060: Increased strength, suitable for heat treatment (quenching & tempering).
 SAE 1050 SAE 1060
0.48 - 0.55 -
0.55 0.65
0.15 - 0.15 -
0.35 0.35
0.60 - 0.60 -
0.90 0.90
≤ 0.040 ≤ 0.040
≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.050

applications.

SAE 1050 SAE 1060

620 - 750 670 - 800
350 - 500 400 - 550
≥ 12 ≥ 10
170 - 230 180 - 250

~30 ~25

200 - 210 200 - 210

1. Chemical Composition

Element SAE 52100 EN31 100Cr6 (DIN 1.3505) SAE 9254

Carbon (C) 0.98 - 1.10% 0.90 - 1.20% 0.95 - 1.10% 0.51 - 0.59%
Silicon (Si) 0.15 - 0.35% 0.10 - 0.35% 0.15 - 0.35% 1.20 - 1.60%
Manganese (Mn) 0.25 - 0.45% 0.30 - 0.75% 0.25 - 0.45% 0.50 - 0.80%
Chromium (Cr) 1.30 - 1.60% 1.00 - 1.60% 1.30 - 1.60% 0.60 - 0.80%
Nickel (Ni) - - - ≤ 0.35%
Molybdenum (Mo) ≤ 0.10% - ≤ 0.10% 0.10 - 0.20%
Phosphorus (P) ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.035%
Sulfur (S) ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.040%

🔹 SAE 52100, EN31, 100Cr6: High-carbon, chromium-bearing bearing steels, excellent for wear resistance.
🔹 SAE 9254: Silicon-chromium alloy spring steel, ideal for high-stress applications like suspension springs.

2. Mechanical Properties (Hardened & Tempered Condition)

Property SAE 52100 EN31 100Cr6 (DIN 1.3505) SAE 9254

Tensile Strength (MPa) 850 - 1000 750 - 1050 850 - 1000 1400 - 1600

Yield Strength (MPa) 600 - 750 500 - 700 600 - 750 1200 - 1400
Elongation (%) 5 - 10% 8 -12 % 5 - 10 % 12 - 18 %

Hardness (HBW, Brinell) 230 - 300 200 - 280 230 - 300 320 - 420

Impact Strength (J,

~15 ~20 ~15 ~25
Charpy V-notch)
Modulus of Elasticity
200 - 210 200 - 210 200 - 210 190 - 210
(GPa)

🔹 SAE 52100, EN31, 100Cr6: High hardness & wear resistance, used for bearings, gears, tools.
🔹 SAE 9254: High tensile strength & toughness, used for automotive springs, coil springs.

Would you like heat treatment details for these steels? 😊

 ear resistance.
ension springs.
SAE 52100, EN31, 100Cr6, and 102Cr6 are all high-carbon chromium-bearing steels commonly used in applications requi
strength. Below is a comparison of these steels:

Property SAE 52100 EN31

Standard Origin AISI (USA) BS (UK)

Similar across all grades,

Chemical Composition
with slight variations

Carbon (C) 0.95 - 1.10% 0.95 - 1.10%

Chromium (Cr) 1.30 - 1.60% 1.30 - 1.60%
Manganese (Mn) 0.25 - 0.45% 0.25 - 0.45%
Silicon (Si) 0.15 - 0.30% 0.15 - 0.35%
Sulfur (S) ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025%
Phosphorus (P) ≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025%

Bearings, tools, rollers, Bearings, automotive,

Applications
shafts gears

Hardness (HRC after heat treatment) 58-64 HRC 58-64 HRC

Wear Resistance High High

Toughness Moderate Moderate
Heat Treatability Excellent Excellent

Key Takeaways:

SAE 52100, EN31, and 100Cr6 are nearly identical in composition and properties.
102Cr6 is a slight variation of 100Cr6 with a minor increase in carbon and chromium, which may enhance wear resistanc
All these steels are excellent for applications requiring high wear resistance, hardness, and fatigue strength.
Selection depends on regional availability and specific engineering standards (AISI for the U.S., BS for the UK, and DIN f
steels commonly used in applications requiring high hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue

100Cr6 102Cr6
DIN (Germany) DIN (Germany)

