1 Functions

1. Making Supposition as if + Sdl + were + 1sloj dig

2, Manner of Action
as (some person), like (some person), ly
3. Showing Contrast But, Yet, Though, Inspite, Despite, However
D4. Showing Reason Because, As, Since, Due to, Owing to, On account of
D5. Showing Result So, Therefore, Too @ to, So @ that, @ enough
* so @ that + Si + cannot / could not + 4I.di.
6. Showing Purpose to + 4n , in order to + Hn lsIE,
with a view to + ing,
So that (in order that) * Sa + can / could + MI.dI.

07. Habitual Past / Past Event Used to, V2

D8. Condition in Past / Past Condition If .had, Unless .had, Hadell lti I e
Sdl+ could have + V3 OR Sdl + would have + V3

9. Comparison / Comparing people or things P.D. - as @ as, C.D. @+ er than, S.D. - the @+ est,
more, most, No other, Very few
10. Double Comparison The@ + er. .the@ + er, the more...the more.

11. Showing Time No sooner did (V1) ... than

As soon as, When (V2) . .(comma)
Hardly / Scarcely had (V3) when

12. Showing Alternatives Or, Either .or, Neither. .nor

13. Choice / Preference Rather

14. Ability / Capability Can, Could, Able to

15. Giving Advice / Suggestion Should, Had better, Ought to

16. Showing Possibility / Probability May, Might
17. Showing Compulsion Must, Has to, Have to, Had to, Ought to
18. Talking about people in relation to someone same as, such as, alike, unlike
Talking about thing in relation to something
19. Giving Instructions Sentence starting with verbs, cISRH0 Nel a.
20. Showing lgnorance Don't know, Unaware of, y l Me dl
1. Gratitude Thank you, Thanks, _dEtdl HIHIR
22. Accepting Thanks You're welcome, HIHIRO) 2lsie se)
3. Assumption Imagine, suppose
24. Reporting/ Indirect - Narration Direct - Indirect Speech, l2 qlsA 22o
5. Doer is not important Passive voice, sdl - sfe 2l (qIsa Gsa degel 3 ed ele)
C6. Synthesising/Connecting Information and, but, because, that qYlà ai aIEI H WH' conjunctions
7. Exclamation GER Aa - (0)
8. Declining / Denying No, Sorry, ol yIScl
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 Functions t doi l Examples (GEI62in)
Virti sang as if she were Dhwani Bhanushali.
01. Making Supposition Vraj sings as if he were Arijit Singh.
Naisha and Nikunj acted as if they were Shahrukh
: as if + 5ai + were +
and Kajol.
Virti sang ike a pro singer on the stage.
does.
02. Manner of Action Virti sings as her music teacher
instructed. Virti
as (some person), like (some person), ly Virti sang as her music teacher had
sings sweetly / beautifully.
hope.
Harsh failed in exam but he did not lose
Though it was raining, dad went to the office.
03. Showing Contrast Despite the heavy rain, dad went to the office.
office.
sl : But, Yet, Though, In spite, Despite, However It was raining yet dad went to the
the office.
In spite of heavy rain, dad went to
However hard he worked, he did not get good result.
Tannu got 80 % because she worked very hard.
04. Showing Reason Tannu got 80 % as / since she worked very hard.
: Because, As, Since (SRe ) Due to/Owing to severe headache, I'Il not attend
Due to, Owing to, On account of (o| là ) the party.
Iwill not attend the party on account of severe
headache.

Tannu worked very hard so she got 80 %

05. Showing Result Tea is too hot to drink.
Tea is cold enough to drink.
s) : So, Therefore,
Tannu worked very hard so / therefore she got 80 %
Too @ to, So @ that, @ enough
Tea is so hot that | cannot drink it.
Tea was so hot that | could not drink it.

06. Showing Purpose Iwent to market to buy some fresh fruits.

s : To, In order to, With a view to, so that Iwent to the market in order to buy fresh fruits.
| went to market with a view to buying some
to + 4on Gae, in order to + 4n SaE,
fresh fruits.
with a view to + ing,
Iwent to market so that I could buy some fresh fruits.
so that (in order that) Sal + can / could + oI cI.
07. Habitual Past We used to play kabaddi in the recess.
l : Used to, V2 When Iwas a child, Iused to sleep with my teddy
bear.
08. Condition in Past / Past Condition If the doctor had come in time, he could have
sl : If . . . had, Unless had, saved the patient.
Had el 2 l i qig Unless the doctor had come in time, he could not
have saved the patient.
sal + could have + V3 OR Sdl + would have + V3
Had the doctor come in time, he could have saved
the patient.
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 1. Functions

09. Comparison / Comparing People Ram is as tall as Shyam.

Comparing Things, Comparing Places Ram is taller than Shyam.
s : P.D. as @ as, Ram is the tallest boy in our class.
C.D. - @+ er than, No other river in India is so long as the Ganga.
S.D. the @ + est, more, most, Kaya is as beautiful as Maya
No other, Very few Kaya is more beautiful than Maya.
Kaya is the most beautiful girl in our class.
Very few rivers of India are so long as Narmada.
10. Double Comparison The faster we walk, the earlier we reach home.
The a+ er... the @+ er, The more you read, the more knowledge you get.
the more... the more...

11. Showing Timne

No sooner did (V1)... than No sooner did the bell ring, than the students came out.
As soon as, When (V2) . . . (comma) When/ As soon as the bell rang, the students came out.
Hardly / Scarcely had (V3) ... when Hardly had the bell rung, when the students came out.

12. Showing Alternatives I will have tea or coffee.

sl : Or, Either... or, Neither... nor I will either have tea or coffee.
We will visit Goa or Kashmir this summer vacation.
I will neither have tea nor coffee.
13. Choice / Preference I would rather stay awake.
asl: Rather Iwould rather choose reading than watching TV.
14. Ability I can finish this paper in 2 hours.
Can, Could, Able to She is / was able to break champion's record.
I could run fast when Iwas younger.
We are/ were able to handle the problem.
15. Giving Advice / Suggestion You should see a good doctor. (Advice)
asl : Should, Had better, Ought to You should watch this movie once. (Suggestion)
You had better see a good doctor.
You ought to see a good doctor.

16. Showing Possibility / Probability It may / might rain tonight.

sl : May, Might We may | might go out tonight.

17. Showing Compulsion You must work hard.

sl: Must, Has to, Have to, Had to, I/We / You / They have to work hard.
Ought to He / She has to work hard.
You ought to work hard.

18. Taiking about people in relation to Sardar Patel started satyagraha in the same way as Gandhi
someone had.
Talking about thing in relation to In watching TV serials, our views are alike.
something Unlike me, my mom doesn't like imitation jewellery.
: same as, such as, alike, unlike

1.
 19. Giving Instructions Close your eyes and count 1 to 10.
usl : Sentence starting with verbs, Go to start menu, click on search, type MS Word.

20. Showing Ignorance |don't know how to turn this off.

: Don't know, Unaware of, | was unaware of that rule so | made the mistake

21. Gratitude Thank you so much for your support.

Thanks for the complements.

22. Accepting Thanks You're welcome.

It was my pleasure.

23. Assumption Suppose you are late for the office.

sl: Imagine, suppose Imagine you are going down in a luxurious lift.

Exactly the same turn of phrase that Nani would have use.

24. Reporting / Indirect - Narration Jay told Viru that Thakur would not trust them.
Direct Indirect Speech Basanti asked Viru if he had taken the medicine.

25. Doer is not important (Passive voice) The diamond was stolen.
Mirror was broken.

26. Synthesising Expressions know what | am talking about.

easl : and, but, because, Will you speak about low wages when your own country is
that qYlà 2IEI Ha WH' conjunctions in danger.
All Task gentlemen, is a fair field and no favour.
Germans found out years ago that they could not raise good
soldiers in the slums.

27. Exclamation What a clever girl you are !

: GER ã (0) How clever you are !

28. Declining / Denying No, | will not depreciate the editors.

: No, Sorry, l YIs Sorry, I can't help you in this matter.
 4 Complete the Sentences
Q- 55 to 59 (05 Marks)

01. Making Supposition (ld as if + Sl + were + HI.)

e.g. Vraj sings as if he were Arijit Singh. e.g. Virti sang as if she were Dhwani Bhanushali.

e.g. Dipak taught English as if he were Jignesh sir. e.g. Disha taught English as if she were Prakruti ma'am.

02. Showing Manner of Action (as, like, ly)

Manner of action aInI dis)4i ld ERifud sel sd ld s2aH0 HIe0 9.

ld- 1. Disha taught English like a professional teacher. aa - 1. Virti sang like a professional singer on the stage.

ld -2. Disha taught English as her English teacher does. l 2.. Virti sings as her music teacher does.