0.95 - 1.05% 1.00 - 1.10%

1.30 - 1.60% 1.30 - 1.65%
0.25 - 0.45% 0.25 - 0.45%
0.15 - 0.35% 0.15 - 0.35%
≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025%
≤ 0.025% ≤ 0.025%
Similar to 100Cr6 but with
Bearings, precision tools minor composition
adjustments

58-64 HRC 58-64 HRC

High High
Moderate Slightly Lower
Excellent Excellent

omium, which may enhance wear resistance slightly but can reduce toughness.
hardness, and fatigue strength.
ds (AISI for the U.S., BS for the UK, and DIN for Germany).
 1. Chemical Composition Comparison (approximate values in %)

Other
Grade C Mn Si P (max) S (max) Cr Mo
Elements

SAE 1040 0.37-0.44 0.60-0.90 0.10-0.35 0.04 0.05 - - -

SAE 1045 0.42-0.50 0.60-0.90 0.10-0.40 0.04 0.05 - - -
EN8D 0.40-0.45 0.60-1.00 0.05-0.35 0.04 0.04 - - -
CK45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 0.10-0.40 0.035 0.035 - - -
C40 0.37-0.44 0.50-0.80 0.10-0.40 0.035 0.035 - - -
S48C 0.45-0.51 0.60-0.90 0.15-0.35 0.03 0.035 - - -
S45C 0.42-0.48 0.60-0.90 0.15-0.35 0.03 0.035 - - -
C45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 0.10-0.40 0.035 0.035 - - -
SAE 4140 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.15-0.30 0.035 0.04 0.80-1.10 0.15-0.25 -

l Properties Comparison (Typical Values)

Tensile Yield
Elongatio Hardness
Grade Strength Strength
n (%) (HBW)
(MPa) (MPa)
SAE 1040 620-800 350-460 12-18 160-200
SAE 1045 620-850 355-500 14-17 170-210
EN8D 600-800 350-450 14-16 160-200
CK45 620-850 355-500 14-16 170-210
C40 570-740 320-420 15-20 140-190
S48C 650-900 400-550 12-15 180-230
S45C 620-850 355-500 14-16 170-210
C45 600-850 340-500 14-18 170-210
SAE 4140 850-1000 415-700 Oct-15 200-250

3. Key Characteristics and Applications

Grade Characteristics Applications

SAE 1040 Medium carbon steel with moderate strength and toughness Shafts, axles, gears

SAE 1045 Higher strength and hardness than 1040 Machinery parts, gears, crankshafts

EN8D Higher ductility, weldable variant of EN8 Automobile components, shafts

CK45 Good mechanical properties, used for machining Machinery components, hydraulic shafts

C40 Medium strength, good machinability Automotive parts, construction application

S48C High strength, good wear resistance Heavy machinery, gears

S45C Similar to C45, commonly used in Japan Shafts, gears, bolts

C45 Medium-carbon steel, good machinability Bolts, studs, axles

SAE 4140 Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel with high strength and toughness High-stress applications, gears, spindles, a

4. Summary

SAE 1040, C40, and EN8D → Medium-carbon steels with moderate strength.

SAE 1045, CK45, C45, S45C, and S48C → Higher strength and hardness, commonly used for machine parts.

SAE 4140 → Alloy steel with superior strength, wear resistance, and toughness due to Cr-Mo content.
 Other
Grade C Mn Si P (max) S (max) Cr Mo
Elements

SAE 1040 0.37-0.44 0.60-0.90 0.10-0.35 0.04 0.05 - - -

Applications
les, gears

y parts, gears, crankshafts

le components, shafts

y components, hydraulic shafts

ve parts, construction applications

chinery, gears

ars, bolts

ds, axles

ss applications, gears, spindles, aircraft parts

machine parts.
EN 1561
EN 1562
EN 1563
EN 1564
EN 12513
EN 13835

EN ISO 4957
EN 10016
EN 10025
EN 10028
EN 10083
EN 10084
EN 10085
EN 10087
EN 10088
EN 10089
EN 10090
EN 10095

EN 10106
EN 10107
EN 10111
EN 10113
EN 10120
EN 10130
EN 10132
EN 10137
EN 10139
EN 10142
EN 10147
EN 10149
EN 10151
EN 10152
EN 10154
EN 10162

EN 10202
EN 10207
EN 10208
EN 10209
EN 10210
EN 10213
EN 10216
EN 10217
EN 10219
EN 10222
EN 10224
EN 10225
EN 10248
EN 10250
EN 10253
EN 10255
EN 10263
EN 10265
EN 10267
EN 10268
EN 10269
EN 10272
EN 10273
EN 10277
EN 10283
EN 10292
EN 10293
EN 10295
EN 10296
EN 10297

EN 10302
EN 10305
EN 10326
EN 10327
EN 10331
EN 10336
EN 10340
EN 10341
EN 10346
EN 10349
Founding. Grey cast irons
Founding. Malleable cast irons
Founding. Spheroidal graphite cast irons
Founding. Austempered ductile cast irons
Founding. Abrasion resistant cast irons
Founding. Austenitic cast irons

Tool steels
Non-alloy steel rods for drawing and/or cold rolling
Technical delivery conditions for structural steels
Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes
Steels for quenching and tempering
Case hardening steels
Nitriding steel
Free cutting steels
Stainless steels
Hot rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs
Valve steels and alloys for internal combustion engines
Heat Resisting Steels and Nickel Alloys

Cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in the fully processed state
Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in the fully processed state
Continuously hot rolled low carbon steel sheet and strip for cold forming
Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels
Steel sheet and strip for welded gas cylinders
Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming
Cold rolled narrow steel strip for heat treatment
Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered conditions
Cold rolled uncoated mild steel narrow strip for cold forming
Continuously hot-dip zinc coated low carbon steels strip and sheet for cold forming
Continuously hot-dip zinc coated structural steels strip and sheet
Specification for hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming
Stainless steel strip for springs
Electrolytically zinc coated cold rolled steel flat products for cold forming
Continuously hot-dip aluminium-silicon (AS) coated steel strip and sheet
Cold rolled steel sections

Cold reduced tinmill products. Electrolytic tinplate and electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel
Steels for simple pressure vessels
Steel pipes for pipelines for combustible fluids
Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for vitreous enamelling
Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
Steel castings for pressure purposes
Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes
Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes
Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
Steel forgings for pressure purposes
Non-alloy steel tubes and fittings for the conveyance of water and other aqueous liquids
Weldable structural steels for fixed offshore structures
Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels
Open steel die forgings for general engineering purposes
Butt-welding pipe fittings
Non-alloy steel tubes suitable for welding and threading
Steel rod, bars and wire for cold heading and cold extrusion
Magnetic materials. Specification for steel sheet and strip with specified mechanical properties and magnetic perm
Ferritic-pearlitic steels for precipitation hardening from hot-working temperatures
Cold rolled steel flat products with high yield strength for cold forming
Steels and nickel alloys for fasteners with specified elevated and/or low temperature properties
Stainless steel bars for pressure purposes
Hot rolled weldable steel bars for pressure purposes with specified elevated temperature properties
Bright steel products
Corrosion resistant steel castings
Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of steels with higher yield strength for cold forming
Steel castings for general engineering uses
Heat resistant steel castings
Welded circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes
Seamless circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes

Creep resisting steels, nickel and cobalt alloys

Steel tubes for precision applications
Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of structural steels
Continuously hot-dip coated strip and sheet of low carbon steels for cold forming
Magnetic materials. Specification for sintered soft magnetic materials
Continuously hot-dip coated and electrolytically coated strip and sheet of multiphase steels for cold forming
Steel castings for structural uses
Cold rolled electrical non-alloy and alloy steel sheet and strip delivered in the semi-processed state
Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products
Steel castings. Austenitic manganese steel castings
 Material Type of steel Reference Std
100CR6 JIS G4805
11SMN30
11SMNPB30
12L14
15B25
16MNCR5
16MNCRS5
18CRNI8
20MNCR5
35C8
35S20
42CRMO4
44SMN28
45C8
9SMNPB28
AISI410F
AISI430F
ASTM A312
ASTM A36
C1215
C15
C15M
C15PB
C35GPB
C40
C45
C45GPB
CK45
EN19
EN19C
EN1A
EN1A(HD)
EN1AL
EN1AL(HD)
EN24
EN31
EN32B
EN353
EN36B
EN36C
EN8D
EN8M
EN9
S10C
S17C
S25C
S32205
S35C
S43C
S45C
S48C
S53C
SAE1010
SAE1015
SAE1018
SAE1020
SAE1025
SAE1026
SAE1035
SAE1040
SAE1045
SAE1045H
SAE1050
SAE1050M
SAE10B38M2
SAE1144
SAE1144M
SAE12L14
SAE4140
SAE4140H
SAE52100
SAE8620
SAE8620H
SAE9254
SCM415H
SCM420H
SCM435
SUP9
SWRCH25K
VS13113
XC45
Common commercial-grade aluminum alloys include 6061 (for general purpose with good strength and weldability), 30
strength and weldability).