Rias gyd .

l-3.Disha taught English as her teacher had instructed. l - 3. Virti sang as her music teacher had instructed.

03. Showing Contrast (but, yet, though, in spite, despite, however)

e.g. Devam was ill yet he came to school to give exam. Dhanvi failed in the exam but she did not lose courage.

e.g. Though Santosh is not rich, he is happy. In spite of heavy rain, dad went to office.

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 lee 12 (2Mo yqiG) English
due to, owing to, on account of )
04. Showing Reason (because, as. since,
e.g. Dhanvi failed in the exam as she didn't prepare well.
e.g. Devam fell il| because he ate pani - puri.

of 5).
cancelled our picnic
e.g. Due to heavy rain we did not go to school. e.g. Owing to bad weather, we

05. Showing Result (So, Therefore. Too to. So @ that saí cannot/ could not, @ enough)
Result oÀ2d ukeH. HI HSI2|| IsR) là ye

therefore she was sad

e.g. Devam was ill so he did not come to school. e.g. Dhanvi failed in the exam

* so @ that + Sai + cannot/ could not + l.al. to @ too t 4n ISe

e.g. The box is so heavy that | cannot carry it. e.g. The box is too heavy to carry.

e.g. The box was so heavy that Icould not carry it. e.g. The box was too heavy to carry.

06. Showing Purpose : (To, In order to, With a view to + ing, so that Sdl can / could I.d)

to + in order to + Hn SYE

e.g. Smit works hard to get good marks. e.g. Smit works hard in order to get good marks.

Q19.

e.g. I went to the market to buy fruits. e.g. I went to the market in order to buy fruits.

ld - with a view to + ing ld - so that + Sdl + can / could + oI.al.

e.g. Smit works hard with a view to getting good marks. e.g. Smit works hard so that he can get good marks.

I3.

e.g. I went to the market with a view to buying fruits.e.g. Iwent to the market so that | could buy fresh fruits.

07. Habitual Past / Describing Past Habit : (Used to)

* Habitual Past ed dsINol a & IEd.
e.g. When Iwas a child, I used to play with teddy bear.e.g. When mom was young, she used to write poems.

160
 4,Complete the sentences
08. Condition in Past / Past Condition: (If.. had, Unless... had, Had el 3 eIcti difl)
Condition in past 2d ct&lNoll 2. MI H5IRo| de) A ld yel 524 el 51 2d laù rendl I512.
(ald Sal + could have + V3 OR 5dl + would have + V3)

f you had helped me, I could have finished the file.

e Had you helped me, l could have finished the ile.

oe. Unless you had helped me, I couldn't have finished the ile.

09. Showing Comparison / Comparing people, things :

(as @ as, @+ er than, the @ + est, More than, The Most)
Comparison h2a gGl 2Hel

Positive Degree : 4.Sal + is + as @ as + ol s Jay is as tall as Aaditya.

Comparative Degree : 4.Sdl + is + @ er + olo sa Jay is taller than Aaditya.

adiectivesil uis9UN er GI•) dol HIIN More G•ISV. Jay is more intelligent than Aaditya.
Superlative Degree : Sdl + is + @ est + of all. Jay is the tallest boy in our class.
adiectives ofl yIE9N est o G dl n most GS. Jay is the most intelligent boy in our class.

No other alsd/ eg+ is + so @ as + u cesa2d No other river of India is so long as the Ganga.
Very few cellsd / agt are + so @ as + 4ue caisd qR Very few rivers of India are so long as the Narmada.

we & they la d dol yIE9N are HNe were I).

10. Double Comparison : (The @+ er.. the @ + er)

e.g. The more you practice, the better you will become. e.g. The faster we walk, the sooner we will reach home.

11. Showing Time : (No sooner did... than , Hardly / Scarcely.. when, As soon as... comma Gude)
No sooner did... than, Hardly / Scarcely... when, As soon as... HA Ea .
e.g. No sooner did he see me than he came to meet me.

e.g. Hardly had he seen me when he came to meet me.

e.g. As sOon as he saw me, he came to meet me.

12. Showing Alternatives : (or, Either... or, Neither... nor)

Alternatives lad options àsu. I 4SI2| IR d ald yef szdi el asau EQ1l s i .
e.g. I will have dosa or idli in dinner.
e.g. I will have either dosa or idli in dinner.
e.g. I will have neither dosa nor idli in dinner.
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lee 12 (HIl HGle) : English -01