Here's a more detailed look at some of the most popular commercial aluminum grades:
1xxx Series (Commercially Pure Aluminum):

1100: Known for excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and superior workability.
1050-1090: Considered commercially pure aluminum, very soft and ductile, with excellent machining, forming, and wel
2xxx Series (Copper Alloys):

2024: A high-strength alloy used in critical industrial and commercial applications, particularly in aircraft manufacturin
3xxx Series (Manganese Alloys):

3003: A common, commercially pure aluminum alloy with a 20% boost in strength from manganese and copper, known
5xxx Series (Magnesium Alloys):

5052: Known for its strength and corrosion resistance, commonly used in industrial and commercial applications.
5083: A non-heat-treatable alloy with good strength and weldability, suitable for applications requiring high strength a
6xxx Series (Magnesium-Silicon Alloys):

6061: A versatile alloy with good strength, weldability, and machinability, commonly used in various industries.
6063: A popular extrusion alloy known for its superior surface finish and medium strength, often used in applications
7xxx Series (Zinc Alloys):

7075: A very high-strength alloy, commonly used in applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, such as in air
strength and weldability), 3003 (for its workability and corrosion resistance), and 5052 (known for its high

and superior workability.

machining, forming, and welding characteristics.

larly in aircraft manufacturing.

anganese and copper, known for its excellent corrosion resistance, workability, and weldability.

ommercial applications.
ns requiring high strength and corrosion resistance.

in various industries.
, often used in applications where aesthetics are important.

o-weight ratio, such as in aircraft manufacturing.

SAE1010, SAE1015, C15, C15M, SAE1018, SAE1020, EN32B, and EN32C based on their chemical composition, mechanical pro

1. Chemical Composition (Approximate, in %)

Grade Carbon (C) Manganese (Mn) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Other Elements

SAE1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.60 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -

SAE1015 0.13-0.18 0.30-0.60 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
C15 0.12-0.18 0.30-0.60 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
C15M 0.15 - 0.20 0.65 - 0.90 ≤0.04 0.025 - 0.040 Si - 0.43 Max
SAE1018 0.15-0.20 0.60-0.90 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
SAE1020 0.18-0.23 0.30-0.60 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
EN32B 0.12-0.18 0.70-1.00 ≤0.04 ≤0.04 Si : 0.05 - 0.35
EN32C 0.10-0.20 0.60-0.90 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 -

2. Mechanical Properties (Approximate)

Yield Strength Tensile Strength

Grade Elongation (%) Hardness (HB)
(MPa) (MPa)
SAE1010 170-310 305-450 28-35 105-120
SAE1015 200-350 370-470 25-30 110-125
C15 200-350 370-470 25-30 110-125
C15M Similar to C15 Similar to C15 Similar to C15 Similar to C15
SAE1018 220-400 370-480 15-30 116-140
SAE1020 250-400 410-500 15-30 120-150
EN32B 250-350 400-500 10-20 120-160
EN32C 250-400 420-550 12-25 120-170

3. Key Differences and Applications

Grade Key Features Common Applications

SAE1010 Low carbon, good weldability Automotive panels, pipes, low-stress parts
SAE1015 Slightly higher carbon than 1010, better strength Structural components, shafts, bolts
C15 Similar to SAE1015, commonly used in Europe Machinery parts, gears, general engineering
C15M Modified C15 with slight variations Engineering applications, forging
Higher Mn, better machinability, case hardening
SAE1018 Shafts, gears, axles, bolts
possible
SAE1020 Higher strength than 1018, good weldability Mechanical tubing, crankshafts, machinery
EN32B Case-hardening steel, high toughness Gears, cams, pins, fasteners
EN32C Higher hardness than EN32B, still case-hardened Bearings, shafts, camshafts

4. Summary

SAE1010, SAE1015, C15, C15M → Low-carbon steels, used in general structural applications.
SAE1018, SAE1020 → Higher strength, better machinability, and suitable for case hardening.

EN32B, EN32C → Case-hardening steels, used for wear-resistant applications.

al composition, mechanical properties, and applications:

BOSCH

plications

es, low-stress parts

nts, shafts, bolts
general engineering
ations, forging
axles, bolts
nkshafts, machinery
s, fasteners
, camshafts
Chemical Composition Table (in % weight)

Grade C (%) Mn (%) Si (%) P (%) S (%) Cr (%)

16MnCr5 0.14-0.19 1.00-1.30 ≤0.40 ≤0.025 ≤0.035 0.80-1.10

EN1A 0.07-0.15 0.80-1.20 0.05 ≤0.07 0.25-0.35 -
35C8 0.32-0.39 0.60-0.90 0.10-0.35 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 -
EN8M 0.35-0.45 0.60-1.00 0.05-0.35 ≤0.05 0.25-0.35 -
SAE52100 0.95-1.10 0.25-0.45 ≤0.35 ≤0.025 ≤0.025 1.30-1.60
CK45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 -
AISI430F 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0

SAE8620 0.18-0.23 0.70-0.90 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040 0.40-0.60

EN1AL 0.07-0.15 0.90-1.30 ≤0.05 ≤0.07 0.25-0.35 -

EN32B 0.12-0.18 0.70-1.00 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 -

S45C 0.42-0.48 0.60-0.90 ≤0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035 -
15Cr3 0.12-0.18 1.00-1.30 ≤0.40 ≤0.025 ≤0.035 0.70-1.00
SAE1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.60 ≤0.10 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
SAE1018 0.15-0.20 0.60-0.90 ≤0.10 ≤0.04 ≤0.05 -
SAE1045 0.42-0.50 0.60-0.90 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 -
100Cr6 0.95-1.10 0.25-0.45 ≤0.35 ≤0.025 ≤0.025 1.30-1.60
SCM420H 0.18-0.23 0.60-0.90 0.15-0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035 0.90-1.20
EN9 0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.05-0.35 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 -
SAE4140 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.00 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040 0.80-1.10
SUP9 0.50-0.60 0.65-0.95 0.15-0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035 0.60-0.90
EN19 0.35-0.45 0.70-1.00 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040 0.90-1.20
XC45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 -

Notes:

1. Equivalent grades refer to alternative designations used in different standards such as ASTM, EN, DIN, JIS, and BS.
2. Standards References include sources such as ASTM A29, EN 10084, DIN 17210, BS 970, etc.
3. Minor variations in composition may exist depending on manufacturing specifications.

Let me know if you need further modifications! 🚀

 Mo (%) Ni (%) Other Elements Equivalent Grades Standard Reference

- - - SAE5115, 16CrMn5 DIN 17210, EN 10084

- - Pb (optional) SAE1213, 11SMn30 BS 970, IS 319
- - - C35, 1035, S35C IS 1570, DIN 17200
- - - SAE1141, 11SMn37 BS 970
- - - 100Cr6, EN31 ASTM A295, DIN 17230
- - - C45, S45C, 1045 DIN 17200, JIS G4051
- - - X6Cr17, 1.4104 ASTM A276

0.15-0.25 0.40-0.70 - 20NiCrMo2, 21NiCrMo2 ASTM A322, EN 10084

- - Pb (optional) 11SMnPb30, SAE12L14 BS 970

- - - C10E, 1015, 10Cr3 BS 970, EN 10084

- - - C45, CK45, 1045 JIS G4051
- - - 16MnCr5, 5115 DIN 17210
- - - C10E, 1010, XC10 ASTM A36, EN 10025
- - - C18, CK15, S15C ASTM A29
- - - C45, S45C, CK45 ASTM A29
- - - SAE52100, EN31 DIN 17230, ISO 683
0.15-0.30 - - 20CrMo, 8620 JIS G4105, EN 10084
- - - C55, 1050, S50C BS 970
0.15-0.25 - - 42CrMo4, EN19 ASTM A322, DIN 17200
0.15-0.30 - - 55Cr3, 5160 JIS G4801
0.20-0.35 - - SAE4140, 42CrMo4 BS 970, EN 10083
- - - C45, CK45, 1045 NF A35-501

as ASTM, EN, DIN, JIS, and BS.

Chemical Composition Table (in % weight)

Grade C (%) Mn (%) Si (%) P (%) S (%)

16MnCr5 0.14-0.19 1.00-1.30 ≤0.40 ≤0.025 ≤0.035

EN1A 0.07-0.15 0.80-1.20 0.05 ≤0.07 0.25-0.35
35C8 0.32-0.39 0.60-0.90 0.10-0.35 ≤0.05 ≤0.05
EN8M 0.35-0.45 0.60-1.00 0.05-0.35 ≤0.05 0.25-0.35
SAE52100 0.95-1.10 0.25-0.45 ≤0.35 ≤0.025 ≤0.025
CK45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
AISI430F 0.12 1 1 0.04 0.03
SAE8620 0.18-0.23 0.70-0.90 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040
EN1AL 0.07-0.15 0.90-1.30 ≤0.05 ≤0.07 0.25-0.35
EN32B 0.12-0.18 0.70-1.00 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05
S45C 0.42-0.48 0.60-0.90 ≤0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
15Cr3 0.12-0.18 1.00-1.30 ≤0.40 ≤0.025 ≤0.035
SAE1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.60 ≤0.10 ≤0.04 ≤0.05
11SMNPB30 0.16 max 1.00-1.50 ≤0.10 ≤0.07 0.27-0.33
11SMN30 0.16 max 1.00-1.50 ≤0.10 ≤0.07 0.27-0.33
SAE1018 0.15-0.20 0.60-0.90 ≤0.10 ≤0.04 ≤0.05
SAE1015 0.13-0.18 0.30-0.60 ≤0.10 ≤0.04 ≤0.05
SAE1045H 0.42-0.50 0.60-0.90 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
S48C 0.45-0.51 0.60-0.90 ≤0.30 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
C45GPB 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.90 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
AISI410F 0.15 1 1 0.04 0.03
100Cr6 0.95-1.10 0.25-0.45 ≤0.35 ≤0.025 ≤0.025
SCM420H 0.18-0.23 0.60-0.90 0.15-0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
EN9 0.50-0.60 0.50-0.80 0.05-0.35 ≤0.05 ≤0.05
SAE1144 0.40-0.48 1.35-1.65 0.15-0.35 ≤0.04 0.24-0.33
SAE9254 0.51-0.59 0.60-0.90 ≤0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
S53C 0.50-0.56 0.60-0.90 ≤0.30 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
SAE4140H 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.00 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040
SAE15B36M 0.32-0.39 1.00-1.30 ≤0.40 ≤0.025 ≤0.035
EN8D 0.35-0.45 0.70-1.00 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05
S35C 0.32-0.38 0.60-0.90 ≤0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
SAE1035 0.32-0.38 0.60-0.90 ≤0.35 ≤0.04 ≤0.05
SUP9 0.50-0.60 0.65-0.95 0.15-0.35 ≤0.030 ≤0.035
EN19 0.35-0.45 0.70-1.00 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.040
XC45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80 ≤0.40 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
 Cr (%) Mo (%) Ni (%) Other Elements

0.80-1.10 - - -
- - - Lead (Pb) optional
- - - -
- - - -
1.30-1.60 - - -
- - - -
16.0-18.0 - - -
0.40-0.60 0.15-0.25 0.40-0.70 -
- - - Lead (Pb) optional
- - - -
- - - -
0.70-1.00 - - -
- - - -
- - - Pb: 0.20-0.40
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - Pb: 0.15-0.35
11.50-13.50 - - -
1.30-1.60 - - -
0.90-1.20 0.15-0.30 - -
- - - -
- - - -
0.60-0.80 0.15-0.25 - V: 0.10-0.25
- - - -
0.80-1.10 0.15-0.25 - -
- - - B: 0.0005-0.003
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
0.60-0.90 0.15-0.30 - -
0.90-1.20 0.20-0.35 - -
- - - -